A Flexible Inference Machine for Global Alignment of Wall Openings
1
ETH Zurich, Future Cities Laboratory, Singapore-ETH Centre, 1 Create Way, CREATE Tower, 06-01, Singapore 138602, Singapore
2
School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoyu Rd. 122, Dst Hongshan, Wuhan 430079, China
3
Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
4
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Remote Sens. 2020, 12(12), 1968; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12121968
Received: 25 April 2020 / Revised: 8 June 2020 / Accepted: 15 June 2020 / Published: 19 June 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Scanning and Point Cloud Processing)
Openings such as windows and doors are essential components of architectural wall surfaces. It is still a challenge to reconstruct them robustly from unstructured 3D point clouds because of occlusions, noises and non-uniformly distributed points. Current research primarily focuses on meliorating the robustness of detection and pays little attention to the geometric correctness. To improve the reconstruction quality, assumptions on the opening layout are usually applied as rules to support the reconstruction algorithm. The commonly used assumptions, such as the strict grid and symmetry pattern, however, are not suitable in many cases. In this paper, we propose a novel approach, named an inference machine, to identify and use flexible rules in wall opening modelling. Our method first detects and models openings through a data-driven method and then refines the opening boundaries by global and flexible rules. The key is to identify the global flexible rules from the detected openings, composed by various combinations of alignments. As our method is oblivious of the type of architectural layout, it can be applied to both interior wall surfaces and exterior building facades. We demonstrate the flexibility of our approach in both outdoor and indoor scenes with a variety of opening layouts. The qualitative and quantitative evaluation results indicate the potential of the approach to be a general method in opening detection and modelling. However, this data-driven method suffers from the existence of occlusions and non-planar wall surfaces.
View Full-Text
Keywords:
rule detection; opening detection; inference machine; layout; indoor; outdoor; LiDAR; point clouds; 3D modelling
▼
Show Figures
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
MDPI and ACS Style
Li, J.; Xiong, B.; Qin, R.; Gruen, A. A Flexible Inference Machine for Global Alignment of Wall Openings. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 1968. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12121968
AMA Style
Li J, Xiong B, Qin R, Gruen A. A Flexible Inference Machine for Global Alignment of Wall Openings. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12(12):1968. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12121968
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Jiaqiang; Xiong, Biao; Qin, Rongjun; Gruen, Armin. 2020. "A Flexible Inference Machine for Global Alignment of Wall Openings" Remote Sens. 12, no. 12: 1968. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12121968
Find Other Styles
Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.
Search more from Scilit