Joint Interpretation of Geophysical Results and Geological Observations for Detecting Buried Active Faults: The Case of the “Il Lago” Plain (Pettoranello del Molise, Italy)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological and Seismological Context
2.1. Regional Setting
2.2. The Bojano Basin Fault-System
2.3. Paleoseismicity and Historical Seismicity
2.4. Environmental Effects of the 1805 S. Anna’s Earthquake
3. Data and Methods
3.1. Seismic Refraction Data Acquisition and Processing
3.2. GPR Data Acquisition and Processing
- (i)
- a high-power transmitter unit of 15 kV, 50 MW;
- (ii)
- a receiving unit to record broadband pulses with direct signal digitization, without stroboscopic conversion and 120 dB energy dynamic;
- (iii)
- two Wu–King antennas 6–15 m long without cable connection and with radio trigger placed on foils made of high-density polyethylene resistant to rubbing (Figure 7) that are resistively-loaded dipoles covered by a dielectric layer that avoids the dispersion of the transmitted signal;
- (iv)
- a controller connected to the receiver unit through a coaxial shielded multipolar cable.
- The DeWOW procedure subtracts at each collected waveforms its mean value along the time axis.
- The median filter, which allows removing noise from radargram and improving the results of later procedures [96].
- The zero timing defines the actual starting time, , of the observation time window.
- The time gating selects the portion of the observation time window where the target response occurs and allows eliminating the direct antenna coupling,, as well as the clutter signal, i.e., all the signals occurring outside the portion of the time windows of interest.
- Background (BKG) removal helps remove or mitigate the signal contributions due to antenna coupling, air–material interface, and (undesired) horizontal reflectors.
- Topographic correction inserts the real altitude of each acquired A-Scan and georeference the radargrams.
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Location | Type | Historical Description | Ref. | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|
Miranda S. Angelo in Grotte | Surface faulting/ground crack | “A very long fracture was surveyed from Miranda, Pesche up to S. Angelo in Grotte. Especially in the upper mountain from Miranda to S. Angelo in Grotte chasms were open for about a half palm.” | [61] | One Neapolitan palm = 26.3 cm |
Matese Mt. Guardiaregia Morcone From Campobasso to Bussi Isernia (Mt. Patalecchia) Carpinone | Surface faulting/ground crack | “In the Matese and other mountains of the county have made considerable cracks. Very evident and deep fractures with offsets up to seven palms... you can also see horrible cracks of stones in the northern flank of Guardiareggia, and in the southern flank of Isernia. A third can be admired north of Carpinone…” | [63] | Offset of about 150 cm |
Pesche Carpinone Guardia regia Matese Mt Salcito Trivento Montagano Morcone | Surface faulting/ground crack | “An opening wider than a Neapolitan palm, and more than two miles long was found throughout the back of the hill of Pesche…Carpinone also had in its surroundings two cracks, as still Guardia Regia, ... The surface of Mount Matese is all traced of considerable cracks... Equally considerable cracks were observed in the lands of Salcito, Trivento, Montagano, and Morcone...” | [64] | 1 mile = 1845.69 m |
Morcone | Surface faulting/ground crack | “Horrible chasms opened over a length of about one-third of a mile, some of which had the ground overthrown at a height exceeding two palms, and of which the width was over three palms and comparable the depth. These fractures now can be seen from far away, because the grass along the crevasses is desiccated as it had been on fire. In one such crevasse I observed a pear tree, that, in that moment [of the earthquake], lost all its unripe fruits, threw many branches to the ground and, of the ones left, many are now desiccated. In the same place the soil was completely disturbed, as it had excavated by innumerable moles.” | [65] | 1 mile = 1845.69 m |
ID Data | Length (m) | Spatial Step (m) | Frequency (MHz) | Easting Start (UTM-m) | Northing Start (UTM-m) | Easting End (UTM-m) | Northing End (UTM-m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | 203 | 2.5 | 15 | 440,755.19 | 4,601,386.77 | 440,890.79 | 4,601,538.72 |
P2 | 185 | 2.5 | 15 | 440,801.55 | 4,601,373.14 | 440,951.19 | 4,601,479.89 |
P3 | 206 | 2.4 | 15 | 440,880.19 | 4,601,312.10 | 441,033.00 | 4,601,446.72 |
P4 | 199 | 2.3 | 15 | 440,988.88 | 4,601,231.02 | 441,142.06 | 4,601,359.67 |
P5 | 160 | 1.6 | 15 | 441,078.61 | 4,601,207.34 | 441,202.22 | 4,601,319.15 |
P6 | 198 | 3.3 | 25 | 441,138.12 | 4,601,115.96 | 441,290.82 | 4,601,233.27 |
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Nappi, R.; Paoletti, V.; D’Antonio, D.; Soldovieri, F.; Capozzoli, L.; Ludeno, G.; Porfido, S.; Michetti, A.M. Joint Interpretation of Geophysical Results and Geological Observations for Detecting Buried Active Faults: The Case of the “Il Lago” Plain (Pettoranello del Molise, Italy). Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 1555. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13081555
Nappi R, Paoletti V, D’Antonio D, Soldovieri F, Capozzoli L, Ludeno G, Porfido S, Michetti AM. Joint Interpretation of Geophysical Results and Geological Observations for Detecting Buried Active Faults: The Case of the “Il Lago” Plain (Pettoranello del Molise, Italy). Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(8):1555. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13081555
Chicago/Turabian StyleNappi, Rosa, Valeria Paoletti, Donato D’Antonio, Francesco Soldovieri, Luigi Capozzoli, Giovanni Ludeno, Sabina Porfido, and Alessandro Maria Michetti. 2021. "Joint Interpretation of Geophysical Results and Geological Observations for Detecting Buried Active Faults: The Case of the “Il Lago” Plain (Pettoranello del Molise, Italy)" Remote Sensing 13, no. 8: 1555. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13081555