Mapping Alkaline Fens, Transition Mires and Quaking Bogs Using Airborne Hyperspectral and Laser Scanning Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Areas and Examined Habitats
2.2. Remote Sensing Data
2.3. Botanical Reference Data
2.4. Classification and Accuracy Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Results at Level 1 of Classification Scenarios
3.2. Results at Level 2 of Classification Scenarios
3.3. Results at Level 3 of Classification Scenarios—A Selection of Sub-Products
4. Discussion
4.1. Products and Classification Accuracies
4.2. Optimal Term for Data Acquisition
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name of the Research Area | Area | Data Acquisitions | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Data Type | Spring | Summer | Autumn | ||
Upper Biebrza (UB) | 22 km2 | REMOTELY SENSED | 22.06.2017 | 12.08.2017 | 14.09.2016 |
BOTANICAL | 30.06.2017 | 19.08.2017 | 03.09.2016 | ||
Lower Biebrza (LB) | 37 km2 | REMOTELY SENSED | 27.06.2017 | 09.08.2017 | 14.09.2016 |
BOTANICAL | 28.06.2017 | 16.08.2017 | 06.09.2016 | ||
Janowskie Forest (JF) | 44 km2 | REMOTELY SENSED | 02.06.2017 | 19.07.2017 | 09.09.2017 |
BOTANICAL | 07.06.2017 | 27.07.2017 | 05.10.2017 |
Level | Scenario | Data Set |
---|---|---|
Level 1 | SC1 | 430 bands of hyperspectral image |
SC2 | 30 MNF | |
SC3 | 3 MNF | |
Level 2 | SC4 | 30 MNF + CHM (Base scenario) |
SC5 | Base scenario + 83 OPALS Statistical products | |
SC5 * | Base scenario + 83 OPALS + 42 OPALS FWF Statistical products | |
SC6 | Base scenario + 9 SAGA Topographic products | |
SC7 | Base scenario + 65 Spectral Indices | |
Level 3 | SC8 | Recursive Feature Elimination with Cross-Validation |
Scenario | Spring | Summer | Autumn | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SC1 | SC2 | SC3 | SC1 | SC2 | SC3 | SC1 | SC2 | SC3 | |||
Area | Stats | Class * | Alkaline Fens | ||||||||
UB | OA | 0.854 | 0.921 | 0.822 | 0.890 | 0.927 | 0.868 | 0.865 | 0.917 | 0.837 | |
Kappa | 0.707 | 0.842 | 0.644 | 0.780 | 0.853 | 0.734 | 0.727 | 0.832 | 0.670 | ||
F1-SCORE | H | 0.854 | 0.922 | 0.825 | 0.896 | 0.931 | 0.878 | 0.848 | 0.906 | 0.817 | |
UA | H | 0.851 | 0.912 | 0.815 | 0.883 | 0.914 | 0.850 | 0.843 | 0.899 | 0.804 | |
PA | H | 0.858 | 0.932 | 0.835 | 0.910 | 0.950 | 0.907 | 0.853 | 0.913 | 0.831 | |
EC | H | 0.149 | 0.088 | 0.185 | 0.117 | 0.086 | 0.150 | 0.157 | 0.101 | 0.196 | |
EO | H | 0.142 | 0.068 | 0.165 | 0.090 | 0.050 | 0.093 | 0.147 | 0.087 | 0.169 | |
F1-SCORE | B | 0.852 | 0.920 | 0.819 | 0.883 | 0.921 | 0.856 | 0.879 | 0.926 | 0.853 | |
UA | B | 0.857 | 0.931 | 0.830 | 0.899 | 0.943 | 0.891 | 0.884 | 0.932 | 0.865 | |
PA | B | 0.849 | 0.910 | 0.808 | 0.869 | 0.901 | 0.825 | 0.875 | 0.920 | 0.842 | |
EC | B | 0.143 | 0.069 | 0.170 | 0.101 | 0.057 | 0.109 | 0.116 | 0.068 | 0.135 | |
EO | B | 0.151 | 0.090 | 0.192 | 0.131 | 0.099 | 0.175 | 0.125 | 0.080 | 0.158 | |
LB | OA | 0.857 | 0.873 | 0.808 | 0.848 | 0.882 | 0.799 | 0.796 | 0.861 | 0.770 | |
Kappa | 0.660 | 0.692 | 0.542 | 0.644 | 0.725 | 0.532 | 0.539 | 0.686 | 0.485 | ||
F1-SCORE | H | 0.898 | 0.910 | 0.863 | 0.890 | 0.914 | 0.854 | 0.848 | 0.896 | 0.827 | |
UA | H | 0.864 | 0.862 | 0.826 | 0.862 | 0.889 | 0.832 | 0.812 | 0.864 | 0.803 | |
PA | H | 0.935 | 0.965 | 0.904 | 0.919 | 0.940 | 0.877 | 0.888 | 0.930 | 0.854 | |
EC | H | 0.136 | 0.138 | 0.174 | 0.138 | 0.111 | 0.168 | 0.188 | 0.136 | 0.197 | |
EO | H | 0.065 | 0.035 | 0.096 | 0.081 | 0.060 | 0.123 | 0.112 | 0.070 | 0.146 | |
F1-SCORE | B | 0.761 | 0.779 | 0.676 | 0.754 | 0.810 | 0.677 | 0.688 | 0.789 | 0.657 | |
UA | B | 0.841 | 0.906 | 0.760 | 0.814 | 0.866 | 0.722 | 0.760 | 0.855 | 0.701 | |
PA | B | 0.697 | 0.684 | 0.611 | 0.703 | 0.763 | 0.640 | 0.631 | 0.734 | 0.619 | |
EC | B | 0.159 | 0.094 | 0.240 | 0.186 | 0.134 | 0.278 | 0.240 | 0.145 | 0.299 | |
EO | B | 0.303 | 0.316 | 0.389 | 0.297 | 0.237 | 0.360 | 0.369 | 0.266 | 0.381 | |
Area | Stats | Class | Transition Mires and Quaking Bogs | ||||||||
UB | OA | 0.898 | 0.952 | 0.841 | 0.936 | 0.962 | 0.907 | 0.918 | 0.957 | 0.865 | |
kappa | 0.677 | 0.849 | 0.509 | 0.799 | 0.877 | 0.712 | 0.769 | 0.879 | 0.616 | ||
F1-SCORE | H | 0.740 | 0.879 | 0.609 | 0.839 | 0.901 | 0.770 | 0.823 | 0.907 | 0.703 | |
UA | H | 0.785 | 0.928 | 0.626 | 0.859 | 0.936 | 0.765 | 0.846 | 0.938 | 0.730 | |
PA | H | 0.702 | 0.836 | 0.594 | 0.820 | 0.869 | 0.775 | 0.802 | 0.878 | 0.680 | |
EC | H | 0.216 | 0.072 | 0.374 | 0.141 | 0.064 | 0.235 | 0.154 | 0.062 | 0.270 | |
EO | H | 0.298 | 0.164 | 0.406 | 0.180 | 0.131 | 0.225 | 0.198 | 0.122 | 0.320 | |
F1-SCORE | B | 0.936 | 0.970 | 0.900 | 0.960 | 0.976 | 0.942 | 0.947 | 0.972 | 0.912 | |
UA | B | 0.924 | 0.958 | 0.895 | 0.955 | 0.968 | 0.944 | 0.939 | 0.963 | 0.903 | |
PA | B | 0.949 | 0.983 | 0.906 | 0.966 | 0.985 | 0.940 | 0.954 | 0.982 | 0.922 | |
EC | B | 0.076 | 0.042 | 0.105 | 0.045 | 0.033 | 0.056 | 0.061 | 0.037 | 0.097 | |
EO | B | 0.051 | 0.017 | 0.094 | 0.034 | 0.015 | 0.060 | 0.046 | 0.018 | 0.078 | |
JF | OA | 0.924 | 0.963 | 0.865 | 0.910 | 0.953 | 0.893 | 0.917 | 0.957 | 0.835 | |
Kappa | 0.842 | 0.923 | 0.721 | 0.813 | 0.903 | 0.780 | 0.824 | 0.908 | 0.655 | ||
F1-SCORE | H | 0.905 | 0.954 | 0.834 | 0.888 | 0.942 | 0.871 | 0.890 | 0.943 | 0.791 | |
UA | H | 0.897 | 0.934 | 0.807 | 0.883 | 0.932 | 0.847 | 0.896 | 0.934 | 0.760 | |
PA | H | 0.914 | 0.974 | 0.864 | 0.894 | 0.953 | 0.898 | 0.883 | 0.953 | 0.824 | |
EC | H | 0.103 | 0.066 | 0.193 | 0.117 | 0.068 | 0.153 | 0.104 | 0.066 | 0.240 | |
EO | H | 0.086 | 0.026 | 0.136 | 0.106 | 0.047 | 0.102 | 0.117 | 0.047 | 0.176 | |
F1-SCORE | B | 0.937 | 0.969 | 0.887 | 0.924 | 0.961 | 0.909 | 0.934 | 0.965 | 0.864 | |
UA | B | 0.944 | 0.983 | 0.908 | 0.929 | 0.968 | 0.929 | 0.930 | 0.971 | 0.888 | |
PA | B | 0.931 | 0.956 | 0.866 | 0.920 | 0.953 | 0.890 | 0.938 | 0.959 | 0.842 | |
EC | B | 0.056 | 0.017 | 0.092 | 0.071 | 0.032 | 0.071 | 0.070 | 0.029 | 0.112 | |
EO | B | 0.069 | 0.044 | 0.134 | 0.080 | 0.047 | 0.110 | 0.062 | 0.041 | 0.158 |
Scenario | Spring | Summer | Autumn | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SC4 | SC5 | SC5 * | SC6 | SC7 | SC4 | SC5 | SC5 * | SC6 | SC7 | SC4 | SC5 | SC5 * | SC6 | SC7 | |||
Area | Stats | Class * | Alkaline fens | ||||||||||||||
UB | OA | 0.923 | 0.880 | 0.916 | 0.942 | 0.919 | 0.925 | 0.930 | 0.926 | 0.944 | 0.923 | 0.926 | 0.927 | N/A | 0.937 | 0.898 | |
Kappa | 0.845 | 0.761 | 0.833 | 0.885 | 0.837 | 0.849 | 0.859 | 0.851 | 0.888 | 0.845 | 0.850 | 0.853 | N/A | 0.873 | 0.795 | ||
F1-SCORE | H | 0.923 | 0.881 | 0.918 | 0.943 | 0.919 | 0.929 | 0.934 | 0.930 | 0.948 | 0.927 | 0.916 | 0.918 | N/A | 0.929 | 0.886 | |
UA | H | 0.917 | 0.880 | 0.903 | 0.939 | 0.914 | 0.913 | 0.922 | 0.918 | 0.935 | 0.914 | 0.911 | 0.912 | N/A | 0.921 | 0.869 | |
PA | H | 0.929 | 0.882 | 0.934 | 0.947 | 0.925 | 0.947 | 0.947 | 0.942 | 0.961 | 0.942 | 0.922 | 0.925 | N/A | 0.939 | 0.904 | |
EC | H | 0.083 | 0.120 | 0.097 | 0.061 | 0.086 | 0.087 | 0.078 | 0.082 | 0.065 | 0.086 | 0.089 | 0.088 | N/A | 0.079 | 0.131 | |
EO | H | 0.071 | 0.118 | 0.066 | 0.053 | 0.075 | 0.053 | 0.053 | 0.058 | 0.039 | 0.058 | 0.078 | 0.075 | N/A | 0.061 | 0.096 | |
F1-SCORE | B | 0.922 | 0.880 | 0.914 | 0.942 | 0.918 | 0.919 | 0.925 | 0.921 | 0.940 | 0.918 | 0.934 | 0.935 | N/A | 0.944 | 0.908 | |
UA | B | 0.929 | 0.881 | 0.932 | 0.945 | 0.924 | 0.939 | 0.940 | 0.935 | 0.956 | 0.934 | 0.939 | 0.940 | N/A | 0.951 | 0.923 | |
PA | B | 0.916 | 0.878 | 0.898 | 0.938 | 0.912 | 0.901 | 0.911 | 0.908 | 0.926 | 0.902 | 0.929 | 0.930 | N/A | 0.936 | 0.894 | |
EC | B | 0.071 | 0.119 | 0.068 | 0.055 | 0.076 | 0.061 | 0.060 | 0.065 | 0.044 | 0.066 | 0.061 | 0.060 | N/A | 0.049 | 0.077 | |
EO | B | 0.084 | 0.122 | 0.102 | 0.062 | 0.088 | 0.099 | 0.089 | 0.092 | 0.074 | 0.098 | 0.071 | 0.070 | N/A | 0.064 | 0.106 | |
LB | OA | 0.878 | 0.882 | 0.889 | 0.876 | 0.899 | 0.881 | 0.903 | 0.790 | 0.908 | 0.798 | 0.876 | 0.875 | N/A | 0.800 | 0.857 | |
Kappa | 0.705 | 0.719 | 0.737 | 0.704 | 0.761 | 0.723 | 0.773 | 0.513 | 0.786 | 0.524 | 0.727 | 0.722 | N/A | 0.556 | 0.684 | ||
F1-SCORE | H | 0.914 | 0.917 | 0.921 | 0.912 | 0.928 | 0.913 | 0.929 | 0.848 | 0.933 | 0.854 | 0.906 | 0.905 | N/A | 0.847 | 0.892 | |
UA | H | 0.868 | 0.877 | 0.883 | 0.873 | 0.896 | 0.889 | 0.904 | 0.827 | 0.912 | 0.825 | 0.875 | 0.869 | N/A | 0.818 | 0.858 | |
PA | H | 0.965 | 0.960 | 0.963 | 0.956 | 0.963 | 0.940 | 0.956 | 0.870 | 0.956 | 0.886 | 0.940 | 0.944 | N/A | 0.879 | 0.929 | |
EC | H | 0.132 | 0.123 | 0.117 | 0.127 | 0.104 | 0.111 | 0.096 | 0.173 | 0.088 | 0.175 | 0.125 | 0.131 | N/A | 0.182 | 0.142 | |
EO | H | 0.035 | 0.040 | 0.037 | 0.044 | 0.037 | 0.060 | 0.044 | 0.130 | 0.044 | 0.114 | 0.060 | 0.056 | N/A | 0.121 | 0.071 | |
F1-SCORE | B | 0.789 | 0.801 | 0.814 | 0.790 | 0.833 | 0.809 | 0.843 | 0.664 | 0.852 | 0.668 | 0.820 | 0.816 | N/A | 0.708 | 0.791 | |
UA | B | 0.908 | 0.898 | 0.908 | 0.888 | 0.909 | 0.863 | 0.901 | 0.705 | 0.899 | 0.728 | 0.882 | 0.888 | N/A | 0.762 | 0.859 | |
PA | B | 0.699 | 0.724 | 0.739 | 0.714 | 0.769 | 0.763 | 0.793 | 0.630 | 0.810 | 0.618 | 0.768 | 0.756 | N/A | 0.663 | 0.734 | |
EC | B | 0.092 | 0.102 | 0.092 | 0.112 | 0.091 | 0.137 | 0.099 | 0.295 | 0.101 | 0.272 | 0.118 | 0.112 | N/A | 0.238 | 0.141 | |
EO | B | 0.301 | 0.276 | 0.261 | 0.286 | 0.231 | 0.237 | 0.207 | 0.370 | 0.190 | 0.382 | 0.232 | 0.244 | N/A | 0.337 | 0.266 | |
Area | Stats | Class | Transition Mires and Quaking Bogs | ||||||||||||||
UB | OA | 0.951 | 0.928 | 0.949 | 0.963 | 0.948 | 0.961 | 0.961 | 0.958 | 0.971 | 0.959 | 0.959 | 0.954 | N/A | 0.966 | 0.946 | |
KAPPA | 0.847 | 0.776 | 0.838 | 0.882 | 0.837 | 0.877 | 0.874 | 0.866 | 0.908 | 0.867 | 0.885 | 0.870 | N/A | 0.905 | 0.848 | ||
F1-SCORE | H | 0.877 | 0.821 | 0.869 | 0.905 | 0.869 | 0.900 | 0.899 | 0.891 | 0.926 | 0.892 | 0.912 | 0.900 | N/A | 0.927 | 0.884 | |
UA | H | 0.931 | 0.847 | 0.927 | 0.945 | 0.919 | 0.933 | 0.943 | 0.937 | 0.951 | 0.926 | 0.950 | 0.949 | N/A | 0.963 | 0.918 | |
PA | H | 0.830 | 0.799 | 0.819 | 0.870 | 0.824 | 0.871 | 0.859 | 0.851 | 0.903 | 0.862 | 0.876 | 0.856 | N/A | 0.895 | 0.853 | |
EC | H | 0.069 | 0.153 | 0.073 | 0.055 | 0.081 | 0.067 | 0.057 | 0.063 | 0.049 | 0.074 | 0.050 | 0.051 | N/A | 0.037 | 0.082 | |
EO | H | 0.170 | 0.201 | 0.181 | 0.130 | 0.176 | 0.129 | 0.141 | 0.149 | 0.097 | 0.138 | 0.124 | 0.144 | N/A | 0.105 | 0.147 | |
F1-SCORE | B | 0.970 | 0.955 | 0.968 | 0.977 | 0.968 | 0.976 | 0.976 | 0.974 | 0.982 | 0.974 | 0.973 | 0.970 | N/A | 0.978 | 0.965 | |
UA | B | 0.956 | 0.948 | 0.954 | 0.967 | 0.955 | 0.968 | 0.965 | 0.963 | 0.976 | 0.966 | 0.962 | 0.956 | N/A | 0.967 | 0.954 | |
PA | B | 0.984 | 0.962 | 0.983 | 0.987 | 0.981 | 0.984 | 0.987 | 0.986 | 0.988 | 0.983 | 0.985 | 0.985 | N/A | 0.989 | 0.975 | |
EC | B | 0.044 | 0.052 | 0.046 | 0.033 | 0.045 | 0.032 | 0.035 | 0.037 | 0.024 | 0.034 | 0.038 | 0.044 | N/A | 0.033 | 0.046 | |
EO | B | 0.016 | 0.038 | 0.017 | 0.013 | 0.019 | 0.016 | 0.013 | 0.014 | 0.012 | 0.017 | 0.015 | 0.015 | N/A | 0.011 | 0.025 | |
JF | OA | 0.962 | 0.964 | 0.963 | 0.962 | 0.960 | 0.953 | 0.949 | 0.953 | 0.955 | 0.946 | 0.960 | 0.955 | 0.955 | 0.960 | 0.955 | |
Kappa | 0.921 | 0.925 | 0.923 | 0.920 | 0.916 | 0.903 | 0.895 | 0.903 | 0.908 | 0.888 | 0.915 | 0.905 | 0.904 | 0.914 | 0.904 | ||
F1-SCORE | H | 0.953 | 0.955 | 0.954 | 0.952 | 0.950 | 0.942 | 0.938 | 0.943 | 0.946 | 0.933 | 0.947 | 0.941 | 0.941 | 0.947 | 0.941 | |
UA | H | 0.931 | 0.936 | 0.933 | 0.932 | 0.933 | 0.928 | 0.920 | 0.931 | 0.932 | 0.922 | 0.940 | 0.937 | 0.931 | 0.936 | 0.933 | |
PA | H | 0.976 | 0.975 | 0.976 | 0.974 | 0.967 | 0.957 | 0.958 | 0.955 | 0.960 | 0.945 | 0.955 | 0.945 | 0.951 | 0.959 | 0.949 | |
EC | H | 0.069 | 0.064 | 0.067 | 0.068 | 0.067 | 0.072 | 0.080 | 0.069 | 0.068 | 0.078 | 0.060 | 0.063 | 0.069 | 0.064 | 0.067 | |
EO | H | 0.024 | 0.025 | 0.024 | 0.026 | 0.033 | 0.043 | 0.042 | 0.045 | 0.040 | 0.055 | 0.045 | 0.055 | 0.049 | 0.041 | 0.051 | |
F1-SCORE | B | 0.969 | 0.970 | 0.969 | 0.968 | 0.967 | 0.960 | 0.957 | 0.960 | 0.962 | 0.955 | 0.968 | 0.964 | 0.963 | 0.967 | 0.964 | |
UA | B | 0.984 | 0.983 | 0.984 | 0.982 | 0.978 | 0.971 | 0.971 | 0.969 | 0.973 | 0.963 | 0.973 | 0.966 | 0.970 | 0.975 | 0.969 | |
PA | B | 0.954 | 0.957 | 0.954 | 0.954 | 0.955 | 0.950 | 0.943 | 0.952 | 0.952 | 0.947 | 0.963 | 0.962 | 0.957 | 0.960 | 0.958 | |
EC | B | 0.016 | 0.017 | 0.016 | 0.018 | 0.022 | 0.029 | 0.029 | 0.031 | 0.027 | 0.037 | 0.027 | 0.034 | 0.030 | 0.025 | 0.031 | |
EO | B | 0.046 | 0.043 | 0.046 | 0.046 | 0.045 | 0.050 | 0.057 | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.053 | 0.037 | 0.038 | 0.043 | 0.040 | 0.042 |
Alkaline Fens in the Biebrza River Valley (UB and LB Areas) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area | Data Acquisition Time | OA | Kappa | UA | PA | F1-SCORE | EC | EO | UA | PA | F1-SCORE | EC | EO |
H | H | H | H | H | B | B | B | B | B | ||||
UB | Summer | 0.946 | 0.892 | 0.935 | 0.966 | 0.950 | 0.065 | 0.035 | 0.960 | 0.925 | 0.942 | 0.040 | 0.075 |
LB | Summer | 0.910 | 0.790 | 0.910 | 0.961 | 0.935 | 0.090 | 0.039 | 0.911 | 0.806 | 0.855 | 0.089 | 0.194 |
Transition Mires and Quaking in the Upper Biebrza River Valley (UB Area) | |||||||||||||
Area | Data Acquisition Time | OA | Kappa | UA | PA | F1-SCORE | EC | EO | UA | PA | F1-SCORE | EC | EO |
H | H | H | H | H | B | B | B | B | B | ||||
UB | Summer | 0.973 | 0.914 | 0.962 | 0.901 | 0.931 | 0.038 | 0.099 | 0.976 | 0.991 | 0.983 | 0.024 | 0.009 |
Autumn | 0.963 | 0.899 | 0.967 | 0.883 | 0.923 | 0.033 | 0.117 | 0.962 | 0.990 | 0.975 | 0.038 | 0.010 | |
Transition Mires and Quaking in the Janowskie Forest (JF Area) | |||||||||||||
Area | Data Acquisition Time | OA | Kappa | UA | PA | F1-SCORE | EC | EO | UA | PA | F1-SCORE | EC | EO |
H | H | H | H | H | B | B | B | B | B | ||||
JF | Spring | 0.962 | 0.921 | 0.934 | 0.973 | 0.953 | 0.066 | 0.027 | 0.982 | 0.955 | 0.968 | 0.018 | 0.045 |
Summer | 0.957 | 0.912 | 0.936 | 0.961 | 0.948 | 0.065 | 0.039 | 0.973 | 0.955 | 0.960 | 0.027 | 0.045 |
Type of Data Set | Feature Type | Full Name | Dataset | Category | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hyperspectral Transformation Products | 30MNF | Minimum Noise Fraction | Hyperspectral data | Dimension reduction technique | [62] |
ALS Topograhic Products | MRRTF | Multiresolution Index of the Ridge Top Flatness | DTM | Morphology | [72] |
DurI | Duration of Insolation | DSM | Solar radiation availability | [73] | |
TPI | Topographic Position Index | DTM | Morphology | [74] | |
DiffI | Diffuse Insolation | DSM | Solar radiation availability | [73] | |
TWI | Topographic Wetness Index | DTM | Wetness | [75] | |
MCA | Modified Catchment Area | DTM | Wetness | [76] | |
MRVBF | Multiresolution Index of Valley Bottom Flatness | DTM | Morphology | [72] | |
TI | Total insolation | DSM | Solar radiation availability | [73] | |
DirI | Direct Insolation | DSM | Solar radiation availability | [73] | |
Spectral Indices | ARI1 | Anthocyanin Reflectance Index 1 | 550.4 nm 700.6 nm | Leaf Pigments | [77] |
ARI2 | Anthocyanin Reflectance Index 2 | 799.7 nm 550.4 nm 700.6 nm | Leaf Pigments | [77] | |
CRI2 | Carotenoid Reflectance Index 2 | 508.9 nm 700.6 nm | Leaf Pigments | [77] | |
EVI | Enhanced Vegetation Index | 860.4 nm 652.7 nm 470.5 nm | Greenness | [78] | |
PRI | Photochemical Reflectance Index | 531.2 nm 569.6 nm | Light Use Efficiency | [79,80] | |
MNDWI | Modified Normalized Difference Water Index | 550.4 nm 1653.4 nm | Wetness | [81,82] | |
RENDVI | Red Edge Normalized Difference Vegetation Index | 748.6 nm 703.8 nm | Greenness | [83,84] | |
ALS Statistical Products | DTM | Exposition, Slope, SigmaZ, Variance | LiDAR DATA | Ground class | [66] |
DSM | Exposition, SigmaZ, Sigma0 | LiDAR DATA | ALL: Ground and Vegetation class | [66] | |
NormalizedZ_min | Normalized height minimum | LiDAR DATA | ALL: Ground and Vegetation class | [66] | |
NormalizedZ_var | Normalized height variance | LiDAR DATA | Vegetation class | [66] | |
CHM | Canopy Height Model | LiDAR DATA | Vegetation class | [66] | |
Point density | Number of pts/m2 | LiDAR DATA | Ground class | [66] |
Type of DATA Set | Feature Type | Full Name | Dataset | Category | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hyperspectral Transformation Products | 30MNF | Minimum Noise Fraction | Hyperspectral data | Dimension reduction technique | [62] |
ALS Topograhic Products | MRRTF | Multiresolution Index of the Ridge Top Flatness | DTM | Morphology | [72] |
TPI | Topographic Position Index | DTM | Morphology | [74] | |
TWI | Topographic Wetness Index | DTM | Wetness | [75] | |
MRVBF | Multiresolution Index of Valley Bottom Flatness | DTM | Morphology | [72] | |
TI | Total insolation | DSM | Solar radiation availability | [73] | |
ALS Statistical Products | DTM | Exposition, Slope, Sigma0, SigmaZ | LiDAR DATA | Ground class | [66] |
DSM | Exposition, Slope, Sigma Z | LiDAR DATA | Vegetation class | [66] | |
NormalizedZ_var | Normalized height variance | LiDAR DATA | Vegetation class | [66] | |
CHM | Canopy Height Model | LiDAR DATA | Vegetation class | [66] | |
Spectral Indices | ARI1 | Anthocyanin Reflectance Index 1 | 550.4 nm 700.6 nm | Leaf Pigments | [77] |
PRI | Photochemical Reflectance Index | 531.2 nm 569.6 nm | Light Use Efficiency | [79,80] | |
MNDWI | Modified Normalized Difference Water Index | 550.4 nm 1653.4 nm | Wetness | [81,82] | |
NDMI | Normalized Difference Mud Index | 796.5 nm 991.8 nm | Wetness | [85] | |
NMDI | Normalized Multi-band Drought Index | 860.4 nm 1642.6 nm 2130.7 nm | Canopy Water Content | [86,87] | |
IO | Iron Oxide Ratio | 652.7 nm 470.5 nm | Geology | [88,89] | |
DVI | Difference Vegetation Index | 860.4 nm 652.7 nm | Greenness | [90] | |
CAI | Cellulose Absorption Index | 2000.5 nm 2201.2 nm | Necromass | [91,92] |
Type OF Data Set | Feature Type | Full Name | Dataset | Category | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hyperspectral Transformation Products | 30MNF | Minimum Noise Fraction | Hyperspectral data | Dimension reduction technique | [62] |
ALSTopograhic Products | MRRTF | Multiresolution Index of the Ridge Top Flatness | DTM | Morphology | [72] |
TPI | Topographic Position Index | DTM | Morphology | [74] | |
TWI | Topographic Wetness Index | DTM | Wetness | [75] | |
MRVBF | Multiresolution Index of Valley Bottom Flatness | DTM | Morphology | [72] | |
TI | Total insolation | DSM | Solar radiation availability | [73] | |
ALS Statistical Products | DTM | Exposition, Slope, Sigma0, SigmaZ | LiDAR DATA | Ground class | [66] |
DSM | Exposition, Slope | LiDAR DATA | Vegetation class | [66] | |
CHM | Canopy Height Model | LiDAR DATA | Vegetation class | [66] | |
Spectral Indices | ARVI | Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index | 799.7 nm 681.4 nm 444.9 nm | Greenness | [93] |
IO | Iron Oxide Ratio | 652.7 nm 470.5 nm | Geology | [88,89] | |
ARI2 | Anthocyanin Reflectance Index 2 | 799.7 nm 550.4 nm 700.6 nm | Leaf Pigments | [77] | |
ARI1 | Anthocyanin Reflectance Index 1 | 550.4 nm 700.6 nm | Leaf Pigments | [77] | |
FM | Ferrous Minerals Ratio | 1648.0 nm 860.4 nm | Geology | [88,89] |
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Szporak-Wasilewska, S.; Piórkowski, H.; Ciężkowski, W.; Jarzombkowski, F.; Sławik, Ł.; Kopeć, D. Mapping Alkaline Fens, Transition Mires and Quaking Bogs Using Airborne Hyperspectral and Laser Scanning Data. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 1504. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13081504
Szporak-Wasilewska S, Piórkowski H, Ciężkowski W, Jarzombkowski F, Sławik Ł, Kopeć D. Mapping Alkaline Fens, Transition Mires and Quaking Bogs Using Airborne Hyperspectral and Laser Scanning Data. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(8):1504. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13081504
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzporak-Wasilewska, Sylwia, Hubert Piórkowski, Wojciech Ciężkowski, Filip Jarzombkowski, Łukasz Sławik, and Dominik Kopeć. 2021. "Mapping Alkaline Fens, Transition Mires and Quaking Bogs Using Airborne Hyperspectral and Laser Scanning Data" Remote Sensing 13, no. 8: 1504. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13081504