Urban Land Development for Industrial and Commercial Use: A Case Study of Beijing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Data
2.1. Choice of Independent Variables
2.1.1. Social and Economic Factors
2.1.2. Built Environment
2.1.3. Natural Factors
2.1.4. Institutional Factors
2.2. Data Preparation and Processing
2.2.1. Dependent Variables
2.2.2. Independent Variables
2.3. Spatial Sampling
2.4. Logistic Model to Measure Land Use Change
3. Results
3.1. Industrial and Commercial Land Use Changes
3.2. Estimation of Drivers of Land Use Change
3.3. Determinants of Industrial Land Change
3.4. Determinants of Commercial Land Change
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparison of the Determinants
4.1.1. Socio and Economic Factors
4.1.2. Built Environment
4.1.3. Nature Factor
4.1.4. Urban Planning
4.2. Recommendations of Urban Sustainable Development
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Over the period of 2000–2010, industrial land and commercial land in the study area grew on a large scale; by 28.50% and 8.76% of the total new construction land in the study area, respectively. New commercial land was mainly distributed around the core area and was present with a balanced distribution characteristic. New industrial land was concentrated in sub-districts.
- (2)
- The number of enterprises engaged in services (NEES) in 2010 in the locale, agriculture and construction land uses in the neighborhood in 2000 and planning orders significantly contributed to newly-added industrial land during 2000–2010. Among these factors, NEES exerted the largest effect on the occurrence of industrial land. Factors hampering land transfer to industrial uses included DEM, accessibility, population density in 2010, the presence of water or forest and the growth of industrial enterprises.
- (3)
- Factors contributing to land transfer for services/commercial use included the NEES with very high odds ratios, construction in the neighborhood and accessibility improvement. However, the current permanent resident population has no significant influence on the increase of commercial land. The number of industrial enterprises and their growth were factors that counteracted the growth of commercial land. New commercial land expanded mostly in peri-urban areas, and accessibility in 2010 was negatively associated.
- (4)
- Urban land use change is driven by social and economic development. During 2000–2010, the city experienced fast growth, as a large amount of industrial land turned into commercial land, in turn creating some new commercial growth. The number of service enterprises correlated positively with both industrial and commercial land increases, which indicated that service enterprises had a strong attraction to all kinds of enterprises. Increases in industrial land occurred in areas with low population density; while commercial land showed the opposite form of development. Moreover, the phenomenon of the separation of workplace and residence was more obvious in industrial areas.
- (5)
- Environment is a major factor in urban land use change. Improved accessibility can significantly contribute to the development of commercial land, but not to industrial land. Construction in the neighborhood exerts a similar effect of attracting industrial and commercial land development. Agriculture in the neighborhood is positively linked to the industrial land growth, but not to that of commercial land. Restrictive factors, including the presence of forest and bodies of water, play a role in prohibiting industrial land development, but are not significant for commercial land.
- (6)
- Regarding the nature factor, landform is the most significant restraining factor for these two types of land developments because of development costs and building restrictions. With regard to institutional factors, urban planning is one of the most important factors influencing land development. However, the model indicates that planning orders are only significant for industrial land development, owing to an industrial parks-dominated policy in Beijing. Conversely, it is not significant for commercial land uses.
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name of Variable | Type | Unit | Max a | Min b | Mean | SD c |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population density (2010) | Continuous | Person/sq. km | 359,400 | 5000 | 89,122 | 57,023 |
Number of service enterprises (2010) | Continuous | Per sq. km | 8683 | 82 | 861 | 766 |
Growth of service enterprises (2000–2010) | Continuous | Per sq. km | 2.01 | −0.05 | 0.83 | 0.34 |
Number of industrial enterprises (2010) | Continuous | Per sq. km | 1461 | 10 | 304 | 240 |
Growth of industrial enterprises (2000–2010) | Continuous | Per sq. km | 0.91 | −0.6 | 0.18 | 0.21 |
Static accessibility principal factor | Continuous | Minutes | 539 | 13 | 197 | 94 |
Dynamic accessibility principal factor | Continuous | Minutes | 213 | 0 | 46 | 36 |
Construction land in neighborhood | Continuous | % | 100 | 0 | 41.61 | 32.36 |
Forest land in neighborhood | Continuous | % | 100 | 0 | 10.94 | 18.45 |
Agriculture land in neighborhood | Continuous | % | 100 | 0 | 32.78 | 27.96 |
Water area in neighborhood | Continuous | % | 100 | 0 | 6.23 | 12.68 |
Urban planning control | Binary | -- | 1 | 0 | ||
DEM | Continuous | Meter | 1234 | −126 | 62 | 100 |
Percentage Correct | Hosmer–Lemeshow | −2 Log Likelihood | Cox and Snell R Square | Nagelkerke R Square | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Commercial land | 70.30% | 0.286 | 2260.423 | 0.202 | 0.269 |
Industrial land | 65.60% | 0.216 | 12,263.909 | 0.141 | 0.189 |
Variables | Commercial Land | Industrial Land | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | p-Value | Wald χ2 | Odds Ratio exp (β) | β | p-Value | Wald χ2 | Odds Ratio exp (β) | |
Population density (2010) | 0.001 | 0.029 | 4.762 | 1.00 | −1.212 | 0 | 38.306 | 0.30 |
Number of service enterprises (2010) | 7.55 | 0 | 72.169 | 1900.74 | 1.116 | 0 | 13.245 | 3.05 |
Growth of service enterprises | -- | 0.293 | -- | -- | -- | 0.699 | -- | -- |
Number of industrial enterprises (2010) | −0.98 | 0.006 | 7.545 | 0.38 | -- | 0.507 | -- | -- |
Growth of industrial enterprises (2000–2010) | −1.234 | 0.002 | 9.938 | 0.29 | 0.037 | 4.369 | 1.69 | |
Accessibility (2010) | −1.925 | 0 | 17.322 | 0.15 | −2.134 | 0 | 108.594 | 0.12 |
Change of accessibility (2000–2010) | 0.664 | 0.088 | 2.914 | 1.94 | -- | 0.341 | -- | -- |
Neighborhood construction land | 0.931 | 0 | 18.318 | 2.54 | 0.767 | 0.001 | 11.372 | 2.15 |
Neighborhood agriculture land | -- | 0.383 | -- | -- | 0.408 | 0.067 | 3.364 | 1.50 |
Neighborhood forest land | -- | 0.866 | -- | -- | −0.566 | 0.03 | 4.699 | 0.57 |
Neighborhood waters | -- | 0.296 | -- | -- | −0.617 | 0.02 | 5.447 | 0.54 |
Urban planning | -- | 0.129 | -- | -- | 0.437 | 0 | 55.541 | 1.55 |
DEM | −11.928 | 0 | 31.799 | 0.00 | −12.106 | 0 | 117.787 | 0.00 |
Likelihood: ratio statistic | 2260 | 12,263 | ||||||
Number in sample | 1000 | 1000 |
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Sun, C.; Sun, C.; Yang, Z.; Zhang, J.; Deng, Y. Urban Land Development for Industrial and Commercial Use: A Case Study of Beijing. Sustainability 2016, 8, 1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8121323
Sun C, Sun C, Yang Z, Zhang J, Deng Y. Urban Land Development for Industrial and Commercial Use: A Case Study of Beijing. Sustainability. 2016; 8(12):1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8121323
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Chuanzhun, Chao Sun, Zhenshan Yang, Jikang Zhang, and Yu Deng. 2016. "Urban Land Development for Industrial and Commercial Use: A Case Study of Beijing" Sustainability 8, no. 12: 1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8121323
APA StyleSun, C., Sun, C., Yang, Z., Zhang, J., & Deng, Y. (2016). Urban Land Development for Industrial and Commercial Use: A Case Study of Beijing. Sustainability, 8(12), 1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8121323