BIM-Based Framework for Photovoltaic Systems: Advancing Technologies, Overcoming Challenges, and Enhancing Sustainable Building Performance

Abstract

Building-integrated photovoltaic systems (BIPVs) is a strategy to achieve energy self-sufficiency in buildings. However, photovoltaic (PV) energy production presents challenges due to its intermittent nature, characterized by variations and uncertainties associated with solar radiation and interference from the building’s surroundings. Therefore, building information modeling (BIM) enables energy simulations and solar performance analyses during the design phase of buildings. In this context, this paper aims to identify the key strategies for integrating BIM and photovoltaic energy production systems and how these approaches support the development of sustainable projects. A systematic literature review was conducted, combined with bibliometric analysis, content analysis, and coding of 63 articles. Results indicate an annual research growth rate of 19.62%, with contributions from 268 authors and an international co-authorship rate of 22.22%. Core research trends in the BIM-PV context were identified through thematic maps, highlighting four dimensions—BIPV applications, parametric tools for energy simulation, challenges, and potential benefits—divided into 32 codes. The findings are synthesized into four theoretical propositions structured in an integrative framework. Additionally, five key applications of BIM-PV integration are mapped, along with their addressed problems and the limitations in establishing theoretical and managerial contributions.

1. Introduction

The Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector represents a source of global carbon dioxide emissions, contributing approximately 37% of the total. Residential and non-residential buildings account for 28% of these emissions, underscoring their considerable environmental impact [1]. Furthermore, the sector’s operational energy demand constitutes 34% of global energy consumption, evidencing its role in energy usage patterns and its influence on global sustainability challenges [1]. In response to the energy and sustainability demands of the AEC sector, the transition to sustainable energy solutions has become an emerging topic [2]. Renewable energy sources such as solar power offer viable alternatives for energy self-sufficiency in buildings. In addition, constructing photovoltaic (PV) systems on rooftops reduces dependence on fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions [3]. In this way, the AEC sector is challenged to develop construction technologies and environmental assessment methods in projects that integrate photovoltaic systems and sustainable building planning [1,4,5]. To address this challenge, this article suggests using building information modeling (BIM) to integrate photovoltaic systems from the early stages of the project.

In the context of photovoltaic projects, BIM enables energy simulations and solar performance analyses during the design phase of buildings. Based on local climate data, BIM optimizes the position, inclination, and arrangement of solar panels on roofs, maximizing energy capture and enhancing the efficiency of the photovoltaic system. In addition, BIM advances in identifying areas with shading, such as structural obstacles or neighboring buildings, allowing adjustments to the project to minimize energy losses [6]. The BIM framework in the design phase refers to the methodological approach that guides the application of parametric modeling during the development of architectural and engineering projects. BIM integrates detailed three-dimensional modeling with multidisciplinary analyses at this stage, promoting coordination between architecture, structures, and installations (electrical, hydraulic, and air conditioning) [7]. The framework covers defining standards, interoperability protocols, levels of development (LOD), and preparing the BIM execution plan (BEP), ensuring collaboration between the professionals involved. In addition, it allows for the performance of simulations, such as energy performance studies, natural lighting analysis, and clash detection identification [8].

Photovoltaic energy is one of the strategies to achieve energy self-sufficiency in buildings. However, photovoltaic (PV) energy generation presents challenges due to its intermittent nature, characterized by variations and uncertainties associated with solar radiation and interference from the building’s surroundings (such as shading from neighboring buildings) [9]. Furthermore, building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems face implementation barriers, such as efficient integration between the PV system and architectural components such as facades, roofs, and windows. This requires design solutions and architectural compatibility. In addition, climatic variations and the orientation of the building impact the energy efficiency of the system. From an economic perspective, high initial installation costs and an extended return on investment curve limit its adoption in commercial and residential projects [10]. Furthermore, the fragmentation of the design process in the AEC sector, combined with the lack of standardization and interoperability of digital tools, limits collaboration between disciplines and impacts the energy performance of the adopted solutions [6].

While the body of knowledge related to photovoltaic projects in the AEC industry explores alternatives to enhance solar energy production through the application of different materials for solar panels [1,3,9], the literature on BIM in sustainable projects seeks to propose solutions in the various dimensions of the framework [2,8,11,12]. However, there is a gap in the literature related to integrating photovoltaic projects and BIM technologies for simulations in three-dimensional models during the project design phase. For example, ref. [1] discusses the importance of research on using technologies such as BIM to drive the development of automated projects that evaluate different BIPV design options. Ref. [1] argues that articles about BIM-PV can guide the development of low-carbon buildings. However, relevant research in the field of PV systems, such as [3,9], has advanced mainly in simulations of solar energy production, but often without considering the direct integration of photovoltaic systems into the building envelope, as proposed by building-integrated photovoltaic systems. This gap is also reflected in the lack of integration between PV simulation tools and BIM-based building design processes, causing interoperability problems and limiting automated and data-driven design approaches [6,7,9]. In addition, although recent research in BIM has focused on automated solutions that address sustainability requirements [8,11], there is still a lack of studies proposing comprehensive workflows that integrate BIPV design, energy simulations, and BIM technologies from the early design stages [12,13].

In this context, this paper aims to identify the key strategies for integrating BIM and photovoltaic energy production systems and how these approaches support the development of sustainable projects. This paper applies the systematic literature review methodology associated with bibliometric analysis, content analysis, and coding. This article also seeks to answer the following research question: how can the BIM framework for photovoltaic energy planning be implemented in the design phase of sustainable projects?

Thus, this paper contributes to the literature on the AEC and sustainability industry. First, the paper identifies the research trends and groupings between BIPV and BIM through thematic maps. The article also identifies four dimensions related to BIM-PV projects, including BIPV applications, parametric tools for energy simulation, challenges of BIM-PV integration, and potential benefits. The article also summarizes the findings of the literature in four theoretical propositions structured in a framework. The article makes theoretical and managerial contributions by proposing an integrative framework that explores the means for BIM-PV integration in sustainable projects.

The key novelty of this paper lies in a framework for BIM-PV integration, which extends beyond bibliometric mapping to examine its practical applications. This study consolidates fundamental dimensions that illustrate how BIM enhances the planning of photovoltaic systems, providing a structured codification of these applications. The research highlights design processes, such as 3D modeling for regional analysis, generative design for optimizing solar panel positioning, forecasting energy generation and demand, and simulating a building’s net energy balance.

To support this integration, the study also analyzes parametric tools and strategic technologies used in BIM-PV modeling, categorizing them into five main computational toolsets. While these innovations offer significant advancements, the paper also identifies six key barriers that hinder BIM-PV adoption in practice, addressing technical, financial, and operational feasibility challenges.

Another distinguishing feature of this research is identifying 10 potential benefits of BIM-PV, reinforcing its importance in sustainable project development. To further consolidate its findings, the study presents four theoretical propositions that expand the understanding of BIM-PV interactions in the AEC industry. Finally, the study comprehensively analyzes BIM-PV limitations, structured into five key application areas.

2. Theoretical Background

2.1. BIM in the AEC Industry

The Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry is characterized by its complexity, fragmentation, and dependence on interdisciplinary collaboration, involving multiple stakeholders throughout the project life cycle. This sector deals with tight deadlines, cost control, risk management, and environmental impact [13]. The motivation for adopting BIM arises from improving operational efficiency, reducing errors and rework, increasing interoperability between teams, and facilitating integrated project management [7].

The BIM concept in the AEC industry has evolved from its initial conception as a computer-aided design tool to a multidimensional and integrated approach throughout the entire life cycle of buildings. This methodology encompasses both the digital representation of the physical and functional characteristics of a building and the processes inherent in the creation, management, and use of this information during its useful life [4,7]. BIM enables the generation and management of detailed digital models, which provide strategic support to project teams. BIM models enable simulations and optimizations in projects. Furthermore, this approach integrates information management practices in construction, covering both the strategic and operational aspects necessary for monitoring the processes associated with the building life cycle [2,8].

BIM enables the integration of solar energy generation solutions at the earliest stages of architectural design. This allows designers to develop a detailed three-dimensional (3D) digital model of the building. In urban development, modeling and simulation of PV systems presents challenges compared to systems installed in open fields due to the complexity of urban morphology, including shading, orientation, and spatial limitations. BIM-based tools allow the storage and management of physical and functional information of the building in a comprehensive and accurate digital model that can facilitate analyses and simulations for energy optimization in cities [6].

To integrate solar energy generation into the project through BIM, the recommended level of development (LOD) is at least LOD 300 (detailed development). This LOD is recommended for the design phase, as it contains enough graphical and non-graphical information to model photovoltaic systems, solar capture surfaces, orientation, and energy efficiency. This level allows the model to be used for energy simulations and feasibility studies. However, it is essential to analyze system interoperability, including integrating photovoltaic panels, structures, and electrical systems. This is important to resolve interferences (clash detection); therefore, it is essential to evolve this integration to LOD 350 (Coordination). For the construction phase, LOD 400 should include information on photovoltaic components with technical and assembly specifications [14,15,16].

Levels of Development (LODs) are a standardized framework for defining the level of detail and accuracy that should be included in a BIM model at different project stages. This standardization is essential to ensure clear communication between stakeholders throughout the life cycle of a project. The American Institute of Architects (AIA) and the Associated General Contractors of America (AGC) have developed a widely used system that segments the model into different development levels based on the information’s level of detail and reliability. LODs are a guide that defines the depth of information to be included in BIM models at each stage [17,18,19]. LOD framework is divided into six levels, each describing the degree of information detail throughout the project lifecycle:

• LOD 100—conceptual design: This level corresponds to the project’s conceptual phase, where the model displays only the basic shapes and dimensions of elements, emphasizing overall design intent.
• LOD 200—schematic design: At this stage, the model provides approximate information regarding quantities, sizes, shapes, and element locations. It supports the analysis of spatial relationships and preliminary design concepts.
• LOD 300—detailed design: This level incorporates precise geometric information, such as sizes, shapes, and component details. It is crucial for developing construction documents and coordinating multiple project disciplines.
• LOD 350—construction documentation: This level focuses on construction documentation and adds detailed assemblies and fabrication information. It facilitates the creation of technical documents, such as shop drawings and assembly instructions.
• LOD 400—fabrication and assembly: This level provides maximum model detail, including specific connection and assembly information. The model is suitable for production, prefabrication, and on-site installation processes.
• LOD 500—as-built model: Known as the “as-built” model, it accurately reflects the actual conditions of the completed building. This level is essential for facility management and maintenance throughout the building’s lifecycle.

BIM is structured in different dimensions, adding information to the three-dimensional model throughout the project’s life cycle. The 3D represents three-dimensional modeling to visualize the building, identify interferences between disciplines, and improve project coordination. The 4D adds the time factor to the model by integrating the construction schedule to simulate the construction sequence, optimize deadlines, and anticipate conflicts in execution. The 5D inserts cost data through budget estimates and real-time financial control based on quantities automatically generated by the model. The 6D contemplates aspects of sustainability and energy efficiency, with analyses of the life cycle of materials, simulation of energy performance, and strategies to reduce environmental impacts. Finally, the 7D focuses on the operation and maintenance of the building by gathering information such as manuals, warranties, and maintenance schedules, which are essential for the efficient management of the building during its useful life and facilitate facility management practices [4,7,15,20].

BIM integration with photovoltaic systems is at the 6D level, covering sustainability and energy efficiency, focusing on analyses beyond geometric modeling (3D). At this level, energy simulations are performed to assess the potential for solar generation, considering factors such as orientation, inclination, shading, and seasonal performance. In addition, integration allows the analysis of the energy impact of the building, which promotes means for the development of renewable energy use strategies. The 6D approach also includes life cycle analyses (LCA—life cycle assessment), allowing the estimation of the environmental impacts of the photovoltaic system from production and installation to operation and disposal [20,21].

Data sharing between different BIM software can be carried out through the Industry Foundation Class (IFC) scheme. IFC is an open and standardized data format developed by buildingSMART International (San Francisco, CA, USA), designed to enable interoperability and information exchange between different software used in the BIM process. IFC is structured as an object-oriented data model that stores and describes geometric, structural, energy, material, and construction component information throughout the entire building life cycle [14,15,16].

2.2. Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Systems

Building-integrated photovoltaic systems (BIPVs) are photovoltaic systems incorporated directly into the architectural elements of a building, such as facades, roofs, skylights, or sunshades, simultaneously performing aesthetic, construction, and electrical energy generation functions [22]. The main difference between BIPV and traditional photovoltaic systems is architectural integration. In conventional systems, solar panels are installed over the existing structure, usually on roofs or additional supports, to generate electrical energy [23]. BIPVs, on the other hand, are incorporated into the design and construction of the building itself. Thus, besides generating energy, BIPVs perform construction functions, such as sealing, shading, thermal insulation, and architectural aesthetics [24].

The BIPV design process is fragmented, occurring in independent phases, such as architectural design and photovoltaic design, conducted by different professionals using specific tools for each domain. Architects use software such as AutoCAD (latest version 2026), ArchiCAD (latest version 28), and SketchUp (latest version 2025), which, although robust for architectural design, offer limited support for PV system design. On the other hand, photovoltaic engineers use specialized tools, such as PVsyst (Version 8.0.9) and Retscreen (Version 9.2), for dimensioning and simulating energy performance and specific solutions, such as partial shading models and optimization of panel connections. This sectorized approach generates incompatibility between models, making it difficult to synchronize modifications made at different stages of the project, which results in rework, increased costs, and inefficiencies. The lack of interoperability between tools and the dependence on specialists to resolve conflicts between models make projects expensive and complex [25].

However, the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Agenda for 2030 includes the provision of clean and sustainable energy and realizing sustainable communities [26]. Therefore, distributed solar PV, such as BIPV, is expected to account for almost half the annual capacity additions within solar PV. An advantage of BIPV is that it produces renewable energy on-site without requiring additional land area. One of the promising strategies of BIPV is the combination of energy efficiency with sustainable design, contributing to reducing the carbon footprint and promoting energy self-sufficiency. In addition to generating electricity from sunlight, BIPV systems can provide thermal insulation, daylight control, and acoustic protection, integrating aesthetic, functional, and sustainability aspects into architectural projects [10].

The BIM-PV framework can effectively guide the AEC industry toward sustainable outcomes. This integration can help establish indicators to enhance the attainment of sustainable building certifications, such as the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM), Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), GREEN STAR (GS), and the Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency [24]. BIMPV framework also enables the planning of renewable energy generation directly in the building’s construction elements. By incorporating photovoltaic panels into facades and roofs, BIPV systems allow buildings to generate clean energy while also fulfilling aesthetic functions. In the context of projects aimed at energy self-sufficiency, this approach increases the areas available for solar capture, optimizing energy generation and directly contributing to achieving energy neutrality goals, as in the case of net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs). NZEBs are buildings designed to produce, over a year, the same amount of energy that they consume. To achieve this balance, one of the main strategies is generating renewable energy, emphasizing photovoltaic systems installed on roofs. These systems convert solar energy into electricity, directly contributing to the building’s energy self-sufficiency [1,27].

Finally, BIM is essential for efficiently planning and implementing BIPV systems, especially in projects that seek to achieve net zero energy balance. BIM’s multidimensional functionalities allow solar simulations to be carried out, considering orientation, inclination, and possible shading throughout the year. Predictive analysis in BIM models can be integrated with PV systems to justify interventions that maximize energy efficiency and extend the life of solar panels [27]. This data-driven approach also continuously optimizes energy consumption, ensuring that NZEBs maintain their net-zero energy balance over time [9].

2.3. BIPV Perspectives Development in Buildings

Photovoltaic energy is expected to accelerate global decarbonization efforts by promoting the production of clean and abundantly available energy. The literature has sought to develop strategies for integrating PV energy production with the use of available areas on the roofs of buildings [28]. PV cell types can be classified into silicon-based and non-silicon-based materials. Silicon-based options are more affordable and durable, making them suitable for roofs and facades. In addition, silicon-based thin-film PV modules offer flexibility for architectural design, allowing them to be adapted to different shapes in conjunction with membranes or kinetic systems. The BIPV market offers four main product categories: sheets, tiles, modules, and glazing with solar cells [29].

Despite the falling costs of PV technology, AEC professionals are still hesitant to incorporate it into building envelopes. One of the main reasons is the fragmentation in the production of PV system components, such as modules, inverters, storage units, and supporting infrastructure, which different suppliers develop. The fierce competition in the AEC sector reduces the time available for research and innovation, as there is pressure to achieve rapid financial returns. Furthermore, implementing high-quality PV modules entails additional costs related to feasibility studies, electrical layout, aesthetic design, and software development [29].

Ref. [30] identifies 19 barriers to implementing BIPV, covering regulatory, financial, technical, and institutional challenges. The main barriers include difficulties obtaining government approval and uncertainties in long-term BIPV policies. From an economic perspective, the high initial cost and an extended return on investment discourage developers and investors. Additionally, the lack of life-cycle cost analyses, demonstration projects, and appropriate design tools limits its practical implementation in the AEC sector. However, this paper explores how BIM can overcome several barriers to implementing BIPV identified by [27], especially in technical obstacles, standardization, and integration between agents in the AEC sector.

It is necessary to use BIM to overcome some regulatory barriers in BIPV systems since several countries have implemented regulations to make BIM mandatory or encouraged in public and private projects. In the United Kingdom, BIM has been required for public projects since 2016. In the United States, the General Services Administration (GSA) has adopted BIM for federal projects since 2003, based on the National BIM Standard (NBIMS). Singapore implemented CORENET X, requiring BIM for large projects since 2015. In the European Union, Directive 2014/24/EU recommends using BIM in public procurement, and countries such as Germany, France, and the Netherlands have made it mandatory for government-funded projects. In Brazil, Decree 10.306/2020 provides for the gradual adoption of BIM in public projects since 2021. China offers incentives for the use of BIM in infrastructure and sustainable buildings. Norway, which has required BIM for public projects since 2010, focuses its application on sustainability and renewable energy solutions.

However, literature has shown that it is possible to develop BIM-PV integration even in the design phase. For example, ref. [31] presents a design-driven approach to integrating high-performance PV systems into building facades. To this, the authors use parametric modeling and solar simulation. The methodology employed involved the creation of a facade pixelation system, in which the PV modules were distributed according to the solar potential of each building area. To this end, the Rhino software (Version 8.4) and the Grasshopper Ladybug plug-in (Version 1.8.92) generated an annual solar radiation map. This allowed the definition of optimal zones for the installation of the panels. In addition to the intelligent distribution of the PV modules, the research incorporated the “shingled” module technology developed by the Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS). This technology allows for a greater density of solar cells within the modules and reduces resistive losses, increasing energy efficiency by up to 15%.

Ref. [28] proposes simulating a PV system installed in a near-zero energy building (NZEB) with PVSOL. The authors developed a machine-learning model based on local climate data. The study presented a performance ratio (PR) of 81.9% in the first year, representing the PV system’s operational efficiency compared to its theoretical energy generation potential. The initial investment of USD 435,600 has a predicted payback period of 11.42 years, while PVSOL is estimated to be 14.9 years.

Ref. [32] analyzes the solar potential, architectural modeling, financial feasibility, and environmental impacts of projects to simulate distributed PV systems on the roofs of a community. The results indicate that the installation of 79 units generates 1328.74 MWh annually. This meets residents’ energy needs and provides a surplus to the electricity grid. The use of light-colored PV panels and elevated pavilion-type structures meets the aesthetic standards of the projects in terms of local architecture while maximizing energy efficiency and rooftop utilization. The life cycle assessment confirmed the project’s economic viability, presenting an internal rate of return of 5.82% and a discounted payback period of 15.31 years, considering additional architectural integration costs. In addition, the installation reduced 24,754.77 tons of CO₂ over 25 years.

Furthermore, ref. [29] argues that the integration between BIM systems and BIPV technology is generally limited to analyzing solar potential on facades and automated solar panel positioning without considering prefabricated building solutions. However, a fertile field of research related to BIM-PV integration is needed to develop sustainable projects in the AEC industry.

Although PV technology can potentially drive energy transition and decarbonization, its adoption in the AEC industry still faces regulatory, economic, and technical challenges [30]. The literature highlights that BIM-PV integration enhances standardization and design optimization and improves collaboration among AEC stakeholders [33]. Research shows that BIM can strengthen the integration of PV systems in buildings, from solar potential analysis and parametric modeling to cost-benefit and life cycle assessments. Although BIM-PV integration is still primarily focused on solar mapping and automating panel positioning, there is a vast field of research and innovation, especially in developing solutions at the design stage [34].

3. Materials and Methods

This research adopts a systematic literature review methodology, combining bibliometric analysis, content analysis, and thematic coding of the main topics addressed in the literature related to BIM and photovoltaic systems. Bibliometric analysis allows identifying research trends and collaboration networks through a quantitative approach to understanding the development of the field. Content analysis allows a qualitative investigation by examining the recurrence of concepts and theoretical applications—the coding of the discussed themes structures and categorizes the literature findings [2,35,36].

The research structures the data analysis into four stages, as illustrated in Figure 1. First, the study’s search strategy is defined, followed by refining the search criteria to compose the final sample. Subsequently, the collected data are analyzed. Each of these stages is detailed in the following subsections.

3.1. Search Strategy

The search strategy adopted in this research applies search strings to ensure the retrieval of scientific publications on integrating building information modeling (BIM) with photovoltaic systems. The string used—[“Building information model*” OR BIM] AND [photovoltaic OR “solar energy” OR “solar panel”]—was applied to the Web of Science and Scopus databases, recognized for their comprehensiveness and academic rigor [37]. The asterisk (*) in the BIM-related string functions as a wildcard to include all lexical variations of the term as found in the literature. The first set of strings related to BIM was used to ensure the inclusion of publications that mention the different terminological variations present in the literature on the topic. The second group of terms covers the various forms of reference to photovoltaic technologies and solar energy generation systems, which are common in studies in the area. Thus, this combination of terms explores the application of BIM in projects involving photovoltaic systems.

The search strings were designed to cover studies relating BIM to photovoltaic technologies. Careful selection of these strings is essential to ensure the search is comprehensive and covers relevant research [35]. As a result, 86 scientific documents were identified in the Web of Science and 193 scientific documents in Scopus. These two databases aim to ensure coverage of the existing literature and increase the representativeness of the studies analyzed.

The data collection process considered all publications up to 2024 to ensure the most comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of the literature. This time frame was chosen to capture the latest advancements and trends in the field, reflecting the most recent academic developments.

3.2. Search Refinement

The search refinement process was applied to ensure the selected studies’ relevance and quality, considering only journal articles published in English until 2024. This filtering resulted in 80 articles from Scopus and 58 from Web of Science. The datasets from both databases were merged using RStudio (version 2024.12.1), and the bibliographic records were exported in “.bib” format for further processing. During this step, 50 duplicated documents were identified and removed, resulting in a final dataset of 88 unique articles for analysis.

Specifically for removing duplicates, the “.bib” files obtained from the databases were imported into the RStudio (version 2024.12.1) environment using the convert2df() function to convert the metadata to BibTeX format. The two databases were combined using the mergeDbSources() function with the remove.duplicated = TRUE parameter. The code used counts duplicate records before and after the merger, considering the title of the articles as the main criterion. In addition, the metadata were standardized by converting the titles to lowercase letters to avoid false duplicates resulting from formatting variations. The consolidated database was exported in Excel format using the write.xlsx() function. Finally, the bibliometrix library was used for data exploration, bibliometric visualization, and analysis.

3.3. Final Sample Composition

The 88 articles were read in full to assess their adherence to the scope of the research on integrating BIM with photovoltaic systems. During this analysis, criteria such as the study’s objective, the methodology applied, the level of detail on BIM, and its relationship with the design, implementation, or management of photovoltaic systems were considered. Furthermore, this paper sought to identify whether the articles provided empirical data, models, structures, or practical applications demonstrating this interaction. Based on this assessment, 25 articles were excluded for not meeting the established criteria, resulting in a final sample of 63 articles that effectively contributed to understanding the topic investigated.

The exclusion of 25 articles during the complete analysis of the manuscripts was based on criteria to ensure that only studies aligned with the scope of the research were maintained. The first exclusion criterion was the lack of explicit integration between BIM and photovoltaic systems, eliminating studies that addressed these topics without demonstrating their interrelationship in design, implementation, or management processes. Furthermore, articles focused on the operations and maintenance of photovoltaic systems were removed because, although relevant to the performance of these systems, they did not address the contribution of BIM to their implementation or management. Another criterion was the exclusive emphasis on technological advances in solar cells and photovoltaic materials because these studies, although essential for solar energy development, do not involve BIM as an analysis or integration tool. Likewise, research focused on daylight simulation, sustainable sanitation, and environmental certifications were excluded because they did not directly address the modeling and planning of photovoltaic systems with BIM. The sample was tabulated in codes from 1 to 63, ordered from the most recent article to the oldest, as shown in Appendix A at the end of this paper.

3.4. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

The inclusion and exclusion criteria applied throughout the study are summarized in

Table 1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Stage	Inclusion Criteria	Exclusion Criteria
Search Strategy	All papers published until 2024. All papers that contain the defined research strings.	Documents that are not articles, reviews, or early access.
Search Refinement	In cases where duplicate articles in Scopus and WoS were identified, only one version was retained in the dataset to avoid redundancy	Exclude duplicated documents
Final Sample Composition	The study should explicitly address the integration between BIM and PV systems. It should present detailed information on the use of BIM and its relationship with the design, implementation, or management of PV systems. The paper should provide empirical data, models, frameworks, or practical applications demonstrating the interaction between BIM and PV systems.	Studies that mention BIM or photovoltaic systems separately without demonstrating their interrelationship in the design, implementation, or management processes of buildings and projects in the AEC industry. Papers focused only on the operations and maintenance of photovoltaic systems without considering the role of BIM in the implementation or management of these systems. Studies that deal exclusively with technological advances in solar cells and photovoltaic materials without involving BIM as an analysis or integration tool. Research focused on daylight simulation, sustainable sanitation, or environmental certifications without a direct relationship with the modeling and planning of BIM-PV.

, which details the selection process across different stages. In the search strategy stage, all papers published until 2024 that contained the defined research strings were considered, while non-article documents, such as book chapters or conference papers, were excluded. During search refinement, duplicate articles identified in Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) were removed, ensuring that only one version of each study was retained. Finally, in the final sample composition, studies were selected based on their explicit integration of BIM and PV systems, their methodological details, and their provision of empirical data, models, or practical applications. Articles that merely mentioned BIM and PV systems separately, focused on operations and maintenance, or exclusively addressed technological advancements in solar cells, daylight simulation, or environmental certifications—without direct relevance to BIM for PV system modeling and planning—were excluded.

The inclusion and exclusion criteria presented in Table 1 were established to ensure the selection of high-quality, peer-reviewed, and scientifically rigorous studies that directly contribute to understanding BIM and PV integration. By focusing specifically on journal articles, this article aimed to ensure the findings’ reliability, reproducibility, and scientific validity by ensuring that the articles in the sample underwent a rigorous peer review process. This strategy increases the relevance of the evidence discussed in this article.

3.5. Data Analysis

Data analysis was conducted in two main stages: bibliometric and content analysis. Initially, data exploration was performed through bibliometric analysis using the Bibliometrix package in the RStudio software (version 2024.12.1), following the guidelines of [36]. Bibliometrix allows the identification of scientific production over time, the most influential authors, journals with the most significant impact, collaboration networks between researchers, and thematic trends through thematic maps.

After the bibliometric analysis, content analysis was performed based on the 63 articles in the final sample. Mendeley managed references and coded the data, allowing publication organization and categorization.

The coding process was structured to identify and categorize the main themes addressed in the literature. Initially, the articles were organized in Mendeley, where tags and annotations were assigned according to the topics discussed in each publication. Thus, a detailed reading of the texts was carried out to extract key concepts systematically and group them into thematic categories. To ensure consistency and traceability, the extracted data were tabulated in Excel. This process followed an iterative approach, refining categories as new codes emerged from the literature until the sample was saturated [38,39,40].

The coding process followed an inductive approach, in which thematic categories were defined as codes that emerged throughout the analysis of the entire sample. To ensure the reliability and consistency of the analysis, the authors performed the coding independently. Key concepts and recurring themes were extracted and subsequently grouped into categories. At the end of the process, the spreadsheets with the categories identified by each researcher were compared, and similar classifications were integrated. Any disagreements regarding the data interpretation or the categories’ definition were resolved through a joint review of the analyzed content. When there was no immediate consensus, decisions were made after alignment meetings, considering the study’s objectives and the consistency with the evidence extracted from the articles.

With this approach, it was possible to structure the main discussions in the literature, identifying BIM applications for optimizing photovoltaic projects, energy modeling methodologies, implementation challenges, and benefits of integrating these technologies for energy efficiency and sustainability.

4. Results

4.1. Bibliometric Analysis to Sample Characterization

The sample covers 63 scientific papers published between 2014 (the year of the first published paper about BIM-PV) and 2024. These documents are sourced from 42 journals, with an annual growth rate of 19.62%, and 268 authors contributed to these publications, with an international co-authorship rate of 22.22%. The studies exhibit an average of 4.54 co-authors per document.

This sample integrates the evolution of research on BIM associated with photovoltaic systems. The annual scientific production shows increased publications recently, especially from 2020 onwards. This indicates increased academic interest due to the search for energy efficiency and sustainable construction practices, as shown in Figure 2 [6,41,42].

Furthermore, Figure 2 shows that approximately six articles are published annually on average. The standard deviation of publications per year is approximately 16, with a variance of approximately 4. The compound annual growth rate calculated in the sample is approximately 19.6% annually. The linear regression analysis applied to the data shows a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.84, indicating an increasing trend in the volume of publications over the years. Therefore, studies related to BIM-PV integration have become an emerging topic in literature and exceeded the average number of publications between 2020 and 2024.

Figure 3 presents the distribution of scientific publications on the integration of BIM and photovoltaic systems across key journals. The data highlights that Energies, Energy and Buildings, and Sustainability are the primary outlets for this research, demonstrating a concentration of studies in journals focused on energy efficiency and sustainable construction. No articles were registered in these sources in the first years (2014–2016), with the first publication occurring in Sustainability in 2017. From 2020 onwards, an increase in the number of publications was observed, especially in Energies, which went from two articles in 2020 to eight in 2024. Energy and Buildings also stand out in 2024 by publishing five articles. In turn, Sustainability steadily increased over the period, reaching its peak in 2023 and 2024, with five publications each year.

Based on Bradford’s Law, Figure 4 shows the analysis of the most relevant and core sources, highlighting the concentration of scientific knowledge in journals in energy, sustainable construction, and civil engineering. Energies, Energy and Buildings, Sustainability, Applied Sciences-Basel, and Civil Engineering and Architecture emerge as core sources according to the Bradford distribution, representing the principal outlets for research on BIM and photovoltaic systems. The predominance of these journals in the sample underscores a focus on technological innovation and energy efficiency, particularly in integrating digital technologies with sustainable construction practices.

The sample presents geographic and thematic diversity, with case studies in different types of buildings, including residential, commercial, educational, and public, and in various climatic conditions, such as tropical, temperate, and dense urban regions [14,43]. Some of the articles explore the application of building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs), focusing on energy simulations, parametric design, photovoltaic module layout optimization, and energy performance evaluation [44,45,46]. In addition, there is an emphasis on technological approaches such as the integration of BIM with machine learning, digital twin, historic building information modeling (HBIM), and geographic information systems (GIS) [15,47,48].

The percentage distribution of scientific production by country shows that China leads with 24% of publications, followed by Italy with 10%. Australia, Canada, South Korea, Turkey, and the United States contribute equally with 5% each, as shown in Figure 5. India and Sweden represent 3% each, as do France, Hungary, Indonesia, and the United Kingdom. Countries such as Malaysia, Austria, Ecuador, Japan, Qatar, and Ukraine account for 2% of production. Brazil, Germany, Egypt, Lebanon, Malta, the Netherlands, Pakistan, Poland, and Singapore each have 1%, as do Belgium, Cyprus, Iraq, New Zealand, and North Macedonia, which have the lowest contributions.

As shown in Figure 6, the analysis of citations by country reveals that China has the highest total number of citations (157), although its average citation per article is 14.30. The United Kingdom stands out with an average of 38.00 citations per article, totaling 114 citations. Brazil has 84 citations in total. Canada has 78 citations in total and an average of 26.00 per article. Italy and South Korea have 71 and 40 citations, respectively, with averages of 10.10 and 13.30. Australia and the United States have 32 and 24 citations, respectively, with an average of 8.00 per article.

The most cited article, ref. [49], with 84 citations, emphasizes the dissemination of building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems by training architects and students familiar with the BIM environment. The study used Rhinoceros CAD, Grasshopper, and Ladybug to evaluate BIPV envelopes in institutional buildings in Brasília. The authors highlight the importance of integrating 3D modeling and energy simulation tools to improve the design process. Second, ref. [50], with 72 citations, investigated the use of BIM in interdisciplinary education for architecture, civil engineering, and environmental engineering students through a project based on the Solar Decathlon. The study demonstrated how BIM facilitates interdisciplinary collaboration, enabling the development of more sustainable and integrated projects, but also identified challenges, such as resistance to the use of BIM and the lack of ready-made family libraries. The study by [51] addressed using BIM to retrofit existing buildings, assessing the feasibility of transforming them into nearly zero energy buildings (nZEBs). The paper applied 3D laser scanning to create building energy models (BEM) and proposed solutions that could reduce energy costs by 14.1%, increase photovoltaic power generation by 24.13%, and decrease CO₂ emissions by 4306 kg CO₂ eq/a.

The strategy for BIM-PV integration is based on parametric modeling, computational simulations, and life cycle analysis (LCA) [52,53]. Many articles apply tools such as Rhinoceros, Grasshopper, Ladybug, OpenStudio, and PVSITES, integrating them into the BIM environment for advanced energy performance simulations [49,54]. In addition, some studies present proposals for BIM-based workflows for energy retrofitting existing buildings, addressing energy efficiency, and reducing carbon emissions [44,55]. These strategies seek to optimize energy performance in architectural projects and construction processes. In addition, approaches such as information theory are used for data integration and workflow automation. These theoretical groupings are reaffirmed in the keyword co-occurrence network, as shown in Figure 7.

The central cluster in Figure 7 (blue) represents the theoretical relationship of the BIM-PV topic. The field of knowledge of this application is architectural design, which involves the conception and planning of physical spaces, encompassing aesthetics, functionality, and environmental performance, associated with information theory, which studies the quantification, storage, and transmission of information, providing the basis for efficient digital modeling in BIM. These two fields form the theoretical framework that supports energy simulations in BIM models, promoting innovation in the AEC sector by guiding the industry towards the development of smart buildings (gray cluster) and various strategies for photovoltaic energy simulations (purple, orange, pink, red, and green clusters).

Regarding the sample’s thematic distribution, Figure 8 shows that there is also a contribution from research focused on sustainability and net-zero energy buildings, with an emphasis on design strategies, solar potential assessment, microgrid planning, and the impact of BIPV technologies [43,56,57]. Studies on historic buildings highlight the potential of HBIM to enable the integration of advanced photovoltaic systems, respecting architectural and cultural constraints [58,59].

In the technological aspect, the sample includes research that explores parametric optimization techniques for positioning solar panels with multi-objective algorithms, aiming to maximize energy generation and minimize costs and environmental impact [51,60]. Furthermore, studies based on Digital Twin and BIM–GIS demonstrate the potential of real-time integrated modeling to improve the energy management of intelligent buildings [47,48].

4.2. BIM Applications for BIPV Projects

The authors perform BIM model simulations at the project’s design stage for effective sustainability-oriented BIM-PV integration. The goal is to optimize the layout of the solar panel distribution to avoid obstacles on the roofs of the buildings that could cause shading, such as machine rooms, water tanks, and chimneys. To justify the implemented design solutions, the authors use machine learning algorithms to predict daily energy production [6]. In this way, they create documentation that justifies the costs involved in implementing solar panels and the energy savings generated over the years, in addition to supporting the viability of the projects.

In the context of generative design, ref. [37] combines parametric modeling with evolutionary algorithms (NSGA-II) to explore multiple design alternatives. First, the parametric BIM model identifies candidate surfaces (such as walls and windows) based on semantic characteristics. Then, a parametric simulation model calculates the solar irradiation received by each surface and estimates the energy generated. The NSGA-II optimization module generates multiple solutions (initial population), which are evaluated by the parametric model based on objectives such as maximizing energy generation and minimizing life cycle cost. The algorithm applies selection, crossover, and mutation mechanisms to iteratively improve the solutions until it forms the Pareto frontier, offering design alternatives with different prices and energy efficiency [60].

Table 2. BIM applications for BIPV projects.

Dimension	Code	Description	Applications	Sample Code
BIM-PV systems application (BPS)	BPS_1	Assess the regional conditions with a 3D model	Generated a 3D urban model using Rhino + Grasshopper to evaluate shading conditions.	7, 10, 17, 22, 27, 32, 42, 43, 45, 46, 50, 53, 56, 61, 63.
	BPS_2	Estimate the potential area and location of PV modules on the building’s surface with IFC schema	Used IFC schema in Revit to detect available rooftop areas for PV placement.	23, 24, 26, 28, 30, 35, 37, 39, 42, 45, 53, 55.
	BPS_3	Evaluate different design concepts	Compared different façade PV layouts using Revit Solar Analysis Plugin.	10, 13, 15, 19, 20, 21, 34, 42, 44, 45, 46, 50, 58.
	BPS_4	Exchange of information on a real-time basis	Implemented BIM 360 for real-time collaboration between architects and engineers.	2, 12, 10, 21, 28, 41, 51, 56, 62.
	BPS_5	Net balance simulation (e.g., electricity generated from solar energy)	Simulated net energy balance using the System Advisor Model.	22, 26, 30, 35, 41, 46, 47, 52, 53, 57.
	BPS_6	Point clouds for surface extraction	Extracted surface features using LiDAR point clouds + CloudCompare.	7, 10, 28, 34.
	BPS_7	Optimization of PV modules layout with generative design	Grasshopper + Galapagos for automated PV panel arrangement.	9, 16, 17, 21, 25, 26, 29, 30, 36, 42, 44, 46, 53.
	BPS_8	Power generation forecast	Forecasted PV output with machine learning models in Python (last version 3.13.2).	1, 3, 17, 21, 30, 43, 44, 46, 51, 54, 60.
	BPS_9	Power demand forecast	Modeled energy demand variations using EnergyPlus (last 25.1.0) simulation or solar irradiation data.	3, 16, 19, 21, 30, 43, 46, 54, 59.
	BPS_10	Predicted shading due to neighboring buildings	Applied Heliotrope Solar plugin for real-time shading prediction.	2, 17, 19, 23, 31, 41, 44, 45, 53, 54, 59, 63.
	BPS_11	Roof design optimization	Implemented parametric roof designs in Grasshopper.	1, 2, 15, 19, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50.

Note: The code description is shown in Appendix A.

presents the main applications of BIM in BIPV projects, highlighting different dimensions of use for the integration between digital modeling and photovoltaic generation. The applications range from initial context analyses, such as the assessment of regional conditions with 3D models (BPS_1) and the estimation of areas for panels based on the IFC scheme (BPS_2), to advanced processes, such as energy balance simulations (BPS_5) and forecasting of energy generation and demand (BPS_8 and BPS_9). Table 2 also highlights the role of BIM as an interoperability facilitator, highlighting the exchange of information in real time (BPS_4), which is essential for multidisciplinary collaboration. Design-oriented applications, such as optimizing PV module layout with generative design (BPS_7) and predicting shading by neighboring buildings (BPS_10), are critical to maximizing energy efficiency. In addition, Table 2 addresses the use of advanced technologies, such as the application of point clouds for surface extraction (BPS_6) and the optimization of roof design (BPS_11), essential for improving photovoltaic performance in complex buildings.

In the design phase of sustainable projects, these variables influence the design process of engineers and architects by integrating climate analysis, energy simulations, and design optimizations in the BIM environment, allowing for more assertive decisions from the conceptual phase. Engineers can perform detailed simulations of energy potential, evaluate the efficiency of different photovoltaic configurations, and optimize system performance. Architects, in turn, use these analyses to adjust the orientation, volumetry, and design of facades and roofs, balancing aesthetics and energy efficiency [44,45,47]. In addition, interoperability and real-time information exchange between professionals facilitate the integration of passive and active solutions, allowing for rapid adjustments based on simulation results. This collaborative and multidisciplinary approach, enabled by BIM, reduces design conflicts, accelerates the decision-making process, and promotes the development of more efficient and sustainable buildings [52,61,62].

Simulations of photovoltaic systems on building roofs modeled in BIM follow the logic of the physical array reconfiguration (PAR) strategy, which consists of adjusting the physical position of photovoltaic modules without modifying their electrical connections. This approach optimizes solar energy capture, where shading from neighboring buildings, antennas, or chimneys can negatively impact energy performance. By applying the PAR concept in simulations, designers use parametric modeling and irradiation analysis to test different positioning configurations, seeking maximum energy efficiency based on factors such as solar orientation, roof slope, and seasonal variations in the sun’s path [63].

Ref. [30] highlights strategies to optimize the performance of BIPV systems in different buildings. The authors note that, in small buildings with large roof areas, the greater availability of radiation on roofs can compensate for the shortage of facade surfaces suitable for BIPV, allowing up to 30% of energy demand to be met. The study also emphasizes prioritizing energy efficiency over aesthetics on roofs since these surfaces have less visual impact. In retrofit projects, the authors suggest new structures, such as canopies, to expand solar capture areas that have modified their architectural volume to increase the usable area for solar panels. On facades shaded by neighboring buildings, installing BIPV as brise-soleils is recommended to capture solar radiation and control internal heating. The study also highlights the importance of designing ventilation on the back of photovoltaic modules, especially in hot and sunny climates, to minimize heat losses and prevent overheating of the building, ensuring greater efficiency of the BIPV system [49].

Ref. [42] analyzed the energy generation potential of photovoltaic systems integrated into residential buildings in a tropical area using 3D modeling with the BIM software Revit. The simulation of different photovoltaic technologies (monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous) indicated that energy generation could exceed residential consumption by up to 1700%, evidencing the feasibility of meeting current and future electricity demand. The study also emphasized that buildings with simple roofs maximize solar capture, while complex roof shapes result in self-shading and efficiency losses [64]. Integrating solar irradiation data and information from photovoltaic (PV) panels into BIM models is achieved by directly incorporating climate parameters and technical specifications into the modeling tools. Software such as Revit (with the Insight 360 plug-in), Rhinoceros/Grasshopper (with Ladybug and Honeybee), and Solarius-PV allow the import of hourly climate data obtained from databases such as photovoltaic geographical information system (PVGIS) to generate solar irradiance maps on the building surfaces. These maps are integrated into the BIM model, where the technical properties of the solar panels, such as efficiency, thermal coefficient, and nominal power, are linked to the modeled elements [65].

Furthermore, due to the high complexity involved in simulations of BIPV systems on facades, the analysis process tends to be computationally intensive, resulting in long processing times. The use of cloud computing infrastructures is a strategy to accelerate simulations since it allows the use of distributed computing resources for parallel processing, optimizing the execution of complex tasks in less time. In addition to the performance gain, cloud-based platforms provide flexibility and collaborative efficiency during the design and analysis phases of BIM-PV systems, enabling distributed computing and shared remote access [45].

Ref. [65]’s study implements BIPV systems in BIM projects by composing five central databases: meteorological, BIPV products, building codes and standards, financial information, and environmental factors. Meteorological data provide information on solar irradiation. The BIPV product database gathers technical and economic information on the system’s modules and components. Building codes and standards ensure regulatory compliance of projects, while financial details allow assessing economic viability and return on investment. Finally, environmental factors make it possible to calculate carbon emissions that can be avoided by adopting BIPV systems. Based on these data, the BIM model is developed to represent the building and its surroundings, identifying areas with greater solar potential and optimizing the installation of photovoltaic panels. Ref. [6]’s study presents a three-phase research methodology that integrates data collection and performance evaluation, BIM modeling, and the application of machine learning algorithms to forecast photovoltaic energy. The case study analyzes a 160 kWp photovoltaic system installed in Abruzzo, Italy, over three years. Performance metrics recommended by IEC 61724 were used to compare experimental and theoretical data. Modeling was performed in Autodesk Revit, while the Insight 360 plug-in was used to evaluate solar irradiation on the building surfaces and determine the photovoltaic potential. In addition, four machine learning algorithms were tested to predict daily energy production, with random forest standing out as the most efficient model. The study also analyzed the impact of hyperparameter tuning on the performance of the prediction models.

Refs. [66,67] proposes an automated approach for predicting energy production in BIPV systems, focusing on decarbonization and energy efficiency. The methodology uses point clouds obtained by photogrammetry and laser scanning with the 3D drone LEICA BLK2FLY to create three-dimensional models of the buildings. After cleaning the data with techniques such as Z-score and RANSAC segmentation, the ideal surfaces for installing photovoltaic panels are identified, considering architectural interferences. The model is complemented with high-precision meteorological data from NSRD, PVGIS, CAMS, and Opendatasoft databases. Several machine learning and deep learning algorithms were tested for energy forecasting, emphasizing random forest and convolutional neural networks, which showed more remarkable accuracy and generalization capacity than conventional BIPV software solutions.

Ref. [67]’s research demonstrated the feasibility of integrating energy retrofit processes with BIPV technologies in existing buildings, contributing to decarbonization strategies and compliance with regulatory mandates for energy efficiency and sustainability. Ref. [53]’s study demonstrated that integrating BIPV systems with the BIM methodology makes it possible to reduce operational and embodied carbon emissions in residential buildings. The practical application was validated in the design of a compact house, where photovoltaic panels integrated into the facade and roof, combined with the use of low environmental impact materials, resulted in a significant reduction in the carbon footprint throughout the building’s life cycle. Ref. [14] proposed a method based on BIM and its standard industry foundation classes to effectively estimate the potential area and location of photovoltaic modules on the building surface and explore the photovoltaic potential in detail. The method was applied to residential buildings in Xinyi County, China, and the results show that the average annual energy generated through windows (47,589.793 kWh/year), roofs (141,126.304 kWh), and facades (284,060.393 kWh) are potential locations for BIPV technologies, even when influenced by shadows. The rationality and feasibility of this method were verified by comparing it with ArcGIS.

In this context, the application of BIM in BIPV projects during the design phase enhances energy efficiency and photovoltaic energy production through data integration, parametric simulations, and strategic architectural decisions. Research by [65] highlights the importance of a database that integrates meteorological, regulatory, economic, and environmental variables to optimize the installation of BIPV systems. Ref. [6] reinforces the role of BIM in modeling the built environment and supporting energy forecasts through machine learning algorithms. Ref. [66] demonstrates how capturing detailed data via point clouds and predictive analysis with machine learning increases the accuracy in allocating PV panels and forecasting energy generation. Ref. [67] proves the feasibility of applying BIPV technologies in retrofitting existing buildings, while [53] highlights the contribution of BIM-BIPV to reducing carbon emissions throughout the building’s life cycle. The study by [68] confirms the ability of BIM to exploit the photovoltaic potential of different building surfaces, even under shading conditions, demonstrating the operability and technical rationality of the approach. Based on this discussion, this article suggests the following proposition:

Proposition 1.

Applying BIM in BIPV projects during the design phase enhances photovoltaic energy production by integrating energy simulations, parametric optimizations, and strategic architectural decisions, resulting in sustainable and energy-efficient buildings.

4.3. Parametric BIM Energy Modeling Tools

Machine learning models improve the precision of PV energy estimates by utilizing historic energy generation data as the target variable and considering dynamic metrological variables as features. Also, the representative software for parametric design systems includes Grasshopper for Rhino and Dynamo for Revit [62]. Furthermore, the simulation of the energy generation of a BIM-PV system involves the creation of a model that integrates the parameters of the natural environment, urban context, building envelopes, and PV components. Since BIM-PV systems are integral parts of the building envelope, modeling is performed using BIM tools such as Skelion for SketchUp, INSIGHT for Revit, and the Ladybug and Honeybee tools for Rhinoceros 3D/Grasshopper, which are used due to their ability to perform parametric solar simulations [45].

Some research integrates BIM-PV by applying photogrammetry and artificial intelligence techniques to automate predicting solar energy production in existing buildings. This process involves acquiring the building’s three-dimensional data (point cloud) through photogrammetry. The data go through a pre-processing stage, in which filters and cleaning algorithms are applied to remove noise and unwanted points. Then, the planes are segmented, extracting the relevant surfaces, such as facades and roofs. At the same time, a set of meteorological data is organized, which includes variables for predicting photovoltaic generation, such as solar radiation levels, temperature, humidity, and wind speed, in addition to BIM model parameters, such as helpful roof area, orientation, and slope. Subsequently, the process is automated using machine learning and deep learning algorithms, which analyze patterns in this data to make predictions of photovoltaic energy generation [66].

Table 3. Parametric tools and strategic technologies.

Dimension	Code	Main Tools	Applications	Sample Code
Parametric tools and strategic technologies (PTSs)	PTS_1	Artificial Intelligence	ML and DL applications in time series and point cloud segmentation.	1, 7, 9, 33, 37.
	PTS_2	Grasshopper and Ladybug (Rhinoceros)	Assess radiation and plan the positioning of solar panels on the roofs of buildings.	2, 4, 10, 14, 19, 33, 42, 45, 52.
	PTS_3	Photogrammetry	Capture the point cloud of the building for extraction of facades and roofs.	7, 15, 34, 37.
	PTS_4	PVGIS	Estimate the potential for solar energy generation.	1, 7, 10, 11, 17, 19, 23, 24, 25, 32, 36, 53.
	PTS_5	Revit (Dynamo)	Simulate different solar panel positions and analyze solar radiation in the building	1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 13, 14, 19, 21, 25, 30, 31, 35, 39, 44, 45, 48, 50, 52, 54, 55, 60, 62.

Note: The code description is shown in Appendix A.

presents the main parametric tools and strategic technologies applied to BIPV projects. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI), with a focus on machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), allows advanced time series analysis and point cloud segmentation, optimizing the interpretation of large volumes of data and energy forecasts in time series. Tools such as Grasshopper and Ladybug, integrated with Rhinoceros, simulate solar radiation and plan the positioning of photovoltaic panels. Photogrammetry makes it possible to capture point clouds of buildings, facilitating the extraction of surfaces for solar analysis, especially in retrofit projects. The PVGIS system, a specific tool for solar potential estimations, provides accurate climate data integrated into BIM simulations to predict photovoltaic energy generation. Finally, Revit (with Dynamo) is used to simulate different solar panel layouts, perform radiation analysis, and compare energy scenarios directly in the BIM model [45,55,65].

Among the most widely used machine learning algorithms for forecasting photovoltaic (PV) energy generation and solar irradiation, the following stand out: k-nearest neighbors (KNNs), known for their efficiency in identifying patterns based on proximity; decision trees, which are used to model decisions considering multiple climate variables; support vector regression (SVR), which can capture non-linear relationships in time series; and random forest, applied in predictive analysis by combining multiple decision trees [6,66].

Methods such as physical array reconfiguration (PAR) and electrical array reconfiguration (EAR) are applied under the condition of dynamic partial shading (D-PSCs) with the support of BIM tools. Using software such as Revit, Rhinoceros (Rhino), and Grasshopper, it is possible to create different D-PSC scenarios in buildings, simulating shading variations in urban areas. For example, modeling performed with Rhino and Grasshopper in conjunction with the Ladybug plug-in generates a detailed hourly irradiance matrix on the building envelopes (roofs and facades). These irradiance data are used as inputs for designing the BIPV (building-integrated photovoltaics) system, modeled in the Matlab-Simulink environment, where the power and energy losses are calculated. These indicators allow evaluation of the performance of the photovoltaic system under different reconfiguration strategies (PARs and EARs) in dynamic shading conditions, offering subsidies to optimize the energy performance and efficiency of the photovoltaic project integrated into the building [63,69].

The sample of this paper highlights the role of parametric modeling and BIM tools in the design and evaluation of BIPV systems for sustainable and energy-autonomous buildings. For example, ref. [62] developed a parametric design for a large-scale parking building focusing on energy independence by integrating a kinetic photovoltaic system on the facade. The energy simulation, carried out over a year using BIM modeling in Autodesk Revit 2023, demonstrated a total generation of 692,386 kWh/year. The parametric design was implemented through the Dynamo plug-in, which allows the creation of customized algorithms for the dynamic parameterization of the architectural model. This algorithm will enable variables such as dimensions, types of materials, and colors to be inserted and modified in real time during the design process, promoting an immediate response to changes defined by designers. In addition, the system is flexible, allowing the incorporation of new variables as additional needs arise in the development of the architectural project. The energy performance of the PV system was analyzed using the Insight plugin, which performs renewable energy simulations based on user-defined geographic location and operating period data.

Ref. [70] applied parametric modeling using Grasshopper software and environmental analysis tools (e.g., Ladybug and Honeybee). They indicated that for parametric kinetic façade optimization, a parametric design influences the geometric dimensions linked to the panel material that determines the geometry (shape, position, and incoming radiation). Semi-transparent PV modules were employed as panel material to ensure the system’s autonomy. The approach is used with a fixed glass façade window-to-wall ratio. The parametric kinetic façade allows parameterized geometry manipulation to regulate solar radiation from the sun with various performance criteria. The simulation tools (Ladybug and Radiance) identified potential options for performance evaluation of design variations regarding solar radiation exposure and energy utilization.

The study by [43] presents an integrated approach that combines three-dimensional modeling in a BIM environment with advanced solar analysis performed in PVsyst, aiming to improve the accuracy of the results in the evaluation of BIPV systems. The research explores different configurations of colored photovoltaic modules, analyzing their performance to identify the most efficient solution in terms of energy generation and architectural integration. The proposed system achieved an annual generation of 679.72 MWh, with an estimated reduction of 10,367.66 tons of CO₂ per year, highlighting its potential to mitigate carbon emissions. In addition to energy performance, the use of colored modules stands out as a strategy to maintain the aesthetic harmony of the facades, promoting the architectural acceptance of BIPV solutions without compromising the visual value of the building. The study also demonstrates that the use of BIM tools facilitates the multidisciplinary integration between architecture, structural engineering, renewable energy systems, and building operations, promoting collaborative and efficient workflows. This approach is aligned with the guidelines of Malaysia’s 10-10 MySTIE Framework, which seeks to drive the transition to a knowledge-based and innovation-driven economy with an emphasis on renewable energy production and management.

Ref. [20]’s (2022) study proposes the integration of BIM tools and energy simulation to assess the feasibility of photovoltaic systems in sustainable residential buildings. The three-dimensional model of the Eco-Home was developed in Autodesk Revit, while the analysis of the solar power generation potential was carried out using Autodesk Green Building Studio. The results indicated that the proposed BIPV system, with a nominal power of 17 kW and installed on an area of 123 m², can generate annual energy savings of 26,552 kWh. The financial analysis estimated an initial investment of RM 135,780 for the installation of solar panels, with a payback period calculated at 18 years, considering the local electricity tariff of RM 0.24/kWh. The study demonstrates that the use of BIM tools associated with energy simulation platforms contributes to more accurate and informed decisions, facilitating the assessment of costs, benefits, and performance of photovoltaic systems in sustainable housing projects.

In the study conducted by [53], a comprehensive analysis of the environmental and energy performance of buildings integrating BIPV systems in the BIM environment was carried out. The main parameters evaluated included operational energy consumption, renewable energy production generated by BIPV systems, as well as embodied carbon emissions in building materials and operational carbon emissions throughout the building’s life cycle. The research also analyzed the total reduction in carbon emissions achieved by the combination of passive strategies, the use of low-environmental-impact materials, and the integration of BIPV solutions. To ensure a comprehensive assessment, life cycle analysis (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) were performed. The digital modeling of the building and the integration of the photovoltaic systems were developed in Autodesk Revit, while the environmental life cycle analyses were performed using eToolLCD, allowing the accurate quantification of embodied and operational carbon emissions based on the data generated by the BIM model. Based on this discussion, this article suggests the following proposition:

Proposition 2.

Using parametric tools in BIM-PV projects highlights the multidisciplinary technological evolution of the architecture, engineering, and construction industry.

4.4. BIM-PV Integration Challenges

The literature highlights that the main challenges in installing photovoltaic systems in buildings are related to environmental and meteorological factors, such as cloud cover, dust accumulation, and shading. Solar simulations require accurate input data for a reliable analysis of the solar energy generation potential, making the quality of meteorological information a critical factor. Incident solar radiation can be obtained through ground-based weather stations or meteorological satellites or be estimated by mathematical models, and the choice of the source directly influences the quality of the parameters used in the simulations [14,26,60].

Furthermore, global or regional climate databases, commonly integrated into solar simulation software, provide average radiation estimates. In contrast, local databases provide more accurate projections by incorporating detailed spatial and temporal analyses of the specific environment. This difference highlights the importance of choosing appropriate data sources to increase the accuracy of energy simulations in BIM-integrated solar energy projects [14,61,64].

BIM-PV integration faces several challenges related to the complexity of solar radiation simulations, which are essential to estimate the potential for photovoltaic energy generation accurately. One of the main obstacles is the influence of multiple factors on the radiation potential, such as geographic location, urban morphology (neighboring buildings and projected shadows), building geometry and orientation, presence of mechanical installations on the roof (such as ducts and antennas), and the characteristics of the PV modules themselves (size, type, and orientation). In addition, radiation analysis is susceptible to the layout of PV modules since their arrangement, shape, and inclination changes can generate internal shadows (particularly on vertical facades), impacting energy efficiency. This scenario requires that simulations be repeated for each layout alternative, not just once, making the process computationally intensive [64,71].

The lack of universal standards and difficulties in converting between formats such as IFC, gbXML, and CSV limit the exchange of information between BIM platforms (such as Revit) and PV simulation software (such as PVSyst, Solarius-PV, and EnergyPlus). Integrated simulations involving large BIM models and complex irradiance simulations (such as Ladybug/Honeybee with Radiance) can be computationally demanding, resulting in slow processes [55]. Furthermore, the total payback period for the BIM-PV system is around 10 years, with a positive net present value in the whole lifespan of 20 years [72].

In this context,

Table 4. BIM-PV integration challenges.

Dimension	Code	Description	Sample Code
BIM-PV Integration Challenges (BIC)	BIC_1	Complete regional historical series	3, 8, 12, 15, 20, 23, 28, 33, 43, 45, 48, 54, 60, 63.
	BIC_2	High computational performance	5, 7, 10, 14, 19, 21, 26, 29, 32, 42, 46, 51, 53, 56.
	BIC_3	Initial investment costs	8, 9, 13, 16, 21, 22, 26, 31, 40, 46, 50, 52, 61.
	BIC_4	Software interoperability	2, 9, 10, 14, 19, 21, 30, 35, 37, 39, 43, 45, 50, 54, 61.
	BIC_5	Prolonged payback period	8, 9, 17, 18, 22, 24, 27, 31, 35, 40, 46, 52, 59, 62.
	BIC_6	Quality of input data	1, 7, 10, 13, 17, 19, 27, 37, 41, 46, 48, 53, 57, 62.

Note: The code description is shown in Appendix A.

presents the main challenges in BIM-PV integration in sustainable projects, highlighting technical, financial, and operational barriers that impact the performance and viability of photovoltaic projects integrated into the BIM environment. The lack of a complete regional historical series (BIC_1) hinders solar generation simulations, affecting energy forecasting and the assertiveness of performance analyses. The challenge of high demand for computational performance (BIC_2) arises from the complexity of energy simulations, such as parametric analyses and dynamic shading modeling, requiring high computer processing power. In addition, the high initial costs (BIC_3) associated with implementing BIM technologies and photovoltaic systems represent a barrier, especially in retrofit or small-scale projects. Software interoperability and compatibility (BIC_4) is another challenge since the exchange of information between different platforms (such as Revit, PVGIS, and Rhinoceros/Grasshopper) is often limited by incompatible file formats or the lack of common standards such as IFC. The long payback period (BIC_5), caused by the slow amortization of initial costs, reduces the economic attractiveness, especially in regions with low incentives for renewable energy. Finally, the quality of input data (BIC_6), including climate and topographic or material data inaccuracies, compromises the simulations’ effectiveness and energy forecasts’ reliability.

Integrating BIPV systems into BIM environments faces a series of technical, financial, and operational challenges that compromise the feasibility and performance of these projects. Ref. [63] highlights one of the leading technical obstacles: partial shading conditions (PSC), which are common in densely built urban areas. Although BIM allows the prediction of shading generated by neighboring buildings and the simulation of the energy performance of BIPV systems, the dynamic nature of urban shading makes its mitigation more complex. Even with the adoption of electrical reconfiguration techniques, such as Total-Cross-Tied and Sudoku strategies, efficiency gains are limited, ranging from 5% to 10%, demonstrating the difficulty in overcoming these technical barriers.

In addition, ref. [70] highlights the advancement of parametric tools, such as Grasshopper for Rhino, which has expanded the capacity to design more responsive and adaptive building envelopes. However, ref. [65] argues that there are still operational and data limitations to effectively integrating BIPV systems into the BIM environment. These limitations include the absence of high-resolution local meteorological and topographic data and the lack of economic databases covering PV product costs, storage, and balancing systems. Key aspects of financial viability, such as data on local energy prices, government incentives, and financing options, are also scarce, making it more difficult to assess the return on investment and economic attractiveness of BIPV projects. Operationally, the lack of integrated real-time monitoring and control solutions, the absence of decommissioning planning, and the difficulties of accurate 3D visualization limit the adoption of these systems, especially in more complex urban contexts. From a technical perspective, [14] points to the limitations of 3D survey methods, such as LiDAR-generated point clouds and terrestrial laser scanners. The accuracy of photovoltaic potential simulations depends heavily on the density and semantic precision of these point clouds. The lack of semantic information and limitations in extracting details from complex facades reduce the reliability of simulations and, consequently, decision-making when planning the installation of BIPV systems.

Finally, ref. [69] reinforces that the lack of robust and updated climate databases, such as TMY3, which excludes extreme events, can generate inconsistencies in solar insolation simulations and, therefore, directly impact the accuracy of photovoltaic system performance predictions. The discrepancy between average climate data and data from specific years can result in distorted analyses of the efficiency and feasibility of solar energy generation. Thus, the reviewed literature shows that BIM-PV integration faces technical barriers, such as the complexity of dynamic shading simulation and the limitation of geometric and climate data; Operational barriers, including lack of interoperability and real-time monitoring; and financial barriers, resulting from local economic data and accessible financing models. Based on this discussion, this paper suggests the following proposition:

Proposition 3.

BIM-PV integration is plagued by technical, financial, and operational barriers that impact the performance and viability of PV projects integrated into the BIM environment.

Through Proposition 3 (P3), this paper argues that even in small-scale projects, BIM is essential to ensure the efficient integration of BIPV (building-integrated photovoltaics) systems and to avoid conflicts between disciplines. The absence of BIM can result in compatibility problems, such as interference between the electrical structure of the PV systems and the architectural and structural elements of the building. For example, it is common for roofs to house structures such as water tanks, elevator machine rooms, windowsills, and ventilation ducts, which can compromise the usable area for installing photovoltaic panels. In addition, these elements can generate shadows projected onto the panels, negatively impacting the energy efficiency of the PV plant. The lack of coordination between the architectural, structural, and electrical installation projects can result in overlapping components, requiring rework, delays, and increased costs during execution. BIM tools allow for the early detection of clashes (conflicts between disciplines), ensuring that the allocation of PV panels considers all the physical and technical variables of the built environment.

In addition, many countries already have mandates and regulations that require or encourage the use of BIM in large projects and smaller-scale public and private projects. Adopting BIM is a legal requirement in several jurisdictions, such as the United Kingdom, where it has been mandatory in public projects since 2016 by ISO 19650. In the United States, the General Services Administration (GSA) has required BIM in federal projects since 2003 by the National BIM Standard (NBIMS). The CORENET X system in Singapore has required BIM for large projects since 2015. Directive 2014/24/EU of the European Union recommends using BIM in public procurement, and it is already mandatory in countries such as Germany, France, and the Netherlands for government-funded projects. In Brazil, Decree 10.306/2020 provides for the gradual adoption of BIM in public works since 2021, while in China, incentives are offered for the use of BIM in infrastructure and sustainable buildings.

4.5. Potential Benefits of BIM-PV Integration

At the level of life cycle analysis, authors such as [15,52,61] address the study of embodied energy during the construction, use, and demolition phases of buildings, with an emphasis on the choice of materials and the evaluation of the energy performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems. In the design phase of PV plants and 3D models, BIM allows for energy performance simulations, facilitating the optimization of the layout and efficiency of solar panels in the project. In addition, integrated modeling with LCA enables environmental assessment, considering impacts from manufacturing and installing PV systems to their operation and disposal. This contributes to reducing the carbon footprint throughout the building’s life cycle. This integrated approach promotes using renewable energy sources such as solar energy, reducing dependence on fossil fuels and minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. In the AEC industry, developing projects aligned with NZEB principles requires an integrated approach that covers all phases of the building life cycle, from design to operation. The design phase is essential to ensure that energy efficiency and renewable energy generation strategies are incorporated into sustainable projects. In this phase, BIM allows for the creation of detailed digital models integrating disciplines such as architecture and structural, electrical, and hydraulic engineering [15,56,70].

Table 5. Potential benefits of BIM-PV integration.

Dimension	Code	Description	Sample Code
Potential Benefits (PB)	PB_1	Carbon reduction	1, 3, 8, 9, 12, 13, 16, 19, 22, 30, 34, 38, 46, 49, 54, 56, 58, 60.
	PB_2	Contribution to climate policies	11, 10, 27, 43, 46, 48, 50, 55, 57, 63.
	PB_3	Facilitate the calculation of the return on investment of PV systems at the design stage	8, 21, 22, 26, 28, 43, 45, 46, 50, 58.
	PB_4	Facilitates obtaining environmental certifications	15, 17, 28, 32, 45, 47, 51, 52, 56.
	PB_5	Integration of PV data into BIM models	28, 29, 30, 33, 45, 48, 50, 51, 54, 57.
	PB_6	Lifecycle analysis	3, 6, 9, 13, 16, 17, 22, 30, 33, 54.
	PB_7	Meet the requirements of net-zero energy buildings	6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 18, 19, 21, 22, 33, 34, 38, 46, 48, 49, 55.
	PB_8	Process automation	2, 7, 9, 16, 21, 24, 29, 45, 52, 59.
	PB_9	Promoting energy resilience	3, 8, 23, 28, 32, 45, 48, 50, 55, 59.
	PB_10	Retrofitting existing buildings	12, 13, 14, 15, 21, 24, 26, 45, 50, 61.

Note: The code description is shown in Appendix A.

presents the main potential benefits of BIM-PV integration in energy efficiency, sustainability, and technological innovation in AEC industry projects. Among the environmental gains, reducing carbon emissions (PB_1) and contributing to climate policies (PB_2) stand out, aligning projects with global decarbonization goals. In economic terms, BIM-PV integration facilitates calculating return on investment (PB_3) during the design phase, optimizing financial decision-making, and accelerating obtaining environmental certifications (PB_4), such as LEED and BREEAM. Integrating photovoltaic data into BIM models (PB_5) enables automated energy analyses, while life cycle analysis (PB_6) allows measuring environmental and economic impacts at all project phases. Regarding energy efficiency, the approach contributes to meeting the requirements of net-zero energy buildings (PB_7) by integrating simulations of renewable energy consumption and generation. From an operational point of view, process automation (PB_8), such as parametric simulations and energy calculations, reduces development time and design errors. In addition, BIM-PV integration promotes energy resilience (PB_9), favoring projects with greater energy autonomy and security against fluctuations in the electrical grid. Finally, the application in retrofitting existing buildings (PB_10) expands the possibilities for energy rehabilitation, modernizing old buildings with integrated photovoltaic systems.

Ref. [52] analyzes the performance of different HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems under six climate conditions, focusing on integrating BIM and fuzzy logic-based methods to reduce uncertainties. The research considers 36 scenarios, varying the energy source (electricity, natural gas, and solar) and including photovoltaic (PV) panels, performing life cycle assessments and energy simulations. The BIM model was developed in Revit, allowing the survey of materials and the quantification of environmental impacts, while the HOT2000 software (last version 11.10.20288) was used for energy simulations. The fuzzy approach was applied to analyze multiple criteria to classify the scenarios according to environmental and economic performance. The results show that integrating PV panels is essential to reducing carbon footprint. Still, its efficiency depends on the climate location and the integration strategy with HVAC systems. Increasing the photovoltaic capacity or including batteries would be necessary in cold climates to ensure greater energy efficiency during the winter [16,52].

Integrating BIPV systems with BIM modeling from the design phase of sustainable projects has demonstrated benefits in the environmental, economic, and energy spheres, in addition to enhancing the automation of intelligent processes. Ref. [67] highlights how applying an integrated workflow—which combines BIM modeling, passive retrofit strategies, and adopting BIPV systems—reduces energy consumption in buildings. In her case study of a hotel, modeling in Autodesk Revit and simulations in Insight 360 showed that integrating BIPV panels in the facades provided clean energy and reduced dependence on external sources. The integration also added aesthetic value to the building and improved internal thermal comfort, functioning as an additional insulation layer. Ref. [47] demonstrates that using Digital Twin (DT) integrated with BIM models enables real-time analysis of carbon emission sources and identifies opportunities for generating renewable energy, mainly through photovoltaic systems. Its methodology, supported by parametric simulations and geospatial data analysis, enables strategic decision-making, optimizing energy performance and contributing to the decarbonization of residential areas. This intelligent process increases buildings’ operational and environmental efficiency while favoring automation and continuous monitoring.

Simone [44]’s research reinforces this argument by proposing a multiparametric approach that integrates an assessment of indoor comfort, energy efficiency, reduction of carbon emissions, and analysis of the social cost of carbon. The study highlights the role of BIM in transient modeling to assess the availability of solar radiation, which allowed the definition of ideal areas for installing photovoltaic systems. This process resulted in the optimized installation of 280 PV panels, totaling 56 kWp, integrating renewable energy generation and storage, fundamental elements for the economic and energy viability of the project. Furthermore, ref. [58] highlights that using BIM in BIPV projects facilitates the customization and harmonization of photovoltaic systems with existing architecture, especially in buildings of historical value. The methodology promotes technical and economic optimization, reducing material waste and allowing the efficient use of commercial-sized panels. Finally, ref. [65] contributes to this discussion by presenting an approach that integrates energy simulations into the BIM environment, considering local climate variables and technical characteristics of PV modules. The workflow allows for a comprehensive assessment of the technical, economic, and environmental feasibility of BIPV systems, supporting more efficient design decisions aligned with sustainability regulations. In addition, BIM integration enhances the automation of analyses and the intelligent management of information throughout the system’s life cycle.

Thus, the analyzed studies demonstrate that integrating BIM with photovoltaic projects in the design phase promotes gains in energy efficiency, emission reduction, and economic viability. This integration enhances automated and intelligent processes to ensure control and quality in design and operation decisions for sustainable buildings. Based on this discussion, this article suggests the following proposition:

Proposition 4.

Integrating BIM with photovoltaic projects in the design phase of sustainable projects generates environmental, economic, and energy efficiency benefits and enhances the automation of intelligent processes.

4.6. Practical Interaction of Dimensions BIM-PV Applications

Figure 9 shows the frequency of codes, which was determined by counting the number of articles mentioning each code; about 63 articles were analyzed. For each code within the dimensions of BIM-PV systems application (BPS), parametric tools (PTS), BIM-PV integration challenges (BICs), and potential benefits (PBs), the number of articles in which it appears was identified. Then, relative frequency was calculated by dividing the number of articles mentioning the code by the total of 63 articles and multiplying by 100 to express the result as a percentage. Thus, in the BPS group, the most frequent code is BPS_11 (29%), related to the optimization of roof design, followed by BPS_7 (21%), which deals with the optimization of the layout of photovoltaic modules with generative design. Other codes, such as BPS_10 (19%) and BPS_8 (17%), also stand out. In the parametric tool group (PTS), the code PTS_5 stands out with 40%, indicating a strong presence in parametric modeling and simulation, while PTS_4 (19%) also stands out. As for the BIM-PV integration challenges (BIC), the frequency is distributed with codes such as BIC_1, BIC_2, BIC_5, and BIC_6, presenting 22% each, and BIC_4 (24%). Finally, in the potential benefits (PB) category, PB_1 (29%) and PB_7 (27%) have higher frequencies in the sample.

The BIM-PV dimensions interact practically in the professional routine of the AEC industry, primarily through design attributes that need to be considered when adopting solar energy systems. First, BIM professionals must analyze regional aspects for the implementation of photovoltaic plants on the roofs of buildings. This analysis includes the assessment of climatic seasonalities, which are investigated based on historical series of solar radiation. In BIM models, this information supports the evaluation of the performance of PV panels, considering variables such as self-shading of modules, interference from neighborhoods, tilt angle, available models and manufacturers, and the valuable area of the building’s roof.

These factors directly impact the layout of the PV plant and are decisive for optimizing the allocation of solar panels. In this context, the BIM-PV systems application (BPS) dimension connects directly with parametric tools and strategic technologies (PTSs) since BIM parametric tools enable the simulation and integrated planning of BIPV projects. These tools support the development of solutions geared towards strategic decision-making based on parametric data.

In this way, designers can anticipate challenges in implementing PV systems and develop strategies to mitigate or eliminate them. In addition, the benefits identified throughout this process are incorporated into the technical documentation, serving as justification for the solutions adopted and the necessary investment. A practical example would be the inclusion of these benefits in the project opening term and in the details of the activities that make up the project analytical structure (WBS).

The association between the BPS and PTS dimensions provides an early view of both the benefits and challenges that may arise throughout the life cycle of PV projects. Some challenges, such as the BICs mapped in this study, can be overcome when identified during the planning stage. For example, suppose the solar radiation database presents gaps or missing values. In that case, professionals can use statistical techniques to perform data imputation or search for regional databases that perform daily monitoring of solar conditions. Likewise, if the software presents interoperability problems, the technical team will have enough time to look for compatible alternatives on the market.

Despite these challenges, the benefits mapped out in this article reinforce the arguments for adopting BIPV projects, serving as a tool to convince the implementation of this technological solution in the AEC environment.

5. Discussion

The results of this paper identify the strategies for integrating BIM with photovoltaic energy production systems and how these approaches support the development of sustainable projects. The main findings of the literature on BIM and PV systems are discussed. Answering the research question introduced in this manuscript, implementing a BIM framework for photovoltaic energy planning during the design phase of sustainable projects requires integrating technological tools, collaborative processes, and parametric analyses focusing on energy efficiency and sustainability. This approach ranges from data collection to continuous performance assessment. Planning decisions in the design phase of AEC projects are based on predictive simulations and integrated analyses of BIM models with photovoltaic simulations.

First, the literature highlights that collecting and integrating data into the BIM environment is essential. This includes incorporating historical regional and climate data series obtained from databases such as PVGIS and climate monitoring agencies to ensure the accuracy of solar simulations. In addition, innovative approaches expand their findings by using photogrammetry and point clouds to capture the geometry of the building for the extraction of surfaces such as facades and roofs. Integrating energy and PV performance data should occur directly in the BIM model, using tools such as Revit, Dynamo, and Solarius-PV [16,44,61].

Energy simulations and parametric analyses are performed to optimize the project. Tools such as Ladybug, Honeybee, and EnergyPlus allow for the prediction of energy generation and consumption potential. Using generative design through Grasshopper and Dynamo facilitates the creation of multiple alternatives for solar panel layouts for different shading, tilt, and orientation conditions. The efficient exchange of information between AEC professionals in BIM models is achieved by adopting open interoperability standards, such as IFC. However, a challenge still to be overcome is integrating specialized software for photovoltaic projects into BIM environments [45,49]. In addition to energy simulations, the BIM framework should incorporate economic and sustainability analyses, such as life cycle assessments and cost-benefit analyses, to justify the implementation of the PV project at the design stage. This allows designers to assess energy performance and environmental and financial impacts throughout the entire life cycle of the building. Automation via Dynamo or Python (last version 3.13.2) scripts can be used to generate energy reports [20,71].

This paper also suggests four propositions throughout the results. Proposition 1 highlights the role of BIM in enhancing photovoltaic energy generation by integrating energy simulations, generative design, and strategic architectural decisions oriented towards sustainable projects. Proposition 2 highlights the influence of the application of parametric tools in the BIM-PV environment as a reflection of the multidisciplinary technological evolution in the AEC sector. Proposition 3 addresses the technical, financial, and operational barriers that compromise the feasibility of BIM-PV integration. In the technical aspect, interoperability limitations stand out due to the lack of common standards between software and high computational performance requirements. Financial barriers include high implementation costs, such as software licensing and specialized training, and the extended return on investment period. Proposition 4 highlights BIM-PV integration’s environmental, economic, energy, and operational benefits in sustainable projects. From a sustainable perspective, BIM-PV enables projects with high energy performance, favoring compliance with standards such as net-zero energy buildings.

Furthermore, this paper proposes the framework shown in Figure 10 that explores BIM-PV integration and identifies the propositions discussed in these manuscripts. It is argued that BIM-PV integration begins with collecting data about the building and its deployment area, including geometry, energy profile, and climate data. This process involves an in situ data acquisition system in which inverter performance parameters are captured and transmitted through autonomous or government data loggers. Simultaneously, meteorological estimates of parameters influencing PV generation are acquired and obtained from satellite-based software and local weather stations. In addition, queries can be made to climate databases, supported by Python (last version 3.13.2) scripts for the automated collection and processing of data on energy production and meteorological variables [43].

Then, the building is modeled in a BIM environment using software such as Autodesk Revit [69]. For example, the analysis of the photovoltaic potential on the building surfaces is conducted using Insight 360, a Revit plug-in that offers functionalities for solar irradiation simulations and energy capacity assessments to meet electrical demand. However, the photovoltaic generation capacity can be analyzed in the Solarius-PV software (last version 14.00D), which allows the modeling of the photovoltaic plant, including real characteristics of the system, and makes it possible to perform energy production analyses, considering the correct positioning of the solar panels based on geographic coordinates (latitude, longitude, and elevation) [55,70].

In this way, simulation in BIM models considers solar radiation data from climate databases integrated into software or manually entered from direct measurements. This modeling also includes the analysis of remote shading caused by distant elements, such as reliefs, buildings, and vegetation, based on photographic surveys integrated into the solar diagram of the site. Nearby shading, caused by adjacent structures (walls, antennas, and chimneys), is simulated directly in the plant layout, considering seasonal, daily, and hourly variations [70]. In the last phase, the simulation results are verified and validated, with the estimate of the monthly energy generated by the photovoltaic plant. To increase the reliability of the predictions, it is recommended to compare the simulation results with different climate data sources such as PVGIS [48].

The central argument developed in this article is that BIM-PV systems should be integrated during the design phase of projects. The development of sustainable buildings must consider energy efficiency, economic viability, and environmental impacts. Poorly planned architectural solutions can increase electricity consumption, compromising the ability of the photovoltaic system to meet demand [65]. For example, glazed facades increase thermal gain, requiring greater use of air conditioning. At the same time, poor solar orientation can cause high heat peaks in the afternoon, reducing energy efficiency, even with PV in operation. Another example is poor roof planning, where the solar panels are installed with inadequate inclination, lack of optimized orientation for solar capture, or interference from shading by architectural elements [56,73].

In this context, BIM-PV integration during the design phase enhances renewable energy production at a multidisciplinary level, typical of the BIM framework, which combines 3D modeling, energy simulations (6D), and life cycle analysis (7D) [15,20]. In the context of the BIM framework, this integration is carried out efficiently in the design phase since this is where predictive analyses and parametric optimizations are performed. The findings of this research show that in 6D BIM, tools such as EnergyPlus and DesignBuilder are applied to ensure that the PV system’s energy generation can meet the maximum possible operational energy demand, bringing the building closer to the condition of a net-zero energy building. Through 7D BIM (LCA), simulation results are integrated with environmental impact data throughout the life cycle of solar panels, quantifying the carbon footprint. The collaborative flow is made possible by interoperable platforms based on IFC, ensuring consistency and integration of data throughout the entire project life cycle [20,26,73].

Finally, the literature highlights that BIM-PV integration impacts the three dimensions of sustainability. From an environmental perspective, BIM-PV integration contributes to reducing environmental impact by enabling the creation of projects that optimize renewable energy generation and minimize energy consumption. From an economic perspective, integration optimizes resource management by analyzing investments through simulations in 3D BIM models during the design phase. Promoting energy-efficient projects also contributes to social equity, mainly when applied to social housing, by reducing electricity costs and increasing access to renewable sources. Furthermore, building projects aligned with sustainability goals strengthen environmental awareness and encourage more responsible practices in the communities involved.

AEC Industry Applications and Limitations

The literature on innovation in BIM-PV integration in the design phase of projects offers different types of applications and their limitations, as shown in

Table 6. Main AEC industry applications and limitations.

BIM-PV Integration	Problem to Solve	Limitations	Sample Code
Design and integration of rooftop PV systems	Performance inconsistencies; limited accuracy in solar simulations; integration challenges; optimize PV placement; improve energy forecasting and predict real-world performance; evaluate performance metrics to compare theoretical and experimental results; and refine design strategies.	The dependence on external climate data, software interoperability, and BIM simulations cannot fully account for the aging of PV modules and efficiency losses.	1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 17, 25, 29, 31, 35, 37, 40, 42, 47, 50, 53, 55, 59, 62, 63.
Parametric modeling to create a net-zero or energy-positive building design	Reduce the environmental footprint of buildings; lack of integration between renewable energy and building design; deficiency in life-cycle assessments for building energy efficiency.	Lack of precise local data; limited prefabrication integration; dependence on external PV recycling infrastructure.	3, 5, 6, 12, 14, 22, 34, 38, 43, 45, 46, 48, 49, 52.
BIM-based modeling of energy performance	Excessive electricity consumption; high cooling demands in tropical climates; need for an optimized design approach; energy performance uncertainties; high operational carbon emissions.	High initial investment costs; dependence on shading conditions; inconsistent data exchange; geometric distortions in modeling; computational inefficiency that requires extensive processing time.	8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 21, 27, 30, 33, 39, 41, 57.
Spatial analysis to predict the potential renewable energy generation	Inefficient energy allocation; performing spatiotemporal analysis to detect inefficient energy use; developing an interactive visualization platform.	Lack of real-time energy monitoring; dependence on user participation; interoperability challenges.	18, 20, 23, 28, 32, 36, 44, 54, 56, 60, 61.
Building energy retrofit simulation	The interdependency of urban resource systems, carbon neutrality targets, simulation of energy demand, and carbon footprint reduction across different retrofit strategies.	Complexity of multi-system modeling; economic feasibility; governance and policy challenges.	24, 26, 51, 58.

. The design and integration of photovoltaic systems on rooftops represent one of the main applications of BIM-PV by enabling performance simulations, optimizing solar panel positioning, and predicting energy generation. However, challenges such as inconsistencies in performance, limited accuracy in solar simulations, and difficulties in interoperability between BIM software and PV analysis tools persist. Ref [45] compared different simulation tools, such as SAM, PVsyst, and BIMsolar, and identified that traditional PV software has difficulties dealing with complex facade geometries and detailed shadow modeling, which directly impacts the accuracy of energy calculations. Evaluating performance metrics such as IEC 61724 standards enables comparison between theoretical and experimental results, refining design strategies. However, reliance on external climate data, interoperability issues, and the inability of BIM to accurately simulate PV module degradation over time are limitations that impact energy predictions [74].

Parametric modeling is one of the applications for simulating net-zero or positive energy balance buildings. These simulations consider solar orientation, building typology, and energy efficiency strategies. [61] applied parametric modeling to adapt the Powerhouse standard to the Andean equatorial climate. However, the application of this approach faces challenges such as a lack of accurate local data, limitations in integrating prefabricated components, and dependence on external infrastructure for recycling photovoltaic modules at the end of their life cycle [52,75].

Energy performance-based BIM modeling is applied to simulate buildings with high electricity consumption, excessive cooling demand in tropical climates, and the need for optimized design approaches. [67] analyzed the impact of semi-transparent photovoltaic facades on hotels in Jakarta to reduce thermal load and improve energy efficiency despite challenges such as high initial costs and dependence on shading conditions. However, barriers such as difficulties in exchanging data between software, geometric distortions in panel modeling, and the need for sizeable computational capacity to process complex simulations still limit its application on a large scale in the AEC sector [47,58].

Spatial analysis to predict renewable energy generation potential represents another essential aspect of BIM-PV. Using spatiotemporal analysis allows for the detection of inefficiencies in energy use and the development of interactive visualization platforms. Ref. [76] proposed iARTS, an augmented reality system that will enable residents to visualize and understand their energy consumption in real-time. However, the lack of continuous energy monitoring, dependence on active user participation, and difficulties in interoperability between different simulation and monitoring systems reduce the effectiveness of this approach.

Finally, building energy retrofit simulation has been applied to achieve carbon neutrality goals through the need to reduce emissions from the AEC sector. Detailed analysis of the energy demand and environmental impact of different retrofit strategies allows renewable energy-oriented planning for sustainable cities. However, the complexity of modeling multiple systems, economic feasibility issues, and regulatory and governance challenges remain obstacles to the large-scale implementation of these solutions [26,77].

The results of this paper show that BIM-PV integration in different applications generates environmental, economic, and energy benefits. Using parametric modeling and energy simulations in the BIM environment, as seen in [62,65], allows for optimizing the energy design and performance of BIPV systems from the conception phase. Tools such as Revit, Dynamo, and Insight 360 facilitate the automation of design and analysis processes for greater data accuracy and efficiency in implementation. On the other hand, limitations persist, as highlighted by [14,47], mainly regarding the availability of high-resolution climate and geospatial data, in addition to the difficulties of interoperability between software and the high initial implementation costs. Despite these challenges, studies such as [67] demonstrate that the integrated application of BIM and BIPV in building retrofits can increase energy performance, real estate value, and thermal comfort, promoting substantial reductions in carbon emissions.

In this context, Figure 11 provides a comparative analysis of the five principal applications of BIM-PV integration for future research into the automation of BIM-PV processes. In the case of rooftop PV system design and integration, the focus is on optimizing module positioning and forecasting energy generation. The level of automation is considered medium because although BIM tools and machine learning systems optimize simulations and forecasts, there is still a need for manual input of climate data and design parameters. In contrast, net-zero and energy-positive have a high level of automation, driven by tools such as Revit (Dynamo), Grasshopper, and Ladybug, and optimization systems based on artificial intelligence. BIM-based energy performance modeling can evolve through life cycle simulations (LCA/LCC) in the BIM environment. Spatial analysis for renewable energy potential can identify surfaces with high potential for photovoltaic generation. This application, which integrates photogrammetry, LiDAR, and spatial analysis in platforms such as Grasshopper and Ladybug, allows for strategically mapping areas to install PV systems, supporting energy planning decisions on an urban scale. Finally, building energy retrofit simulation can advance using Digital Twins and artificial intelligence to optimize retrofit strategies, predictive maintenance, and real-time monitoring.

6. Conclusions, Implications, and Future Directions for Research

This research developed an integrated framework for BIM-PV projects that can be applied in photovoltaic planning during the design phase of sustainable projects. The study shows that the success of implementing the BIM-PV framework is related to the ability to integrate parametric tools, promote interoperability between platforms and predictive simulations, and assess the life cycle of projects. In addition, the study reinforces that investments in technological innovation, professional qualification, and open standards for data sharing are essential to overcome the identified barriers and expand the adoption of BIM-PV integration.

This research offers managerial contributions by proposing a strategic framework that guides professionals in the AEC industry in implementing BIM-PV projects with a focus on energy efficiency and sustainability. The research identifies the main barriers and benefits of BIM-PV integration and systematizes the main parametric tools used in the literature. In project management, the study demonstrates that this integration allows simultaneous analysis of multiple scenarios, such as photovoltaic panel layouts, shading, and energy balance. This provides documentation that can be implemented in project charters to justify the high costs of implementing solar panels. This approach also facilitates the achievement of goals such as net-zero energy buildings. For portfolio managers, especially in public projects such as social housing or sustainable public buildings, the framework presented serves as a reference for implementing renewable energy solutions integrated into the project life cycle. In addition to the management contributions, the research aligns directly with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The goals covered by the research are SDG 7—Affordable and Clean Energy, SDG 9—Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, SDG 11—Sustainable Cities and Communities, SDG 12—Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 13—Climate Action.

For AEC industry professionals, this paper’s findings highlight the importance of standardizing workflows and interoperability between BIM and PV software. Tools such as Revit, PVsyst, Ladybug Tools, and Solarius PV have complementary functionalities, but the lack of direct integration between them results in manual processes and loss of efficiency. Thus, the paper highlights the importance of developing compatibility protocols or dedicated plug-ins for data connection between parametric modeling and PV simulation to reduce errors and optimize the workflow of designers and engineers.

Another practical recommendation involves incorporating life cycle analysis (LCA) directly into the BIM environment, allowing designers to assess the environmental impact of PV systems from the design phase. Currently, energy performance analyses are fragmented, limiting the view of the impact over time. Integrations with environmental databases, such as EPDs (environmental product declarations) and sustainability assessment tools (LEED, BREEAM), would help quantify carbon emissions, energy efficiency, and payback time of BIPV and BAPV systems in buildings.

In addition, using artificial intelligence to predict the energy performance of BIM-PV systems can improve the reliability of simulations. Learning models based on local weather data, energy consumption patterns, and seasonal variations can increase the accuracy of predictions and improve the management of distributed generation. Another important recommendation is the adoption of BIM-PV in the retrofit and renovation sector of existing buildings. Finally, governments and regulators should encourage the adoption of BIM-PV in public policies and sustainable urban projects. Tax incentives, mandatory certifications, and financing for buildings that integrate renewable energy with BIM modeling could accelerate the implementation of these technologies in the industry.

The proposed framework can be implemented in various organizational contexts within the AEC industry. In architectural and engineering design firms, the framework supports project teams in integrating BIM-PV workflows during the design phase of commercial or residential buildings. For example, a design team working on a Net-Zero Energy office building can use parametric tools such as Revit (Dynamo) and Ladybug. Simulation results can be incorporated into the project charter and BIM execution plan to justify the initial investment in BIPV systems to stakeholders. In public sector organizations, such as municipal governments managing social housing programs, the framework can guide the standardization of BIPV integration across multiple projects. For example, housing authorities in Brazil can use it to comply with Decree 10.306/2020 by integrating PV systems into affordable housing projects while ensuring alignment with national energy efficiency mandates. The framework can be incorporated into public procurement procedures, establishing technical requirements for BIM-based PV simulations during bidding. In facilities management departments of large corporate campuses or educational institutions, the framework can be used to develop digital twin models that integrate real-time data from BIPV installations. For example, a university campus could implement the framework to monitor the energy production of PV systems installed in different buildings, using the data for predictive maintenance, energy optimization, and tracking progress toward institutional sustainability goals such as achieving carbon neutrality.

Future Research Opportunities

This research has limitations that offer opportunities for future research. The main restriction refers to the temporality of the sample since the metadata set is limited to scientific articles published until 2024. As technology evolves, the literature findings can integrate other innovative strategies for BIPV systems, and new BIM software can be developed. In addition, the BIM-PV integration strategies discussed in this article do not encompass the discussion of regional, economic, and climate challenges faced in countries, specifically in developing countries.

As a direction for future research, it is recommended that multidisciplinary technologies be applied in the predictive analysis of solar irradiation, roof layout optimization, and generative design of 3D BIM models, as presented in Figure 11 and Table 3. Future studies can investigate how predictive algorithms can contribute to optimizing the performance of BIPV systems in megacities with multiple shading and orientation variables. Furthermore, it is recommended that future research expands the interoperability analysis between different BIM platforms, seeking solutions that improve data compatibility and integration between energy simulation tools and parametric modeling. Developing open standards and workflows based on common data environments (CDEs) should be investigated to overcome the identified technical barriers. Another relevant direction is the practical application of the BIM-PV framework in real case studies, especially in energy retrofit projects of existing buildings. Future research should also explore the social dimension of BIM-PV integration, investigating how adopting renewable technologies impacts social housing projects, especially in regions with low energy infrastructure.