Accelerated Urban Expansion in Lhasa City and the Implications for Sustainable Development in a Plateau City
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Satellite Images
2.3. Determinants and Analysis Methods
3. Results
3.1. Land Cover Change of Lhasa (1990–2015)
3.2. The Changes of the Main Socio-Economic Indicators of Lhasa (1990–2015)
3.2.1. Economic Development
3.2.2. Urban Population Growth
3.2.3. Government Investment
3.2.4. Tourism Development
3.3. Determinants of Urban Expansion in Lhasa
3.4. Relative Importance of the Identified Determinants
4. Discussion
4.1. Determinants for Lhasa Expansion
4.2. Determinants of Urban Expansion in Different Regions in China
4.3. Suggestions and Implications
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Data | Column/Row | Year | Spatial Resolution (m) |
---|---|---|---|
Spot1 | 5924/6000 | March 1990 | 10 |
Spot4 | 5110/1768 | November 2001 | 10 |
Spot5 | 18307/6258 | December 2008 | 2.5 |
Word View | 94420/31076 | May 2015 | 0.5 |
Appendix B
Qinghai | Gansu | Sichuan | Xinjiang | Ningxia | Chongqing | Guizhou | Inner Mongolia | Tibet | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
State budget appropriation | 55.994 | 84.449 | 152.782 | 132.678 | 23.734 | 106.499 | 64.44 | 68.499 | 84.931 |
Self-raised funds | 136.351 | 485.644 | 1688.449 | 610.044 | 162.486 | 835.35 | 570.403 | 941.733 | 38.12 |
Domestic loans | 59.622 | 94.856 | 249.009 | 137.062 | 74.621 | 265.193 | 118.318 | 152.99 | 0.58 |
Foreign investment | 0.422 | 3.448 | 9.507 | 0.325 | 0.285 | 28.269 | 2.776 | 1.02 | 0.14 |
Bonds | 1.646 | 2.04 | 7.421 | 2.774 | 0 | 0.512 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Others | 28.532 | 77.054 | 442.192 | 96.514 | 37.764 | 315.732 | 239.596 | 68.637 | 6.36 |
Total investment in fixed assets | 282.567 | 747.491 | 2549.36 | 979.397 | 298.89 | 1551.555 | 995.533 | 1232.879 | 130.131 |
The proportion of state budget appropriation in investment in fixed assets | 19.82% | 11.3% | 5.99% | 13.55% | 7.94% | 6.86% | 6.47% | 5.56% | 65.27% |
Appendix C
Districts | Number of Projects | Total (Billion RMB) | 2011 (Billion RMB) | 2012 (Billion RMB) | 2013 (Billion RMB) | 2014 (Billion RMB) | 2015 (Billion RMB) | Proportion |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lhasa | 165 | 3.08 | 0.52 | 0.56 | 0.63 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 21.82% |
Lhoka Prefecture | 176 | 1.30 | 0.38 | 0.29 | 0.13 | 0.28 | 0.22 | 9.17% |
Shigatse Prefecture | 575 | 3.26 | 0.57 | 0.64 | 0.60 | 0.72 | 0.74 | 23.10% |
Nyingchi Prefecture | 361 | 2.66 | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.44 | 0.57 | 0.62 | 18.80% |
Chamdo Prefecture | 132 | 0.75 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 5.28% |
Nagqu prefecture | 128 | 2.11 | 0.38 | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.43 | 0.49 | 14.89% |
Ngari Prefecture | 73 | 0.98 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 6.94% |
Total | 1610 | 14.14 | 2.67 | 2.75 | 2.54 | 3.07 | 3.10 | 100% |
Appendix D
Period | Regions | Determinants | Literatures | |
---|---|---|---|---|
China | 2005–2008 | China | Marketization, Globalization, Government | [49] |
1990–2010 | China | Immigration rural-urban, Fixed-asset investments, GDP growth, National regional strategies | [4] | |
1993–2012 | China | Economic growth, Industrial development, Economic structural transformation | [5] | |
China | - | China | Institutional, cultural conditions, Economy and industry conditions | [65] |
China | - | China | Globalization, Government | [63] |
Eastern China | 2000–2010 | Eastern China | Service exports, International trade | [21] |
Central China | Central China | Service exports, International trade, Foreign direct investment | ||
Northeastern | Northeastern | Service exports, International trade | ||
Eastern China | 1990–2010 | Eastern China | Population growth, Road construction | [31] |
Middle China | Middle China | Secondary industry, Economic development | ||
Western China | Western China | Economic growth | ||
Provincial level | 1992–2009 | Provincial level | Economic factors | [24] |
Prefectural level | Prefectural level | Economic, Demographic, and traffic factors | ||
County level | County level | Demographic factors | ||
Beijing | 1972–2010 | Beijing | Physical, Socioeconomic, Neighborhood factors | [61] |
Xiamen Island | 1908–2007 | Xiamen Island | Natural and socio-economic factors | [55] |
The pearl river delta | 1979–2002 | Guangzhou | GDP, Total population, Urban resident income, Urban traffic | [69] |
1990–2008 | Shenzhen | Technology, Government policy, Geographical factor, GDP | [52] | |
The Yangtze river delta | 1985–2013 | Nanjing | Non-agricultural population, Foreign direct investment, Tertiary sector | [3] |
1995–2013 | Nanjing | Infrastructure, Commercial, Industrial sub-centers, Government policies | [77] | |
1985–2006 | Shanghai | Industrial structure improvement, Government policy | [70] | |
Central China | 1986–2013 | Shuozhou City | Non-agricultural population, Coalindustry | [42] |
1980–2010 | Wuhan | Industrialization, Urban population growth, Government policies | [78] | |
1949–2004 | Changsha | Population, Economic, Transportation infrastructure, Strategic instruction | [67] |
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Tang, W.; Zhou, T.; Sun, J.; Li, Y.; Li, W. Accelerated Urban Expansion in Lhasa City and the Implications for Sustainable Development in a Plateau City. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1499. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091499
Tang W, Zhou T, Sun J, Li Y, Li W. Accelerated Urban Expansion in Lhasa City and the Implications for Sustainable Development in a Plateau City. Sustainability. 2017; 9(9):1499. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091499
Chicago/Turabian StyleTang, Wei, Tiancai Zhou, Jian Sun, Yurui Li, and Weipeng Li. 2017. "Accelerated Urban Expansion in Lhasa City and the Implications for Sustainable Development in a Plateau City" Sustainability 9, no. 9: 1499. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091499