New Gridded Product for the Total Columnar Atmospheric Water Vapor over Ocean Surface Constructed from Microwave Radiometer Satellite Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Satellite Remote Sensing Data
2.1.2. Water Vapor Background
2.1.3. Radiosonde Data
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Water Vapor Remote Sensing Product Fusion Algorithm
2.2.2. Validation Method
3. Results
3.1. Remote Sensing Fusion Product
3.2. Precision Validation of Fusion Products Over the Past 16 Years
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Over the past 16 years, the RMSE and SD of satellite-derived atmospheric water vapor fusion products in the global ocean combined with radiosonde data are generally better than 3 mm. The Bias shows a positive deviation and is generally smaller than 0.6 mm. MAD is generally better than 2 mm, and R is stronger than 0.98. The errors of remotely sensed water vapor are normally distributed and slightly skewed to positive values from 2003 to 2018.
- (2)
- The possibility of replacing AMSR-E data with AMSR2 and HY-2A microwave radiometer data was studied after the data service of AMSR-E ceased. The findings showed that the fusion products obtained by combining AMSR2 and HY-2A microwave radiometer data show higher accuracy compared with the water vapor fusion products using AMSR-E data, based on the Bias, SD, and RMSE results. Thus, AMSR2 and HY-2A microwave radiometer data can be used to replace AMSR-E data.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sensors | Resolution | Data Time Period Used | Spatial Coverage |
---|---|---|---|
AMSR-E | Daily/25 km | January 2003–October 2011 | Global ocean |
AMSR2 | Daily/25 km | July 2012–December 2018 | Global ocean |
WindSat | Daily/25 km | January 2003–December 2018 | Global ocean |
SSMIS | Daily/25 km | January 2003–December 2018 | Global ocean |
HY-2A MR | Swath/97 km | October 2011–December 2015 | Global ocean |
Year | Data Matches | Bias (mm) | MAD (mm) | SD (mm) | RMSE (mm) | R |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2003 | 2365 | 0.50 | 2.07 | 2.79 | 2.84 | 0.99 |
2004 | 2961 | 0.52 | 1.94 | 2.60 | 2.65 | 0.99 |
2005 | 2916 | 0.87 | 2.04 | 2.66 | 2.80 | 0.99 |
2006 | 2771 | 0.99 | 2.52 | 3.17 | 3.33 | 0.98 |
2007 | 2616 | 0.36 | 2.24 | 3.02 | 3.04 | 0.99 |
2008 | 2847 | 0.48 | 2.04 | 2.78 | 2.83 | 0.98 |
2009 | 3036 | 0.66 | 1.80 | 2.43 | 2.53 | 0.99 |
2010 | 3490 | 0.43 | 1.53 | 2.11 | 2.15 | 0.99 |
2011 | 3098 | 0.41 | 1.84 | 2.67 | 2.70 | 0.99 |
2012 | 3014 | 0.24 | 1.56 | 2.15 | 2.16 | 0.99 |
2013 | 2969 | 0.30 | 1.72 | 2.42 | 2.44 | 0.99 |
2014 | 2998 | 0.57 | 1.87 | 2.52 | 2.59 | 0.98 |
2015 | 2870 | 0.37 | 1.96 | 2.70 | 2.73 | 0.98 |
2016 | 2755 | 0.30 | 1.85 | 2.60 | 2.62 | 0.99 |
2017 | 2520 | 0.54 | 1.78 | 2.51 | 2.57 | 0.99 |
2018 | 1965 | 0.66 | 1.65 | 2.27 | 2.36 | 0.99 |
Year | Bias (mm) | MAD (mm) | SD (mm) | RMSE (mm) | R |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | 0.64 | 1.94 | 2.86 | 2.93 | 0.99 |
2017 | 0.62 | 1.82 | 2.69 | 2.76 | 0.99 |
2018 | 0.87 | 1.96 | 3.17 | 3.29 | 0.99 |
Data | Year | MAD (mm) | SD (mm) | RMSE (mm) | R |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fusion product | 2016 | 1.58 | 2.30 | 2.30 | 0.99 |
Fusion product | 2017 | 1.69 | 3.89 | 3.89 | 0.97 |
Fusion product | 2018 | 1.67 | 2.46 | 2.48 | 0.99 |
RSS product | 2016 | 1.61 | 2.38 | 2.39 | 0.99 |
RSS product | 2017 | 1.74 | 3.85 | 3.86 | 0.97 |
RSS product | 2018 | 1.73 | 2.53 | 2.58 | 0.99 |
Data | Bias (mm) | MAD (mm) | SD (mm) | RMSE (mm) | R |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fusion product using ERA-interim | 0.66 | 1.65 | 2.27 | 2.36 | 0.99 |
Fusion product using ERA5 | 0.72 | 1.68 | 2.28 | 2.39 | 0.99 |
ERA5 reanalysis | 1.08 | 2.12 | 3.44 | 3.60 | 0.99 |
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Sun, W.; Wang, J.; Li, Y.; Meng, J.; Zhao, Y.; Wu, P. New Gridded Product for the Total Columnar Atmospheric Water Vapor over Ocean Surface Constructed from Microwave Radiometer Satellite Data. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 2402. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122402
Sun W, Wang J, Li Y, Meng J, Zhao Y, Wu P. New Gridded Product for the Total Columnar Atmospheric Water Vapor over Ocean Surface Constructed from Microwave Radiometer Satellite Data. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(12):2402. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122402
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Weifu, Jin Wang, Yuheng Li, Junmin Meng, Yujia Zhao, and Peiqiang Wu. 2021. "New Gridded Product for the Total Columnar Atmospheric Water Vapor over Ocean Surface Constructed from Microwave Radiometer Satellite Data" Remote Sensing 13, no. 12: 2402. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122402