A Single-Difference Multipath Hemispherical Map for Multipath Mitigation in BDS-2/BDS-3 Short Baseline Positioning
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. BDS Multipath
2.1. Multipath Extraction
2.2. Single-Difference Multipath Modeling
3. Orbital Repeat Time of BDS Satellites
4. Experiments and Results
4.1. Data Collection
4.2. Single-Difference Residual Analysis
4.3. Results and Analysis
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Yang, Y.; Gao, W.; Guo, S.; Mao, Y.; Yang, Y. Introduction to BeiDou-3 navigation satellite system. Navigation 2019, 66, 7–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhao, X.; Ge, Y.; Ke, F.; Liu, C.; Li, F. Investigation of real-time kinematic multi-GNSS precise point positioning with the CNES products. Measurement 2020, 166, 108231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lv, Y.; Geng, T.; Zhao, Q.; Xie, X.; Zhou, R. Initial assessment of BDS-3 preliminary system signal-in-space range error. GPS Solut. 2020, 24, 16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, S.; Zhao, X.; Ge, Y.; Yang, X. Investigation of real-time carrier phase time transfer using current multi-constellations. Measurement 2020, 166, 108237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xi, R.; Jiang, W.; Meng, X.; Chen, H.; Chen, Q. Bridge monitoring using BDS-RTK and GPS-RTK techniques. Measurement 2018, 120, 128–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, M.; Wang, J.; Dong, D.; Meng, L.; Chen, J.; Wang, A.; Cui, H. Performance of BDS-3: Satellite visibility and dilution of precision. GPS Solut. 2019, 23, 56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Danskin, S.; Bettinger, P.; Jordan, T. Multipath mitigation under forest canopies: A choke ring antenna solution. For. Sci. 2009, 55, 109–116. [Google Scholar]
- Groves, P.D.; Jiang, Z.; Skelton, B.; Cross, P.A.; Lau, L.; Adane, Y.; Kale, I. Novel multipath mitigation methods using a dual-polarization antenna. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2010), Portland, OR, USA, 21–24 September 2010; pp. 140–151. [Google Scholar]
- Maqsood, M.; Gao, S.; Brown, T.W.; Unwin, M.; De Vos Van Steenwijk, R.; Xu, J. A compact multipath mitigating ground plane for multiband GNSS antennas. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2013, 61, 2775–2782. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Brunner, F.; Hartinger, H.; Troyer, L. GPS signal diffraction modelling: The stochastic SIGMA-Δ model. J. Geod. 1999, 73, 259–267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xi, R.; Meng, X.; Jiang, W.; An, X.; He, Q.; Chen, Q. A refined SNR based stochastic model to reduce site-dependent effects. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zimmermann, F.; Eling, C.; Kuhlmann, H. Empirical assessment of obstruction adaptive elevation masks to mitigate site-dependent effects. GPS Solut. 2017, 21, 1695–1706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhong, P.; Ding, X.; Zheng, D.; Chen, W.; Huang, D. Adaptive wavelet transform based on cross-validation method and its application to GPS multipath mitigation. GPS Solut. 2008, 12, 109–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, D.; Zhong, P.; Ding, X.; Chen, W. Filtering GPS time-series using a Vondrak filter and cross-validation. J. Geod. 2005, 79, 363–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dai, W.; Huang, D.; Cai, C. Multipath mitigation via component analysis methods for GPS dynamic deformation monitoring. GPS Solut. 2014, 18, 417–428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ray, J.; Cannon, M.; Fenton, P. GPS code and carrier multipath mitigation using a multiantenna system. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 2001, 37, 183–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, K.; Li, B.; Zhu, X.; Chen, H.; Sun, G. Multipath detection based on single orthogonal dual linear polarized GNSS antenna. GPS Solut. 2017, 21, 1203–1211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Agnew, D.C.; Larson, K.M. Finding the repeat times of the GPS constellation. GPS Solut. 2007, 11, 71–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, K.; Bilich, A.; Larson, K.M.; Axelrad, P. Modified sidereal filtering: Implications for high-rate GPS positioning. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Genrich, J.F.; Bock, Y. Rapid resolution of crustal motion at short ranges with the global positioning system. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 1992, 97, 3261–3269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, M.; Wang, J.; Dong, D.; Chen, W.; Li, H.; Wang, Z. Advanced sidereal filtering for mitigating multipath effects in GNSS short baseline positioning. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2018, 7, 228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ragheb, A.E.; Clarke, P.J.; Edwards, S.J. GPS sidereal filtering: Coordinate- and carrier-phase-level strategies. J. Geod. 2007, 81, 325–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ye, S.; Chen, D.; Liu, Y.; Jiang, P.; Tang, W.; Xia, P. Carrier phase multipath mitigation for BeiDou navigation satellite system. GPS Solut. 2015, 19, 545–557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Q.; Yang, W.; Zhang, S.; Liu, X. Characteristics of BeiDou navigation satellite system multipath and its mitigation method based on Kalman filter and Rauch-Tung-Striebel smoother. Sensors 2018, 18, 198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Dong, D.; Wang, M.; Chen, W.; Zeng, Z.; Song, L.; Zhang, Q.; Cai, M.; Cheng, Y.; Lv, J. Mitigation of multipath effect in GNSS short baseline positioning by the multipath hemispherical map. J. Geod. 2016, 90, 255–262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Z.; Chen, W.; Dong, D.; Wang, M.; Cai, M.; Yu, C.; Zheng, Z.; Liu, M. Multipath mitigation based on trend surface analysis applied to dual-antenna receiver with common clock. GPS Solut. 2019, 23, 104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Z.; Chen, W.; Dong, D.; Zhang, C.; Peng, Y.; Zheng, Z. An advanced multipath mitigation method based on trend surface analysis. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 3601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, K.; Zhang, X.; Li, P.; Li, X.; Ge, M.; Guo, F.; Sang, J.; Schuh, H. Multipath extraction and mitigation for high-rate multi-GNSS precise point positioning. J. Geod. 2019, 93, 2037–2051. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cai, M.; Chen, W.; Dong, D.; Song, L.; Wang, M.; Wang, Z.; Zhou, F.; Zheng, Z.; Yu, C. Reduction of kinematic short baseline multipath effects based on multipath hemispherical map. Sensors 2016, 16, 1677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Alber, C.; Ware, R.; Rocken, C.; Braun, J. Obtaining single path phase delays from GPS double differences. Geophy. Res. Lett. 2000, 27, 2661–2664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, D.; Ye, S.; Xia, J.; Liu, Y.; Xia, P. A geometry-free and ionosphere-free multipath mitigation method for BDS three-frequency ambiguity resolution. J. Geod. 2016, 90, 703–714. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhong, P.; Ding, X.; Yuan, L.; Xu, Y.; Kwok, K.; Chen, Y. Sidereal filtering based on single differences for mitigating GPS multipath effects on short baselines. J. Geod. 2010, 84, 145–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Teunissen, P.; Verhagen, S. GNSS carrier phase ambiguity resolution: Challenges and open problems. In Observing Our Changing Earth; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2009; pp. 785–792. [Google Scholar]
- Zhao, X.; Wang, Q.; Pan, S.; Deng, J. Partial ambiguity fixing algorithm based on LAMBDA and its performance analysis. J. Chin. Inert. Technol. 2010, 18, 665–669. [Google Scholar]
- Garcia, V.; Debreuve, E.; Nielsen, F.; Barlaud, M. K-nearest neighbor search: Fast GPU-based implementations and application to high-dimensional feature matching. In Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Hong Kong, China, 26–29 September 2010; pp. 3757–3760. [Google Scholar]
Orbit PRN | DOY 302–303 | DOY 296–303 | DOY 297–304 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time Shift (s) | Correlation Coefficient | RMS (mm) | RMS_M (mm) | Time Shift (s) | Correlation Coefficient | RMS (mm) | RMS_M (mm) | Time Shift (s) | Correlation Coefficient | RMS (mm) | RMS_M (mm) | |
GEO C01 | 234 | 0.977 | 1.55 | 0.86 | 1645 | 0.983 | 1.54 | 0.75 | 1642 | 0.982 | 1.55 | 0.77 |
MEO-2 C11 | — | 0.097 | 1.69 | — | 1694 | 0.848 | 1.69 | 0.91 | 1696 | 0.948 | 1.37 | 0.44 |
IGSO C13 | 227 | 0.929 | 2.81 | 1.06 | 1603 | 0.928 | 2.81 | 1.05 | 1598 | 0.927 | 2.77 | 1.04 |
MEO-3 C29 | — | -0.086 | 1.89 | — | 1696 | 0.948 | 1.89 | 0.61 | 1698 | 0.898 | 1.71 | 0.8 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Liu, C.; Tao, Y.; Xin, H.; Zhao, X.; Liu, C.; Hu, H.; Zhou, T. A Single-Difference Multipath Hemispherical Map for Multipath Mitigation in BDS-2/BDS-3 Short Baseline Positioning. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 304. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020304
Liu C, Tao Y, Xin H, Zhao X, Liu C, Hu H, Zhou T. A Single-Difference Multipath Hemispherical Map for Multipath Mitigation in BDS-2/BDS-3 Short Baseline Positioning. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(2):304. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020304
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Chao, Yuan Tao, Haiqiang Xin, Xingwang Zhao, Chunyang Liu, Haojie Hu, and Tengfei Zhou. 2021. "A Single-Difference Multipath Hemispherical Map for Multipath Mitigation in BDS-2/BDS-3 Short Baseline Positioning" Remote Sensing 13, no. 2: 304. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020304
APA StyleLiu, C., Tao, Y., Xin, H., Zhao, X., Liu, C., Hu, H., & Zhou, T. (2021). A Single-Difference Multipath Hemispherical Map for Multipath Mitigation in BDS-2/BDS-3 Short Baseline Positioning. Remote Sensing, 13(2), 304. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020304