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Sustainability
Volume 18
Issue 1
10.3390/su18010320
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Retraction of Sustainability 2023, 15(6), 5010.
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Retraction

RETRACTED: Liu et al. Research on the Interface of Sustainable Plant Factory Based on Digital Twin. Sustainability 2023, 15, 5010

by
Jiayao Liu
1,
Linfeng Wang
1,
Yunsheng Wang
2,*,
Shipu Xu
2 and
Yong Liu
2
1
School of Railway Transportation, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
2
Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201803, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010320
Submission received: 12 December 2025 / Accepted: 16 December 2025 / Published: 29 December 2025
Versions Notes
The journal retracts the article titled “Research on the Interface of Sustainable Plant Factory Based on Digital Twin” [1], cited above.
Following publication, concerns were brought to the attention of the Editorial Office regarding an overlap between this article and a prior publication [2], produced by a different author.
Adhering to our standard procedure, the Editorial Office and Editorial Board conducted an investigation that confirmed a high level of overlap, which included similarities in methodology, figures, layout, paper structure and overall study topic between these two publications [2], without the appropriate acknowledgement and citation. Following discussion with the authors, further concerns relating to the origins of the underlying data could not be satisfactorily resolved. As a result, the Editorial Board has lost confidence in the reliability of the findings and the originality of the paper and has decided to retract this article [1] as per MDPI’s retraction policy (https://www.mdpi.com/ethics#_bookmark30).
This retraction was approved by the Editor-in-Chief of the journal Sustainability.
The authors did not agree with this decision.

References

  1. Liu, J.; Wang, L.; Wang, Y.; Xu, S.; Liu, Y. RETRACTED: Research on the Interface of Sustainable Plant Factory Based on Digital Twin. Sustainability 2023, 15, 5010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Byunghyun, B. Mixed Reality Interface for Digital Twin of Plant Factory. arXiv 2022, arXiv:2211.00597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Liu, J.; Wang, L.; Wang, Y.; Xu, S.; Liu, Y. RETRACTED: Liu et al. Research on the Interface of Sustainable Plant Factory Based on Digital Twin. Sustainability 2023, 15, 5010. Sustainability 2026, 18, 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010320

AMA Style

Liu J, Wang L, Wang Y, Xu S, Liu Y. RETRACTED: Liu et al. Research on the Interface of Sustainable Plant Factory Based on Digital Twin. Sustainability 2023, 15, 5010. Sustainability. 2026; 18(1):320. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010320

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liu, Jiayao, Linfeng Wang, Yunsheng Wang, Shipu Xu, and Yong Liu. 2026. "RETRACTED: Liu et al. Research on the Interface of Sustainable Plant Factory Based on Digital Twin. Sustainability 2023, 15, 5010" Sustainability 18, no. 1: 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010320

APA Style

Liu, J., Wang, L., Wang, Y., Xu, S., & Liu, Y. (2026). RETRACTED: Liu et al. Research on the Interface of Sustainable Plant Factory Based on Digital Twin. Sustainability 2023, 15, 5010. Sustainability, 18(1), 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010320

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