A Novel Approach to Obtain Diurnal Variation of Bio-Optical Properties in Moving Water Parcel Using Integrated Drifting Buoy and GOCI Data: A Case Study in Yellow and East China Seas
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Proposed Method
2.2. Study Area and Data
2.3. Moving and Fixed-Location Time Series
3. Results
3.1. Diurnal Variation Differences between the Two Time Series
3.2. Comparison of Multiday Changes
3.3. GOCI Data Screening
4. Discussion
4.1. Impacts of Seasonality and Daytime on GOCI Data Processing
4.2. Variation in Spatial Transition
4.3. Difference in Spatiotemporal Transition
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Drifting Buoy | Duration | Total Days | Scope of Longitude | Scope of Latitude | Total Sites |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. 1 | 5 June 2012–10 August 2012 | 66 | 120°–122°E | 33°–37°N | 1460 |
No. 2 | 3 June 2012–20 August 2012 | 78 | 120°–124°E | 34°–37°N | 1974 |
No. 3 | 3 June 2012–20 August 2012 | 78 | 121°–125°E | 34°–39°N | 1765 |
No. 4 | 4 June 2012–4 July 2012 | 31 | 120°–122°E | 33°–36°N | 665 |
No. 5 | 3 June 2012–19 July 2012 | 46 | 120°–122°E | 33°–37°N | 982 |
No. 6 | 3 June 2012–11 June 2012 | 8 | 120°–121°E | 33°–35°N | 164 |
No. 7 | 30 June 2012–26 August 2013 | 28 | 122°–127°E | 29°–34°N | 375 |
Drifting Buoy | Total Days | Matched Days | Daily Matchup Sites |
---|---|---|---|
No. 1 | 66 | 6 | 4, 4, 6, 4, 4, 8 |
No. 2 | 78 | 10 | 4, 8, 7, 6, 4, 7, 4, 5, 8, 7 |
No. 3 | 78 | 9 | 4, 8, 8, 8, 5, 5, 5, 4, 7 |
No. 4 | 31 | 1 | 4 |
No. 5 | 46 | 2 | 4, 4 |
No. 6 | 8 | 0 | 0 |
No. 7 | 28 | 5 | 8, 7, 6, 5, 7 |
Drifting Buoy | Date | Series | ag440 | Chl a | TSS | Rrs(490) | Rrs(555) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. 2 | 11 July 2012 | Moving | mean | 0.077 | 0.804 | 0.559 | 0.005 | 0.003 |
variance | 18.9% | 16.2% | 17.4% | 20.0% | 12.9% | |||
Fixed | mean | 0.077 | 0.822 | 0.555 | 0.005 | 0.003 | ||
variance | 19.6% | 18.0% | 17.2% | 20.4% | 9.7% | |||
25 July 2012 | Moving | mean | 0.159 | 2.015 | 1.322 | 0.003 | 0.003 | |
variance | 16.5% | 20.9% | 34.9% | 25.0% | 12.9% | |||
Fixed | mean | 0.139 | 1.939 | 0.976 | 0.002 | 0.002 | ||
variance | 19.4% | 28.0% | 28.3% | 83.3% | 72.7% | |||
5 August 2012 | Moving | mean | 0.096 | 1.529 | 0.746 | 0.005 | 0.004 | |
variance | 4.5% | 17.6% | 4.4% | 5.7% | 2.7% | |||
Fixed | mean | 0.115 | 1.878 | 0.952 | 0.005 | 0.004 | ||
variance | 18.5% | 22.7% | 21.5% | 7.5% | 7.1% | |||
No. 3 | 4 June 2012 | Moving | mean | 0.066 | 0.567 | 0.465 | 0.005 | 0.003 |
variance | 6.7% | 10.9% | 9.2% | 4.0% | 3.5% | |||
Fixed | mean | 0.06 | 0.457 | 0.414 | 0.005 | 0.003 | ||
variance | 13.1% | 16.3% | 16.3% | 15.2% | 11.5% | |||
2 August 2012 | Moving | mean | 0.069 | 0.588 | 0.442 | 0.004 | 0.003 | |
variance | 18.6% | 37.0% | 22.2% | 14.0% | 16.0% | |||
Fixed | mean | 0.09 | 0.926 | 0.601 | 0.004 | 0.003 | ||
variance | 22.0% | 56.9% | 23.6% | 37.8% | 32.0% | |||
No. 7 | 1 August 2012 | Moving | mean | 0.107 | 3.184 | 0.88 | 0.005 | 0.004 |
variance | 39.7% | 76.8% | 45.8% | 40.2% | 39.0% | |||
Fixed | mean | 0.11 | 3.341 | 0.904 | 0.005 | 0.004 | ||
variance | 42.1% | 89.4% | 47.9% | 42.2% | 40.0% |
Series | ag440 | Chl a | TSS | a(490) | a(555) | bb(490) | bb(555) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moving | mean | 0.087 | 1.376 | 0.649 | 0.102 | 0.094 | 0.010 | 0.007 |
max | 0.211 | 7.702 | 2.313 | 0.539 | 0.359 | 0.054 | 0.039 | |
min | 0.026 | 0.138 | 0.062 | 0.039 | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.001 | |
range | 0.184 | 7.564 | 2.251 | 0.500 | 0.352 | 0.1051 | 0.038 | |
Fixed | mean | 0.088 | 1.338 | 0.660 | 0.098 | 0.096 | 0.010 | 0.007 |
max | 0.202 | 9.183 | 2.300 | 0.624 | 0.351 | 0.040 | 0.036 | |
min | 0.026 | 0.119 | 0.132 | 0.038 | 0.009 | 0.004 | 0.001 | |
range | 0.176 | 9.064 | 2.167 | 0.586 | 0.341 | 0.037 | 0.035 |
Drifting Buoy | No. 1 | No. 2 | No. 3 | No. 4 | No. 5 | No. 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average speed (km h−1) | 0.80 | 1.24 | 1.88 | 1.89 | 1.18 | 1.45 |
Window size | ag440 | Chl a | TSS | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 × 1 | Difference | 0.007 | 0.142 | 0.079 |
Percentage | 8.8% | 11.0% | 12.2% | |
3 × 3 | Difference | 0.006 | 0.111 | 0.059 |
Percentage | 7.6% | 9.5% | 8.8% | |
5 × 5 | Difference | 0.004 | 0.079 | 0.049 |
Percentage | 4.8% | 6.6% | 8.5% |
Location | Series | ag440 | Chl a | TSS | a(490) | a(555) | bb(490) | bb(555) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Central region of the Yellow and East China Seas | Moving | mean | 0.080 | 1.377 | 0.554 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.092 | 0.089 |
variance | 41.5% | 88.8% | 51.8% | 32.7% | 243.3% | 73.3% | 55.7% | ||
Fixed | mean | 0.082 | 1.311 | 0.598 | 0.088 | 0.089 | 0.008 | 0.006 | |
variance | 37.8% | 82.5% | 51.2% | 78.4% | 50.5% | 63.8% | 70.0% | ||
Offshore | Moving | mean | 0.116 | 1.674 | 2.238 | 0.181 | 0.140 | 0.036 | 0.030 |
variance | 53.1% | 84.9% | 151.1% | 86.8% | 69.8% | 145.1% | 159.1% | ||
Fixed | mean | 0.114 | 1.709 | 2.193 | 0.162 | 0.129 | 0.029 | 0.024 | |
variance | 51.8% | 85.0% | 154.5% | 82.0% | 66.3% | 148.0% | 166.6% |
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Xu, Y.; Guan, W.; Chen, J.; Cao, Z.; Qiao, F. A Novel Approach to Obtain Diurnal Variation of Bio-Optical Properties in Moving Water Parcel Using Integrated Drifting Buoy and GOCI Data: A Case Study in Yellow and East China Seas. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 2115. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112115
Xu Y, Guan W, Chen J, Cao Z, Qiao F. A Novel Approach to Obtain Diurnal Variation of Bio-Optical Properties in Moving Water Parcel Using Integrated Drifting Buoy and GOCI Data: A Case Study in Yellow and East China Seas. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(11):2115. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112115
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Yuying, Weibing Guan, Jianyu Chen, Zhenyi Cao, and Feng Qiao. 2021. "A Novel Approach to Obtain Diurnal Variation of Bio-Optical Properties in Moving Water Parcel Using Integrated Drifting Buoy and GOCI Data: A Case Study in Yellow and East China Seas" Remote Sensing 13, no. 11: 2115. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112115