Rural Destination Development Based on Olive Oil Tourism: The Impact of Residents’ Community Attachment and Quality of Life on Their Support for Tourism Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Model and Research Hypotheses
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
4.1. Analysis of Sample Profile
4.2. Causal Analysis of Model: Preliminary Remarks
4.3. Analysis of Measurement Model: First Step
4.4. Analysis of the Measurement Model: Second Step
4.5. Evaluation of Structural Model
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
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Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional Una manera de hacer Europa |
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author/s | Variable/dimension | Indicators |
---|---|---|
Abdollahzadeh and Sharifzadeh [19] | Rural residents’ perceptions (economic benefits) (RRPE) | (RRPE1) Tourism favours the sale of farm products. |
(RRPE2) Tourism creates many jobs for locals. | ||
(RRPE3) Tourism increases local incomes. | ||
(RRPE4) Tourism increases the demand for local products. | ||
(RRPE5) Tourism creates new business investment opportunities. | ||
(RRPE6) Tourism diversifies rural economies. | ||
(RRPE7) Tourism ensures local businesses’ long-term profitability. | ||
Rural residents’ perceptions (social benefits) (RRPS) | (RRPS1) Tourism improves local standards of living. | |
(RRPS2) Tourism increases awareness of the importance of tourism through interactions between residents and visitors. | ||
(RRPS3) Tourism enhances respect for local culture and customs. | ||
(RRPS4) Tourism enhances residents’ participation in local activities. | ||
(RRPS5) Tourism develops a sense of belonging to the surrounding region. | ||
(RRPS6) Tourism creates new learning opportunities for residents. | ||
Rural residents’ perceptions (environmental benefits) (RRPN) | (RRPN1) Tourism fosters environmental conservation. | |
(RRPN2) Tourism provides more recreational opportunities for locals. | ||
(RRPN3) Tourism favours declarations of protected natural areas. | ||
Rural residents’ perceptions (physical benefits) (RRPP) | (RRPP1) Tourism increases the value of property owned by locals. | |
(RRPP2) Tourism increases investment in tourism infrastructure (e.g., hotels, restaurants, local products and souvenirs shops, campsites and parking areas). | ||
(RRPP3) Tourism increases investment in rural infrastructure (e.g., roads, sanitation, supply lines and health centres). | ||
Woo et al. [17] | Overall quality of life (QOL) | (QOL1) The conditions of my life are excellent. |
(QOL2) I have gotten the important things I want in life. | ||
(QOL3) In general, I am satisfied with my life. | ||
Woo et al. [17] and a proposal | Support for tourism development (STD) | (STD1) I perceive the impacts of tourism development in my community as positive. |
(STD2) I would support further tourism development in my community. | ||
(STD3) I would support further tourism development based on olive oil production in my community (new). | ||
(STD4) Further tourism development would positively affect my community’s quality of life. | ||
Lee [24] | Community attachment (CAT) | (CAT1) The infrastructure, facilities and services of my region are the best. |
(CAT2) I prefer living in this community over other places. | ||
(CAT3) I enjoy living in this community more than in other places. | ||
(CAT4) I identify personally with the life of this community. | ||
(CAT5) I feel that this community is a part of me. | ||
(CAT6) Living in this community says a lot about me. | ||
(CAT7) Living in this community means a lot to me. | ||
(CAT8) I am very attached to this community. | ||
(CAT9) I have a strong sense of belonging to this community. | ||
(CAT10) My friends and relatives prefer this community over other places. |
Variables, Dimensions and Indicators | Mean | Standard Deviation | Loading | t-Test † | Composite Reliability | Average Variance Extracted (AVE) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rural residents’ perceptions (economic benefits) | - | - | - | - | 0.87 | 0.5279 |
RRPE1 | 4.15 | 0.642 | 0.6899 *** | 9.0787 | - | - |
RRPE2 | 4.00 | 0.601 | 0.7751 *** | 14.271 | - | - |
RRPE3 | 4.15 | 0.715 | 0.7059 *** | 13.6437 | - | - |
RRPE4 | 4.09 | 0.711 | 0.7679 *** | 22.066 | - | - |
RRPE5 | 4.07 | 0.655 | 0.7435 *** | 15.9936 | - | - |
RRPE6 | 3.88 | 0.736 | 0.6707 *** | 14.0865 | - | - |
Rural residents’ perceptions (social benefits) | - | - | - | - | 0.8741 | 0.537 |
RRPS1 | 3.70 | 0.773 | 0.7135 *** | 12.846 | - | - |
RRPS2 | 3.75 | 0.659 | 0.7716 *** | 15.5916 | - | - |
RRPS3 | 3.44 | 0.831 | 0.7379 *** | 17.5979 | - | - |
RRPS4 | 3.50 | 0.803 | 0.7496 *** | 19.1042 | - | - |
RRPS5 | 3.48 | 0.828 | 0.7622 *** | 20.2547 | - | - |
RRPS6 | 3.59 | 0.803 | 0.6562 *** | 14.9231 | - | - |
Rural residents’ perceptions (environmental benefits) | - | - | - | - | 0.7439 | 0.5022 |
RRPN1 | 3.38 | 1.043 | 0.5311 *** | 4.2919 | ||
RRPN2 | 3.84 | 0.743 | 0.8778 *** | 21.4526 | - | - |
RRPN3 | 3.51 | 0.952 | 0.6739 *** | 8.7888 | ||
Rural residents’ perceptions (physical benefits) | - | - | - | - | 0.7827 | 0.5516 |
RRPP1 | 3.91 | 0.711 | 0.792 *** | 14.4057 | - | - |
RRPP2 | 3.78 | 0.762 | 0.8355 *** | 17.7643 | - | - |
RRPP3 | 3.18 | 1.102 | 0.5738 *** | 7.0567 | - | - |
Community attachment | - | - | - | - | 0.9172 | 0.5524 |
CAT2 | 3.93 | 0.680 | 0.7261 *** | 13.3553 | - | - |
CAT3 | 4.04 | 0.673 | 0.7439 *** | 14.5896 | - | - |
CAT4 | 4.13 | 0.755 | 0.7153 *** | 13.3823 | - | - |
CAT5 | 4.22 | 0.743 | 0.7261 *** | 13.0046 | - | - |
CAT6 | 4.11 | 0.776 | 0.7656 *** | 18.4807 | - | - |
CAT7 | 4.14 | 0.745 | 0.7815 *** | 19.9089 | - | - |
CAT8 | 4.16 | 0.779 | 0.7881 *** | 22.6497 | - | - |
CAT9 | 4.02 | 0.804 | 0.7826 *** | 21.328 | - | - |
CAT10 | 3.92 | 0.737 | 0.6491 *** | 9.4938 | - | - |
Overall quality of life | - | - | - | - | 0.8995 | 0.7491 |
QOL1 | 3.71 | 0.791 | 0.8448 *** | 33.4654 | - | - |
QOL2 | 3.55 | 0.801 | 0.8939 *** | 59.2901 | - | - |
QOL3 | 3.65 | 0.819 | 0.8571 *** | 48.4849 | - | - |
Support for tourism development | - | - | - | - | 0.8744 | 0.6359 |
STD1 | 3.92 | 0.740 | 0.7817 *** | 26.8698 | - | - |
STD2 | 4.19 | 0.688 | 0.8645 *** | 40.1102 | - | - |
STD3 | 4.29 | 0.721 | 0.8085 *** | 21.5057 | - | - |
STD4 | 4.38 | 0.833 | 0.7291 *** | 13.4159 | - | - |
Community Attachment | Support for Tourism Development | Overall Quality of Life | Economic Benefits | Physical Benefits | Environmental Benefits | Social Benefits | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Community attachment | 0.7131 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Support for tourism development | 0.4788 | 0.7974 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Overall quality of life | 0.3697 | 0.5641 | 0.8655 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Economic benefits | 0.4898 | 0.5035 | 0.3799 | 0.6840 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Physical benefits | 0.4265 | 0.4091 | 0.2502 | 0.4693 | 0.7428 | 0 | 0 |
Environmental benefits | 0.3933 | 0.3467 | 0.2377 | 0.4918 | 0.3996 | 0.7090 | 0 |
Social benefits | 0.3095 | 0.4472 | 0.2437 | 0.5795 | 0.3974 | 0.3901 | 0.7329 |
Variables, Dimensions and Indicators | Loading | t-Test † | Composite Reliability | AVE |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rural residents’ perceptions | - | - | 0.8523 | 0.5918 |
ECON (Economic benefits) | 0.8551 *** | 26.45 | - | - |
SOCI (Social benefits) | 0.7599 *** | 17.2528 | - | - |
ENVI (Environmental benefits) | 0.721 *** | 13.0037 | - | - |
PHYS (Physical benefits) | 0.7341 *** | 12.9858 | - | - |
Community attachment | - | - | 0.9172 | 0.5523 |
CAT2 | 0.7251 *** | 12.7208 | - | - |
CAT3 | 0.7431 *** | 14.0547 | - | - |
CAT4 | 0.717 *** | 13.7413 | - | - |
CAT5 | 0.7258 *** | 12.6907 | - | - |
CAT6 | 0.7642 *** | 18.2352 | - | - |
CAT7 | 0.7806 *** | 19.9116 | - | - |
CAT8 | 0.7886 *** | 22.977 | - | - |
CAT9 | 0.7824 *** | 21.4049 | - | - |
CAT10 | 0.6517 *** | 9.5316 | - | - |
Overall quality of life | - | - | 0.8995 | 0.7491 |
QOL1 | 0.8444 *** | 33.7417 | - | - |
QOL2 | 0.895 *** | 59.6337 | - | - |
QOL3 | 0.8563 *** | 47.8787 | - | - |
Support for tourism development | - | - | 0.8744 | 0.6359 |
STD1 | 0.782 *** | 26.8449 | - | - |
STD2 | 0.8631 *** | 38.0854 | - | - |
STD3 | 0.8071 *** | 22.9122 | - | - |
STD4 | 0.7319 *** | 14.1805 | - | - |
Community Attachment | Support for Tourism Development | Overall Quality of Life | Rural Residents’ Perceptions | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Community attachment | 0.7432 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Support for tourism development | 0.4793 | 0.7974 | 0 | 0 |
Overall quality of life | 0.3698 | 0.564 | 0.8655 | 0 |
Rural residents’ perceptions | 0.5322 | 0.5597 | 0.369 | 0.7693 |
Hypothesis | R2 | Direct Effect (β) | Correlation | Explained Variance |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rural residents’ perceptions | 0.2832 | - | - | 28.3% |
H1(+): Community attachment→ Rural residents’ perceptions | - | 0.5322 | 0.5322 | 28.3% |
Overall quality of life | 0.1362 | - | - | 13.6% |
H4(+): Rural residents’ perceptions→ Overall quality of life | - | 0.369 | 0.369 | 13.6% |
Support for tourism development | 0.4788 | - | - | 47.9% |
H3(+): Rural residents’ perceptions→ Support for tourism development | - | 0.3334 | 0.5597 | 18.7% |
H5(+): Overall quality of life→ Support for tourism development | - | 0.3814 | 0.564 | 21.5% |
H2(+): Community attachment→ Support for tourism development | - | 0.1609 | 0.4793 | 7.7% |
Hypothesis | Path Coefficient (β) | t-Value (Bootstrap) † | Support |
---|---|---|---|
H1(+): Community attachment→ Rural residents’ perceptions | 0.5322 *** | 4.6149 | Yes |
H2(+): Community attachment→ Support for tourism development | 0.1609 * | 2.3041 | Yes |
H3(+): Rural residents’ perceptions→ Support for tourism development | 0.3334 *** | 4.6218 | Yes |
H4(+): Rural residents’ perceptions→ Overall quality of life | 0.369 *** | 4.3018 | Yes |
H5(+): Overall quality of life→ Support for tourism development | 0.3814 *** | 7.7585 | Yes |
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Campón-Cerro, A.M.; Folgado-Fernández, J.A.; Hernández-Mogollón, J.M. Rural Destination Development Based on Olive Oil Tourism: The Impact of Residents’ Community Attachment and Quality of Life on Their Support for Tourism Development. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1624. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091624
Campón-Cerro AM, Folgado-Fernández JA, Hernández-Mogollón JM. Rural Destination Development Based on Olive Oil Tourism: The Impact of Residents’ Community Attachment and Quality of Life on Their Support for Tourism Development. Sustainability. 2017; 9(9):1624. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091624
Chicago/Turabian StyleCampón-Cerro, Ana María, José Antonio Folgado-Fernández, and José Manuel Hernández-Mogollón. 2017. "Rural Destination Development Based on Olive Oil Tourism: The Impact of Residents’ Community Attachment and Quality of Life on Their Support for Tourism Development" Sustainability 9, no. 9: 1624. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091624
APA StyleCampón-Cerro, A. M., Folgado-Fernández, J. A., & Hernández-Mogollón, J. M. (2017). Rural Destination Development Based on Olive Oil Tourism: The Impact of Residents’ Community Attachment and Quality of Life on Their Support for Tourism Development. Sustainability, 9(9), 1624. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091624