The Impact of Albedo Increase to Mitigate the Urban Heat Island in Terni (Italy) Using the WRF Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Area of Interest
2.2. Model Setup
2.3. Scenarios
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Model Validation
3.2. UHI Characterization
3.3. UHI Mitigation
3.3.1. Base Scenario and ALB Scenario
3.3.2. Base Scenario and ALB-IND Scenario
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Land Use Category | Land Use Description |
---|---|
1 | Urban and Built-up Land |
2 | Dryland Cropland and Pasture |
3 | Irrigated Cropland and Pasture |
4 | Mixed Dryland/Irrigated Cropland and Pasture |
5 | Cropland/Grassland Mosaic |
6 | Cropland/Woodland Mosaic |
7 | Grassland |
8 | Shrubland |
9 | Mixed Shrubland/Grassland |
10 | Savanna |
11 | Deciduous Broadleaf Forest |
12 | Deciduous Needleleaf Forest |
13 | Evergreen Broadleaf |
14 | Evergreen Needleleaf |
15 | Mixed Forest |
16 | Water Bodies |
17 | Herbaceous Wetland |
18 | Wooden Wetland |
19 | Barren or Sparsely Vegetated |
20 | Herbaceous Tundra |
21 | Wooded Tundra |
22 | Mixed Tundra |
23 | Bare Ground Tundra |
24 | Snow or Ice |
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Input | Settings |
---|---|
Number of domains | 4 |
Dx of coarser domain | 11,250 m |
Dy of coarser domain | 11,250 m |
Parent grid ratio | 1, 5, 3, 3 |
West-East number of grids | 58, 101, 103, 100 |
South-North number of grids | 45, 76, 103, 70 |
Data resolution | 10 min, 2 min, 30 s, 30 s |
Physics Scheme | Selected Option |
---|---|
Microphysics | Morrison double-moment scheme [35] |
Longwave Radiation | RRTM scheme [36] |
Shortwave Radiation | Dudhia scheme [37] |
Surface Layer | Eta similarity [38] |
Land Surface | Noah Land Surface Model [39] |
Urban Surface | BEM Building Energy Model [28] |
Planetary Boundary layer | Mellor-Yamada-Janjic scheme [40] |
Cumulus Parameterization | Kain-Fritsch scheme [41] |
MAE | MBE | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
°C | m/s | °C | m/s | |
Weather Station A | 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.1 |
Weather Station B | 2.4 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 1.5 |
Weather Station C | 2.1 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 2.1 |
Weather Station D | 1.5 | 2.6 | 1.3 | 2.6 |
Options | Values | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grid Point | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 |
Land Use | 1 | 9 | 9 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 10 | 15 | 10 |
T1 | T5 | T6 | T8 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Peak Day T | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.6 |
Peak Night T | 0.6 | 1 | 1.8 | 0.8 |
Peak Evening T | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.3 |
T1 | T5 | T6 | T8 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Peak Day T | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0 |
Peak Night T | 0.2 | −0.1 | −0.1 | −0.3 |
Peak Evening T | 1.6 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 |
T1 [°C] | T2 [°C] | T3 [°C] | T4 [°C] | T5 [°C] | T6 [°C] | T7 [°C] | T8 [°C] | T9 [°C] | T10 [°C] | T11 [°C] | T12 [°C] | T13 [°C] | T14 [°C] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ALB | Max | 2.0 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.90 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
Ave | 0.9 | 0.05 | 0.1 | −0.01 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −0 | |
ALB-IND | Max | 2.1 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 2.5 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
Ave | 1.4 | −0.2 | −0.1 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.6 | −0.1 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −0 |
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Share and Cite
Morini, E.; Touchaei, A.G.; Castellani, B.; Rossi, F.; Cotana, F. The Impact of Albedo Increase to Mitigate the Urban Heat Island in Terni (Italy) Using the WRF Model. Sustainability 2016, 8, 999. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8100999
Morini E, Touchaei AG, Castellani B, Rossi F, Cotana F. The Impact of Albedo Increase to Mitigate the Urban Heat Island in Terni (Italy) Using the WRF Model. Sustainability. 2016; 8(10):999. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8100999
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorini, Elena, Ali G. Touchaei, Beatrice Castellani, Federico Rossi, and Franco Cotana. 2016. "The Impact of Albedo Increase to Mitigate the Urban Heat Island in Terni (Italy) Using the WRF Model" Sustainability 8, no. 10: 999. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8100999