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Sustainability
Volume 17
Issue 8
10.3390/su17083737
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Article

Assessment of Dynamic Surface Leaching of Asphalt Mixtures Incorporating Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag as Aggregate for Sustainable Road Construction

by
Iván Salas
1,
Eva Cifrian
1,
Pedro Lastra-González
2,
Daniel Castro-Fresno
2 and
Ana Andrés
1,*
1
GER—Green Engineering and Resources Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Processes & Resources Engineering, University of Cantabria, Avda. Los Castros 46, 39005 Santander, Spain
2
GITECO Research Group, University of Cantabria, Avda. Los Castros 44, 39005 Santander, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3737; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083737
Submission received: 26 February 2025 / Revised: 8 April 2025 / Accepted: 11 April 2025 / Published: 21 April 2025
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Abstract

This study evaluated the environmental sustainability of partially replacing natural aggregates with electric arc furnace (EAF) slag in concrete and porous asphalt mixtures. Both the Equilibrium Leaching Test (EN 12457-4) and the Dynamic Surface Leaching Test (DSLT, CEN/TS 16637-2) were applied to analyse the leaching behaviour of the asphalt mixtures. The results showed that the incorporation of EAF slag led to the release of chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), and vanadium (V), while the type of bitumen affected the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) release. However, when compared to EAF slag leaching, asphalt mixtures exhibited significantly reduced leaching, particularly Cr (by 70%) and V (by 60%). These results indicate that metal leaching follows a diffusion-controlled release mechanism, showing higher concentrations for the porous asphalt compared to the asphalt concrete. The cumulative leaching values at 64 days reached 2.54 mg·m−2 for Cr, 3.29 mg·m−2 for Mo, and 28.67 mg·m−2 for V, far from the limits set by the Dutch Soil Quality Decree (SQD) of 120, 144, and 320 mg·m−2, respectively. Therefore, this study demonstrated that EAF slag is a viable alternative for sustainable road construction, reducing natural resource consumption and promoting the circular economy.
Keywords: asphalt; aggregate; EAF slag; leaching; DSLT; trace elements; DOC asphalt; aggregate; EAF slag; leaching; DSLT; trace elements; DOC

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MDPI and ACS Style

Salas, I.; Cifrian, E.; Lastra-González, P.; Castro-Fresno, D.; Andrés, A. Assessment of Dynamic Surface Leaching of Asphalt Mixtures Incorporating Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag as Aggregate for Sustainable Road Construction. Sustainability 2025, 17, 3737. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083737

AMA Style

Salas I, Cifrian E, Lastra-González P, Castro-Fresno D, Andrés A. Assessment of Dynamic Surface Leaching of Asphalt Mixtures Incorporating Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag as Aggregate for Sustainable Road Construction. Sustainability. 2025; 17(8):3737. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083737

Chicago/Turabian Style

Salas, Iván, Eva Cifrian, Pedro Lastra-González, Daniel Castro-Fresno, and Ana Andrés. 2025. "Assessment of Dynamic Surface Leaching of Asphalt Mixtures Incorporating Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag as Aggregate for Sustainable Road Construction" Sustainability 17, no. 8: 3737. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083737

APA Style

Salas, I., Cifrian, E., Lastra-González, P., Castro-Fresno, D., & Andrés, A. (2025). Assessment of Dynamic Surface Leaching of Asphalt Mixtures Incorporating Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag as Aggregate for Sustainable Road Construction. Sustainability, 17(8), 3737. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083737

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