Strategies to Introduce n-Butanol in Gasoline Blends
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedure and Fuels
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Density and Lower Heating Value
3.2. Vapor Pressure
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Properties | Method | Gasoline a | Ethanol a | n-Butanol a |
---|---|---|---|---|
Purity (% v/v) | - | 99.5 | 99.5 | |
Density at 15 °C (kg/m3) | EN ISO 3675 | 726.0 | 793.0 | 808.7 |
Viscosity at 40 °C (cSt) | EN ISO 3104 | 0.40–0.80 | 1.08 | 2.63 |
Higher heating value (MJ/kg) | UNE 51123 | 44.01 | 26.71 | 34.17 |
Higher heating value (MJ/L) | 31.95 | 21.18 | 27.63 | |
C (% wt) | 86.00 | 52.14 | 64.86 | |
H (% wt) | 14.00 | 13.13 | 13.51 | |
O (% wt) | 0.00 | 34.73 | 21.62 | |
Water solubility (ppm wt) | EN ISO 12937 | <0.1 b | Fully miscible | <7.7 b |
Standard enthalpy of vaporization (kJ/kg) | 380–500 b | 904 b | 716 b | |
Stochiometric fuel/air ratio | 1/14.7 | 1/9.0 | 1/11.2 | |
CFPP (°C) | EN116 | - | <−51 | <−51 |
Octane number | ASTM D-2699 | 95.8 c | 107.0 d | 96.0 d |
Vapor pressure (kPa) | EN 13016-1 | 60 | 15 | 2 |
Flash point (°C) | ISO 2719 | −45.00 | 13.00 | 36.17 |
Ethanol Content (% v/v) | Authorized Vapor Pressure Overrun (kPa) |
---|---|
0 | 0 |
1 | 3.7 |
2 | 6 |
3 | 7.2 |
4 | 7.8 |
5 | 8 |
6 | 8 |
7 | 7.9 |
8 | 7.9 |
9 | 7.8 |
10 | 7.8 |
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Lapuerta, M.; Ballesteros, R.; Barba, J. Strategies to Introduce n-Butanol in Gasoline Blends. Sustainability 2017, 9, 589. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040589
Lapuerta M, Ballesteros R, Barba J. Strategies to Introduce n-Butanol in Gasoline Blends. Sustainability. 2017; 9(4):589. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040589
Chicago/Turabian StyleLapuerta, Magín, Rosario Ballesteros, and Javier Barba. 2017. "Strategies to Introduce n-Butanol in Gasoline Blends" Sustainability 9, no. 4: 589. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040589
APA StyleLapuerta, M., Ballesteros, R., & Barba, J. (2017). Strategies to Introduce n-Butanol in Gasoline Blends. Sustainability, 9(4), 589. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040589