Exploring Flood Resilience Thinking in the Retail Sector under Climate Change: A Case Study of an Estuarine Region of Taipei City
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site: A Flat Sandbar of Taipei City
2.2. Communicating Flood Risks
2.3. Identifying Key Industrial Sector
- An LQ greater than 1.0 indicates that an area has proportionately more workers than the larger comparison area employed in a specific industrial sector [40], which implies that the area is producing more products or services than is consumed by area residents, and the excess is available for export outside the area.
- An LQ significantly less than 1.0 indicates that the industry is a non-basic industry for the area, which denotes industries that do not exert significance in the area.
- The rational underlying the LQ as a means of separating basic and non-basic industries is based on two measures: variance and magnitude. Variance reflects the degree of specialization of employment to a specific industry across a number of places. Magnitude of the LQ for a specific industry and place, can be interpreted to indicate that the activity is residentiary (self-sufficient), exported, or imported depending whether the LQ is greater than, less than, or equal to 1.0 [41].
- Ei,r is the number of employee jobs in industry i region r;
- Er is the number of employee jobs in region r;
- Ei is the number of employee jobs in industry i; and
- E is the number of employee jobs in Shetzu, Taipei City.
2.4. Semi-Structured Interviews
- Human adaptability: Have you ever gained any knowledge, used any skills, or shared your knowledge or skills in your neighboring networks? (if referred to one index, note value “1”).
- Risk information: Are you aware of the protection of buildings, roads, and land use against flooding (if referred to one keyword, note value “1”).
3. Results
3.1. Retail Sector in Adapting to Climate Change
3.2. Human Adaptability and Risk Information
- R1 and R10: During Herbert Typhoon in 1996, the flood was about 1 m or more and lasted over a week; there was no more flooding after the incident.
- R5, R9, and R12: Many retailers have worked here with their families for over 20 years, and have indicated that there has been no flood ever since.
- R6 and R13: Most of the residents exhibit robust confidence on a future without flooding since nowadays heavy rain only causes rainwater overflow and not a flood.
- R6 and R7: Typhoon Herbert (1996) left the premise with a flooding above 1 m since the location is on the lowest part of the Peninsula.
- R3 and R10: The experience with the flood is most vivid because it was the time that the mayor came to visit them on a boat.
- R4 and R6: The flood only came up to about 30 cm and was manageable; there was no need to do anything else.
- R8, R11, and R13: Flooding is something that no longer exists and should not be a topic at all. Everything is fine in the Shetzu Peninsula.
- R4, R9: Living quality in Shetzu Peninsula far exceeds the quality of downtown and flooding is really non-existent.
- R3 and R5: Many buildings were renovated and elevated to decrease the risk of flooding.
- R2 and R8: The entire village was flooded, but the residents never moved away because the store is rented and they live in the back of the main street; they still hang on to their businesses.
- R6, R9, and R12: The elevated floor was either an earlier construction or newly elevated; it was elevated prior to their rental of the place.
- R1 and R13: The flooding was just getting the ground floor wet and t the furniture was put back back; it was really nothing serious.
- R1, R3, and R14: The flood is a term in the past for them, since now with the pump station is installed, and the dike really maintains the status quo in the village.
- R5, R7, and R11: Everything turned around after the construction of the connecting bridge, building up the dike, and adding the water pump; no flooding has occurred since then, even in the lowest ground level in Shetzu.
- R5 and R15: Flooding is not an issue in today’s Shetzu Peninsula since the dike was built.
- R7 and R9: The government should not spend money trying to elevate the ground level against flooding.
- R2, R13, and R14: Most of the retailers have lived here for over two decades and have no will to move away.
- R4 and R11: The local people have been alerted through LINE (an instant messaging application) as there was a risk of flooding.
- R2 and R11: The water came almost to chest level, and the Mayor came on a boat and gave locals food.
- R11 and R15: Rain water just overflowed for a bit and their family has been living there for over three generations; they began working in a tech company in Taipei and are still living there.
4. Discussions
4.1. Maladaptation
4.2. Visualization Model
4.3. Flood Resilience
4.4. Place Attachment
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Munasinghe, M. Addressing sustainable development and climate change together using sustainomics. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Chang. 2011, 2, 7–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lama, A.K. Understanding Institutional Adaptation to Climate Change: Social Resilience and Adaptive Governance Capacities of the Nature Based Tourism Institutions in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal; Würzburg University Press: Würzburg, Germany, 2016; p. 29. [Google Scholar]
- Clarvis, M.H.; Bohensky, E.; Yarime, M. Can resilience thinking inform resilience investments? Learning from resilience principles for disaster risk reduction. Sustainability 2015, 7, 9048–9066. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arnell, N.W.; Gosling, S.N. The impacts of climate change on river flood risk at the global scale. Clim. Chang. 2016, 134, 387–401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Winsemius, H.C.; Aerts, J.C.J.H.; van Beek, L.P.H.; Bierkens, M.F.P.; Bouwman, A.; Jongman, B.; Kwadijk, J.C.J.; Ligtvoet, W.; Lucas, P.; van Vuuren, D.P.; et al. Global drivers of future river flood risk. Nat. Clim. Chang. 2016, 6, 381–385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ward, P.J.; Jongman, B.; Kummu, M.; Dettinger, M.D.; Weil, F.C.S.; Winsemius, H.C. Strong influence of El Niño Southern Oscillation on flood risk around the world. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2014, 111, 15659–15664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Carter, J.G.; Connelly, A.; Handley, J.; Lindley, S. European cities in a changing climate: Exploring climate change hazards, impacts and vulnerabilities; The University of Manchester: Manchester, UK, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- URS. Economic Impacts of Increased Flood Risk Associated with Climate Change in the North West. 2009. Available online: http://www.cumbria.gov.uk/eLibrary/Content/Internet/538/755/1929/421451113.pdf (accessed on 3 February 2017).
- Allianz. Wholesale and Retail—Our Proposition. 2014. Available online: http://www.allianzebroker.co.uk/content/allianzebroker/en_gb/application/content/documents/commercial-products/property-and-casualty/wholesale-and-retail/wholesale-retail-proposition/_jcr_content/documentProperties/currentDocument.res/acom6077-4.pdf (accessed on 3 January 2017).
- Leach, K. Impact of Flooding and Flood Risk on Community Economic Resilience in the Upper Calder Valley. 2015. Available online: http://www.nationalfloodforum.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Calderdale-flooding-community-economic-resilience-final-Jan-2015.pdf (accessed on 3 January 2017).
- Adger, W.N. Social and ecological resilience: Are they related? Prog. Hum. Geogr. 2000, 24, 347–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cutter, S.L. Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. Soc. Sci. Q. 2003, 84, 242–261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rannow, S.; Loibl, W.; Greiving, S.; Gruehn, D.; Meyer, B.C. Potential Impacts of Climate Change in Germany—Identifying Regional Priorities for Adaptation Activities in Spatial Planning. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2010, 98, 160–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adger, W.N.; Barnett, J.; Brown, K.; Marshall, N.; O’Brien, K. Cultural dimensions of climate change impacts and adaptation. Nat. Clim. Chang. 2013, 3, 112–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). AR4 Synthesis Report: Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Climate change 2007; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Engle, N.L. Adaptive capacity and its assessment. Glob. Environ. Chang. 2011, 21, 647–656. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chang, L.F.; Seto, K.C.; Huang, S.L. Climate change, urban flood vulnerability, and responsibility in Taipei. In Urbanization and Sustainability; Boone, C.G., Fragkias, M., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Burle, S. Flood Map: Water Level Elevation Map (Beta). 2012. Available online: http://www.floodmap.net (accessed on 29 June 2017).
- Academia Sinica. Taiwan FortMap’s Contour. 2017. Available online: http://gissrv5.sinica.edu.tw/GoogleApp/JM20K1904_1.php (accessed on 9 March 2017).
- Michael, D.M.; Nicole, E.H.; Terry, L.R.; Stephen, H.S. Bridging the gap: Linking climate-impacts research with adaptation planning and management. Clim. Chang. 2010, 100, 87–101. [Google Scholar]
- Seery, M.D. Challenge or threat? Cardiovascular indexes of resilience and vulnerability to potential stressing humans. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2011, 35, 1603–1610. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Smeets, E.; Weterings, R. Environmental Indicators: Typology and Overview. Technical report 25. European Environmental Agency, 1999. Available online: http://ilm.geogr.uni-jena.de/fileadmin/Geoinformatik/projekte/brahmatwinn/Workshops/FEEM/Indicators/EEA_tech_rep_25_Env_Ind.pdf (accessed on 2 February 2017).
- John, M. A Spatial Computable General Equilibrium Model for the Analysis of Regional Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Policies. Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWI), 2014. Available online: http://www.hwwi.org/uploads/tx_wilpubdb/HWWI-Research-Paper_154_01.pdf (accessed on 22 January 2017).
- Slovic, P. (Ed.) The Perception of Risk; Earthscan: Sterling, VA, USA.
- Albano, R.; Mancusi, L.; Abbate, A. Improving Flood Risk Analysis for effectively supporting the implementation of flood risk management plans: The case study of “Serio” Valley. Environ. Sci. Policy 2017, 75, 158–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Albano, R.; Sole, A.; Adamowski, J. READY: A web-based geographical information system for enhanced flood resilience through raising awareness in citizens. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss. 2015, 15, 1645–1658. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kubal, C.; Haase, D.; Meyer, V.; Scheuer, S. Integrated urban flood risk assessment—Adapting a multicriteria approach to a city. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 2009, 9, 1881–1895. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Flaxman, M. Geodesign: Fundamental Principles and Routes Forward; GeoDesign Summit: Redlands, USA, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Neuenschwander, N.; Hayek, U.W.; Grêt-Regamey, A. Integrating an urban green space typology into procedural 3D visualization for collaborative planning. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 2014, 48, 99–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chiang, Y.C.; Huang, Y.C. Exploring Social Resilience: Insights Into Climate Change Adaptation Gaps From An Estuarine Region Of Taiwan. J. Mar. Sci. Technol. 2016, 24, 1081–1092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- MOEA (Ministry of Economic Affairs, Taiwan). Consumption Intensity Map. 2016. Available online: http://moeaegis.carto.com/viz/565b9586–9731–11e5-bb72–0ef7f98ade21/embed_map (accessed on 2 March 2017).
- Billings, S.B.; Johnson, E.B. The location quotient as an estimator of industrial concentration. Reg. Sci. Urban Econ. 2012, 42, 642–647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alhowaish, A.K.; Alsharikh, M.A.; Alasmail, M.A.; Alghamdi, Z.A. Location Quotient Technique and Economy Analysis of Regions: Tabuk Province of Saudi Arabia as a Case Study. Int. J. Sci. Res. 2015, 4. Available online: http://www.ijsr.net/archive/v4i12/NOV152375.pdf (accessed on 11 March 2017).
- Deniz, Z.Ã. Regional Economic Development and Competitiveness: A Study of Leading and Competitive Sectors of Diyarbakir-Sanliurfa Region, Turkey. In ERSA Conference Papers; (No. ersa14p167); European Regional Science Association: Saint Petersburg, Russia, 2014; Available online: http://ideas.repec.org/p/wiw/wiwrsa/ersa14p167.html (accessed on 1 August 2017).
- Christofakis, M.; Gaki, M.E.; LAGOS, D.; Poulaki, P. The Pattern of the Spatial Allocation of Economic Branches in Greece and the Impact of Economic Crisis. 15th Conference ERSA-GR. Available online: http://asrdlf2017.com/asrdlf2017_com/inc/resumes/182.pdf (accessed on 3 August 2017).
- Arafah, W.; Matheos, R.C.D. Determining factors of potential economy sectors of Bantaeng Regency in South Sulawesi Province of Indonesia: An analysis using the location quotient approach. Int. J. Bus. Manag. 2017, 12, 183–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DGBAS (Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics). Industry, Commerce and Service Census, 7th revised edition. 2011. Available online: http://eng.stat.gov.tw (accessed on 25 January 2017).
- HRO (Household Registration Offices, Shilin District, Taipei City). Demography Census. 2017. Available online: http://slhr.gov.taipei/ct.asp?xItem=132580425&ctNode=85436&mp=102031 (accessed on 5 February 2017).
- FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency). HAZUS-MH Technical Manual; Technical Report; Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Mitigation Division: Washington, DC, USA, 2003. Available online: https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726–1820–25045–8292/hzmh2_1_fl_tm.pdf (accessed on 1 March 2017).
- Incontext. Location Quotients: A Tool for Comparing Regional Industry Compositions. A publication of the Indiana Business Research Center at IU's Kelley School of Business. 2006. Available online: http://www.incontext.indiana.edu/2006/march/1.asp (accessed on 27 January 2017).
- Mark, R.S.; Jacobson, D.S. Core periphery analysis of the European Union: A location quotient approach. J. Reg. Anal. Policy 1996, 26, 3–21. [Google Scholar]
- Mason, M. Sample Size and Saturation in PhD Studies Using Qualitative Interviews. Forum Qual. Soc. Res. 2010, 11. Available online: http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/1428 (accessed on 27 March 2017).
- Lee, D.T.F.; Woo, J.; Mackenzie, A.E. The cultural context of adjusting to nursing home life: Chinese elders’ perspectives. Gerontologist 2002, 42, 667–675. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tools4dev. How to do Semi-Structured Interviews. 2015. Available online: http://www.tools4dev.org/wp-content/uploads/how-to-do-semi-structured-interviews.pdf (accessed on 15 May 2017).
- Kok, K.; Gramberger, M.; Simon, K.H.; Jäger, J.; Omann, I. Report on the New Methodology for Scenario Analysis, Including Guidelines for Its Implementation, and Based on an Analysis of Past Scenario Exercises. 2011. Available online: http://www.climsave.eu/climsave/doc/Report on the Scenario Methodology.pdf (accessed on 3 February 2017).
- Kasperson, R.E.; Renn, R.; Slovic, P.; Brown, H.S.; Emel, J.; Goble, R.; Kasperson, J.X.; Ratick, S. The social amplification of risk: A conceptual framework. Risk Anal. 1988, 8, 177–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hagen, B. Public Perception of Climate Change: Policy and Communication. Routledge: London, UK, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- APA (American Psychological Association). Psychology and Global Climate Change: Addressing a Multi-faceted Phenomenon and Set of Challenges; American Psychological Association Task Force on the Interface between Psychology and Global Climate Change; American Psychological Association: Washington, DC, USA, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Hagen, B. Public Perceptions of Climate Change: Risk, Trust, and Policy. Ph.D. Thesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA, 2013. Available online: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.659.3377&rep=rep1&type=pdf (accessed on 21 February 2017).
- Ropeik, D. Risk Perception. Nature.com Blogs. 2011. Available online: http://blogs.nature.com/soapboxscience/2011/05/11/risk-perception (accessed on 11 July 2017).
- Chiang, Y.C.; Tsai, F.F.; Chang, H.P.; Chen, C.F.; Huang, Y.C. Adaptive society in a changing environment: Insight into the social resilience of a rural region of Taiwan. Land Use Policy 2014, 36, 510–521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giddens, A. The Politics of Climate Change; Polity Press: Cambridge, UK; Malden, MA, USA, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Safi, A.S.; Smith, W.J.; Liu, Z. Rural Nevada and climate change: Vulnerability, beliefs, and risk perception. Risk Anal. 2012, 32, 1041–1059. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ming Lee, T.; Markowitz, E.M.; Howe, P.D.; Ko, C.-Y.; Leiserowitz, A.A. Predictors of public climate change awareness and risk perception around the world. Nat. Clim. Chang. 2015, 5, 1014–1019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van der Linden, S. Determinants and Measurement of Climate Change Risk Perception, Worry, and Concern. Clim. Chang. Commun. 2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Butts, C.T. Why I know but don’t believe. Science 2016, 354, 286–287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- PwC (PricewaterhouseCoopers). Building Community Resilience and Shaping Consumer Behavior. 2015. Available online: http://www.pwc.com/us/en/retail-consumer/publications/assets/rc-insights-climate-change.pdf (accessed on 1 February 2017).
- Ford, J.D.; Berrang-Ford, L. Perspectives on Adaptation to Climate Change in Europe. In Climate Change Adaptation in Developed Nations; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis (AR5); Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Cambridge, UK; New York, NY, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Scheraga, J.D.; Grambsch, A.E. Risks, opportunities, and adaptation to climate. Clim. Res. 1998, 11, 85–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adger, W.N.; Arnett, N.; Tompkins, E. Successful adaptation to climate change across scales. Glob. Environ. Chang. 2005, 15, 77–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barnett, J.; O’Neill, S. Maladaptation. Glob. Environ. Chang. 2010, 20, 211–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). Risk Communication. 2017. Available online: http://www.epa.gov/risk/risk-communication (accessed on 12 March 2017).
- Liu, W.H.; Wu, C.C.; Jhan, H.T.; Ho, C.C. The role of local government in marine spatial planning and management in Taiwan. Mar. Policy 2011, 35, 105–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chang, Y.; Lin, P.H. Improving marine spatial planning by using an incremental amendment strategy: The case of Anping, Taiwan. Mar. Policy 2016, 68, 30–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Faust, B.B.; Smardon, R.C. Introduction and overview: Environmental knowledge, rights, and ethics: Co-managing with communities. Environ. Sci. Policy 2011, 4, 147–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keller, C.; Siegrist, M.; Gutscher, H. The role of the affect and availability heuristics in risk communication. Risk Anal. 2006, 26, 631–639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Taylor, A.; de Bruin, W.B.; Dessai, S. Climate change beliefs and perceptions of weather-related changes in the United Kingdom. Risk Anal. 2014, 34, 1995–2004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McDonald, R.I.; Chai, H.Y.; Newell, B.R. Personal experience and the ‘psychological distance’ of climate change: An integrative review. J. Environ. Psychol. 2015, 44, 109–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reser, J.P.; Bradley, G.L.; Ellul, M.C. Encountering climate change: ‘seeing’ is more than ‘believing’. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Chang. 2014, 5, 521–537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Henley, R. Resilience enhancing psychosocial programmes for youth in different cultural contexts: Evaluation and research. Prog. Dev. Stud. 2010, 10, 295–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Cambridge, UK; New York, NY, USA, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, L.L. Through the Past, Exploring the Forgotten First Half of Life Of Shetzu Peninsula. 2016. Available online: https://goo.gl/T7bwxF (accessed on 8 February 2017). (In Chinese).
- Heyd, T.; Brooks, N. Exploring cultural dimensions of adaptation to climate change. In Adapting to Climate Change: Thresholds, Values, Governance; Adger, W.N., Lorenzoni, I., O’Brien, K.L., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2009; pp. 269–282. [Google Scholar]
- Kellens, W.; Zaalberg, R.; Neutens, T.; Vanneuville, W.; De Maeyer, P. An Analysis of the Public Perception of Flood Risk on the Belgian Coast. Risk Anal. 2011, 31, 1055–1068. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- McDowell, J.H. Perception as a Capacity for Knowledge; Marquette University Press: Milwaukee, WI, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Chamlee-Wright, E.; Storr, V.H. (Eds.) The Political Economy of Hurricane Katrina and Community Rebound; New thinking in political economy; Edward Elgar: Cheltenham, UK, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- UNFCCC. Bali Action Plan–UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. UNFCCC, 2003. Available online: http://www.unfcc.int/resources/docs/2008awgica1/englishmisc01.pdf (accessed on 12 May 2017).
- Rashid, M.H.; Afroz, S.; Gaydon, D.; Muttaleb, A.; Poulton, P.; Roth, C.; Abedin, Z. Climate Change Perception and Adaptation Options for Agriculture in Southern Khulna of Bangladesh. Appl. Ecol. Environ. Sci. 2014, 2, 25–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bidwell, D.; Dietz, T.; Scavia, D. Fostering knowledge networks for climate adaptation. Nat. Clim. Chang. 2013, 3, 610–611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salvia, R.; Quaranta, G. Adaptive Cycle as a Tool to Select Resilient Patterns of Rural Development. Sustainability 2015, 7, 11114–11138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Whitten, S.M.; Hertzler, G.; Strunz, S. How real options and ecological resilience thinking can assist in environmental risk management. J. Risk Res. 2012, 15, 331–346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wachinger, G.; Renn, O.; Begg, C.; Kuhlicke, C. The Risk Perception Paradox—Implications for Governance and Communication of Natural Hazards. Risk Anal. 2013, 33, 1049–1065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mase, A.S.; Graming, B.M.; Prokopy, L.S. Climate change beliefs, risk perceptions, and adaptation behavior among Midwestern U.S. crop farmers. Clim. Risk Manag. 2016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- EPA. Climate Change: Basic Information. 2015. Available online: http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/basics (accessed on 30 March 2017).
- RIBA. Climate Change Toolkit 07: Designing for Flood Risk; RIBA: London, UK, 2009; Available online: http://www.architecture.com/Files/RIBAHoldings/PolicyAndInternationalRelations/Policy/Environment/2Designing_for_floodrisk.pdf (accessed on 23 January 2017).
- Bickhard, M.H. How does the environment affect the person? In Children’s Development within Social Contexts: Metatheoretical, Theoretical and Methodological Issues; Winegar, L.T., Valsiner, J., Eds.; Erlbaum: Hillsdale, USA, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- Obrist, B.; Pfeiffer, C.; Henley, R. Multi-layered social resilience: A new approach in mitigation research. Prog. Dev. Stud. 2010, 10, 283–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adger, W.N.; Dessai, S.; Goulden, M.; Hulme, M.; Lorenzoni, I.; Nelson, D.R.; Naess, L.O.; Wolf, J.; Wreford, A. Are there social limits to adaptation to climate change? Clim. Chang. 2009, 93, 335–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sjöberg, L. Factors in risk perception. Risk Anal. 2000, 20, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Villages | Basic Industry (LQ > 1.0) | Non-Basic Industry (LQ < 1.0) |
---|---|---|
Fuzhou, Fuan, and Yonglun | Disaggregated into seven sectors: manufacturing, electricity, construction, retail, transport, finance, and services. | The industry is deemed non-basic for the area |
Manufacturing | Electricity | Construction | Retail | Transport | Finance | Services | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | 0.973397 | 0.904879 | 1.010425 | 1.022034 | 0.9678419 | 1.012693 | 0.985439 |
2014 | 0.989884 | 1.022337 | 0.938916 | 1.019645 | 1.0084655 | 0.980845 | 1.027493 |
2013 | 0.988068 | 1.024349 | 0.911447 | 1.016331 | 0.9594180 | 1.003050 | 1.093737 |
2012 | 1.023043 | 1.162471 | 0.934613 | 0.995891 | 0.9855920 | 1.013610 | 1.042453 |
2011 | 1.063601 | 0.897692 | 0.842233 | 1.005497 | 0.9800534 | 1.007144 | 0.998202 |
2010 | 1.066507 | 1.064037 | 0.852022 | 1.022298 | 0.8953453 | 0.978248 | 0.926761 |
2009 | 1.077299 | 1.066935 | 0.896413 | 1.033301 | 0.9118685 | 1.067363 | 0.896413 |
2008 | 1.046234 | 1.333254 | 0.904607 | 1.002916 | 0.8895303 | 1.087798 | 0.920204 |
2007 | 1.048020 | 1.319257 | 0.862404 | 1.015257 | 0.8219791 | 1.095546 | 0.992579 |
2006 | 1.031857 | 1.053583 | 0.822474 | 0.992867 | 0.9992030 | 1.052358 | 1.038645 |
Respondent | Human Adaptability Indices Based on the Psychological Methodological Perspective (see Section 2.4.) | Risk Information Keywords Based on the Interactive Visualization Model (see Section 2.2. and Figure 3) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Knowledge | Skill | Network | Building | Road | Land Use | Flooding | |
R1 | Yes (1) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
R2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
R3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
R4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
R5 | 1 | 2 * | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
R6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
R7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
R8 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
R9 | 1 | 2 * | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
R10 | 2 * | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
R11 | 1 | 1 | 3 * | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
R12 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
R13 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
R14 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
R15 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
© 2017 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Chiang, Y.-C.; Ling, T.-Y. Exploring Flood Resilience Thinking in the Retail Sector under Climate Change: A Case Study of an Estuarine Region of Taipei City. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1650. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091650
Chiang Y-C, Ling T-Y. Exploring Flood Resilience Thinking in the Retail Sector under Climate Change: A Case Study of an Estuarine Region of Taipei City. Sustainability. 2017; 9(9):1650. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091650
Chicago/Turabian StyleChiang, Yi-Chang, and Tzen-Ying Ling. 2017. "Exploring Flood Resilience Thinking in the Retail Sector under Climate Change: A Case Study of an Estuarine Region of Taipei City" Sustainability 9, no. 9: 1650. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091650