Impact of Battery’s Model Accuracy on Size Optimization Process of a Standalone Photovoltaic System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Modeling of a Standalone PV system
2.1. Photovoltaic Panels
2.2. Utilized Battery Model
3. Numerical Method for Sizing a Standalone PV System
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Module Type | STF-120P6 |
---|---|
Rated Power ( | 120 |
Open-circuit Voltage () | 21.5 |
Short-circuit Current () | 7.63 |
Voltage at MPP () | 17.4 |
Current at MPP () | 6.89 |
Nominal Operation Cell Temperature () | 43.6 |
Temperature Coefficient of () | 6.93 |
Temperature Coefficient of () | −0.068 |
Temperature Coefficient of () | −0.39 |
Dimension of module | (1470 × 662 × 45) |
PV Module Efficiency | 14% |
Inverter Capacity | 3 |
AC Voltage | 230 |
Inverter efficiency | 95% |
Nominal Battery Voltage | 12 |
Rated Capacity of the Battery | 100 |
Battery Discharging efficiency | 80% |
Max. allowed Depth of Discharged | 80% |
Max. Discharged current (25) | 800 A |
Min. of the battery | 20% |
Cost code | Standalone PV system’s items | Unit cost ($) |
---|---|---|
1 | PV | |
1.1 | Capital Cost | 3.8/Wp |
1.2 | Maintenance Cost | 0.0542/Wp/year |
2 | Battery | |
2.1 | Capital Cost | 4.8/Wh |
2.2 | Maintenance Cost | 0.003/Wh/year |
2.3 | Replacement | 0.042/Wh/years |
3 | Charge controller | |
3.1 | Capital Cost | 400/charge controller |
3.2 | Maintenance Cost | 0 |
4 | Inverter | |
4.1 | Capital Cost | 800/Inverter |
4.2 | Maintenance Cost | 0 |
5 | Other Costs | |
5.1 | Circuit Breaker | 25/Circuit Breaker |
5.2 | Support Structure | 200 |
5.3 | Civil work | 400 |
6 | Salvage Value | 14% of total NPV cost |
7 | Discount rate (%) | 3.5% |
8 | Inflation rate (%) | 1.5% |
9 | NDR (%) | 1.97% |
10 | Number of years | 25 years |
Items | Method 1 | Method 2 |
---|---|---|
PV array size | 4.32 kWp | 4.08 kWp |
Battery capacity | 1668.1 Ah/12 V | 1168.1 Ah/12 V |
PV array energy produces/year | 6382.2 kWh/year | 6027.4 kWh/year |
Battery energy supplies/year | 4298 kWh/year | 2995 kWh/year |
Energy deficit | 0.1194 kWh/day | 0.1169 kWh/day |
Excess energy | 5.1963 kWh/day | 3.4825 kWh/day |
Actual LLP | 0.0097 | 0.0095 |
Total life cycle cost | 6598.7$/year | 4556.9$/year |
LCE | 0.618$/kWh | 0.505$/kWh |
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Ibrahim, I.A.; Khatib, T.; Mohamed, A. Impact of Battery’s Model Accuracy on Size Optimization Process of a Standalone Photovoltaic System. Sustainability 2016, 8, 894. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8090894
Ibrahim IA, Khatib T, Mohamed A. Impact of Battery’s Model Accuracy on Size Optimization Process of a Standalone Photovoltaic System. Sustainability. 2016; 8(9):894. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8090894
Chicago/Turabian StyleIbrahim, Ibrahim Anwar, Tamer Khatib, and Azah Mohamed. 2016. "Impact of Battery’s Model Accuracy on Size Optimization Process of a Standalone Photovoltaic System" Sustainability 8, no. 9: 894. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8090894