Determining Essential Indicators for Feasibility Assessment of Using Initiative Green Building Methods in Revitalization of Worn-Out Urban Fabrics

Abstract

Purpose—The reconstruction of worn-out urban fabrics poses a significant challenge in sustainable urban development, as such places, due to their decay and infrastructural inefficiencies, diminish residents’ quality of life and generate many environmental, social, and economic issues. Meanwhile, green building techniques have emerged as a novel option because they focus on environmental sustainability and resource efficiency. Nonetheless, effectively executing these strategies in worn-out urban fabrics necessitates a thorough feasibility evaluation to identify the associated obstacles and implementation prerequisites. The current study aimed to identify critical indicators for the feasibility of employing contemporary green building techniques in the repair of worn-out urban fabrics in Iran. The revitalization of worn-out urban fabrics is essential to enhancing the quality of life of urban inhabitants. Regarding this matter, the concept of green buildings, which emphasizes environmental sustainability, deserves significant attention. Meanwhile, feasibility assessments can help to successfully implement these changes in worn-out urban fabrics. Accordingly, the current study seeks to determine the essential indicators for the feasibility assessment of using initiative green building methods in the revitalization of worn-out urban fabric. Design/methodology/approach—In this vein, two rounds of the Delphi survey technique were carried out to identify and consolidate the indicators for the feasibility assessment of using initiative green building methods in the revitalization of the worn-out urban fabric in Iran. A research questionnaire was developed after reviewing the literature. It consists of four main dimensions (i.e., environmental, cultural–social, management–legal, and technical–technological) containing a total of 26 distinct indicators. The questionnaire was distributed among 123 experienced specialists. Eventually, the collected data were analyzed using the SPSS and Smart PLS programs. Findings—The results revealed that identified dimensions and indicators can be considered significant and essential indices in evaluating the use of initiative green building methods in the revitalization of worn-out urban fabric. Furthermore, the sequence of importance of the dimensions was environmental, followed by technical and technological, cultural and social, and managerial and legal. The environment, with an average rating of 3.33, ranked first; technical–technology, with an average rating of 2.45, ranked second; cultural–social, with an average rating of 2.15, ranked third; and management–legal, with an average rating of 2.07, ranked fourth. Furthermore, among the ranked indicators, the utilization of natural plants as a source of inspiration for living design in communal areas, aimed at toxin absorption and gas mitigation while achieving thermal equilibrium, received the highest average rating of 18.22, securing the first position. Conversely, the indicator assessing residents’ financial capacity, and the establishment of executive assurances and governmental support for the revitalization of the neighborhoods’ fabric garnered the lowest average rating of 10.98, placing it 26th and final. Originality/value—This research’s findings can significantly influence public policy and urban planning initiatives, aiding in the sustainable repair of worn-out urban fabrics in Iran by offering a systematic framework for evaluating the viability of innovative green building techniques.

1. Introduction

City and municipal engineering have faced many problems with the increasing urbanization and population growth in recent years. One of these problems is the exhaustion and deterioration of the old neighborhoods and fabric of the city [1]. The old fabric of cities loses its dynamism with the passage of time, and good urban neighborhoods turn into problematic neighborhoods and are unable to respond to the new needs of urban communities [2]. The world’s big cities have faced problems caused by the exhaustion and deterioration of the fabric since the 1970s [3].

Expecting people to live in an environment that lacks urban living standards and does not conform to today’s needs is far from the criteria of social justice [4]. The worn-out urban fabric refers to areas within the legal boundaries of cities that are vulnerable due to physical wear and tear, inadequate vehicle access, facilities, services, and urban infrastructure, and have low spatial, environmental, and economic value [5]. Compared to other areas of the city, these areas have fallen behind the flow of development and the evolutionary cycle of life, and have become the focus of inadequacies and urban problems [6].

The worn-out urban fabrics mainly include the primary and main core of the city, which, over time, have not been able to find the required compatibility with the accelerated growth of modernism [2]. The phenomenon of wear and tears in urban fabrics affects economic and social activities, causing imbalance, disproportion, disorganization, and inefficiency. Urban elements and spaces have a limited lifespan and change and wear out over time; in other words, no space nor buildings can survive for long periods of time without renovation [7]. Just as the human body renews itself by replacing old cells with new ones, cities also need to be renovated by replacing old buildings with new ones [8]. Urban regeneration, defined as the transformation of the urban fabric from its initial condition, enhances both the physical and social quality of impacted places and is essential for augmenting urban resilience [9]. Urban resilience refers to the capacity of urban systems to withstand crises and revert to their stable condition following environmental alterations and difficulties. Renovation projects, particularly those executed using a sustainable and ecological methodology, can enhance the resilience of metropolitan regions to environmental and social catastrophes. Urban regeneration, particularly in at-risk areas, can enhance the city’s ability to address diverse issues, such as climate change and economic crises [10]. The rehabilitation process enhances the quality of life of residents in these places and indirectly fortifies urban resilience. The rehabilitation of deteriorated structures frequently necessitates the reconstruction of infrastructure and the enhancement of access to important services, serving as a crucial element in mitigating regional vulnerability to crises and unforeseen events [11]. Recent studies in urban resilience indicate that developing sustainable and resilient infrastructure to withstand climate and environmental conditions is a crucial element in the repair of deteriorated structures [12].

Conversely, employing green buildings as a crucial strategy in the rehabilitation of deteriorating structures can substantially enhance urban resilience. Green buildings, characterized by designs that optimize energy consumption, utilize sustainable materials, enhance air quality, and mitigate environmental consequences, can facilitate the renovation of deteriorated structures and foster resilience against crises. These structures, employing contemporary technologies and sustainable practices, not only diminish energy consumption, but also mitigate regional susceptibility to climate change and environmental difficulties, enhancing the resilience and sustainability of these areas against prospective disasters [13]. Additionally, the materials and technologies used in the building play a significant role in creating the right construction and protecting the environment. The choice of sustainable building materials and the use of appropriate technology ensures the health of the environment [14]. Contemporary construction materials and technologies significantly enhance energy efficiency, diminish expenses, and optimize resource utilization. Sustainable and eco-friendly materials, like green concrete, low-emission glass, enhanced thermal and acoustic insulation, polymer composites, and recycled materials, are excellent solutions for enhancing the energy efficiency of buildings. Besides minimizing energy waste and greenhouse gas emissions, the utilization of these materials will enhance the durability and performance of buildings over time [15].

In the design and construction of buildings, the use of new technologies has a 56% effect on the proper use of resources and energy. The indicators of the use of modern construction technology, which includes their use in the design and implementation of structural systems, etc., if placed in line with the preservation of cultural and environmental values, could improve the quality of construction [16]. Today, great steps have been taken in the field of environmental pollution control by investing in the renewable energy sector, improving energy efficiency, and new technologies. The construction of green buildings started being paid attention to when the value and importance of non-renewable resources increased and the danger of the depletion of underground water resources and pollution from big cities became apparent [17]. According to the World Green Building Council (WGBC), this building is intended to minimize negative impacts and create positive impacts on the climate and natural environment by adopting appropriate measures during the design, construction, and operation stages [18]. The concept of green buildings is becoming increasingly popular as they are recognized as environmentally friendly buildings [19,20]. The meaning of green building is not about color, but refers to buildings that are built with consideration for the environment and in a sustainable way. In the construction of green buildings, native and local materials are usually used [21].

Rapid depletion of non-renewable resources, climate change, and environmental pollution are the main reasons for adopting green construction practices [22]. Green buildings have been embraced by governments around the world as a strategy to improve the sustainability of the construction industry [23]. Less energy and water consumption, improved indoor air quality, increased health and productivity, and increased property value are among the benefits listed for green buildings. Sustainable buildings can reduce their negative effects on the environment and improve living conditions [24]. Green buildings perform better than conventional buildings; in general, the goal of green buildings is to build buildings that are compatible with the environment and conserve energy [25]. A green building, encompassing design, construction, and operation, must be strategically planned to maximize energy and water usage, diminish the consumption of natural resources, and decrease waste production [26].

Among its other effects, minimizing the release of pollutants into water, air, and soil and reducing sound and light pollution are included; as a result, it minimizes adverse effects on the environment [27]. The most serious problem in the construction of green buildings is the increase in cost. Hard and soft costs are types of costs. Hard cost is related to construction and physical issues, and soft cost includes management issues, design, taxes, etc. [28]. The main ability of green projects is to reduce the negative effects of construction while optimizing time and cost.

Considering the aforementioned factors, it is important to recognize that Iran possesses significant climatic variability, with a substantial portion of its territory situated in arid and hot regions characterized by high solar radiation, considerable diurnal temperature variations, limited precipitation, and low humidity levels. These climatic conditions directly affect structural deterioration, elevate energy consumption, and diminish the quality of urban living. The deteriorated urban fabrics, primarily located in the historical centers and central areas of Iranian cities, exhibit significant susceptibility to thermal extremes and other environmental threats due to non-adherence to climatic design principles, reliance on traditional materials, and an absence of contemporary construction standards. Moreover, these regions frequently lack enough infrastructure for energy management, natural ventilation, and the implementation of sustainable technology. Consequently, employing green building techniques in the renovation of these structures can enhance energy efficiency, bolster urban resilience, and elevate residents’ living conditions through effective climate design, sustainable materials, and contemporary energy management systems. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the viability of employing contemporary techniques and sustainable construction in the refurbishment of inefficient structures in Iran. The format of this study is arranged such that the second section reviews the research background. The third portion encompasses the research methodology and the phases of executing the investigation. The fourth section delineates the research findings and the outcomes of statistical analysis. The fifth section is devoted to findings and practical recommendations.

2. Literature Review

Green buildings are specifically designed to minimize their overall impact on human health and the natural environment by efficiently utilizing energy, water, and other resources, thereby aligning with the principles of sustainability [29]. Sustainable behavior, which refers to responsible actions that emerge from the interaction between individuals and their built environment, plays a crucial role in this correlation. The design and operation of green buildings can significantly influence occupants’ sustainable behaviors, promoting practices that reduce resource consumption and enhance environmental stewardship [30]. However, the effectiveness of these buildings in fostering sustainable behavior is often hindered by the value–action gap, which highlights the discrepancy between individuals’ intentions to act sustainably and their actual behaviors [31]. Behavioral change theory provides insights into how psychological principles can be applied to encourage sustainable practices within the context of green buildings. By identifying critical stages in the lifecycle of buildings where interventions can be made, stakeholders can address the value–action gap and promote more sustainable behaviors among occupants [32]. This approach emphasizes the need for a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic systems that govern human behavior in relation to the built environment [33]. Despite the potential benefits of green buildings, several barriers impede the realization of sustainable behaviors. These include an over-reliance on technological solutions and market-driven approaches, which may overlook the necessity of changing user behavior [34]. Furthermore, the economic benefits associated with green buildings, such as lower operational costs and increased property values, can incentivize their adoption, thereby reinforcing the link between sustainability and financial performance [35]. By leveraging behavioral change theory and overcoming existing barriers, stakeholders can enhance the effectiveness of green buildings in promoting sustainability, ultimately contributing to a more sustainable future [36].

Numerous studies have been undertaken in the domain of green buildings and deteriorating structures. For instance, Mohammadi Gojani et al. [37] analyzed the deteriorated structure of Shahrekord, Iran, and concluded that spatial physical interventions significantly influence the effective regeneration of this structure, followed by marketing components of place promotion, and non-spatial interventions, in that order. Conversely, it was discovered that branding influences the revitalization of deteriorated urban structures in Shahrekord. Ahmadi Fouladi et al. [38] concluded that achieving sustainability and an acceptable standard of dilapidated structural space necessitates specific interactions among urban subsystems within environmental–physical elements. Darvish et al. [39] analyzed the deteriorated fabric of District 9 in Tehran, Iran, and concluded that integrating a renovation strategy with an emphasis on spatial quality and adherence to its principles, aligned with the physical attributes and socio-economic characteristics of the neighborhood, can address the issues of inefficient and dilapidated structures and housing quality in Tehran over the long term. Furthermore, the role of urban management as a governing body overseeing renovation, with a focus on suitable aggregation patterns aimed at producing quality housing, is highly effective. Mokhtari et al. [40] concluded that social and economic aspects must be incorporated in the neighborhood-based strategy to revitalizing the deteriorated urban fabric in Zahedan, Iran. Mahmoudian [41], in a study across various regions of Iran, addressed the objective of establishing green buildings, which is to enhance the climate, mitigate the adverse environmental impacts of construction, and ultimately improve human quality of life and health while fulfilling their daily requirements. Consequently, the construction of a green building enhances individual health while simultaneously augmenting resident enjoyment and utility. Eidian [42], in analyzing the framework for constructing a sustainable city in Iran, determined that achieving this goal through green architecture and contemporary construction technologies necessitates a focus on buildings, transportation, parks and green spaces, urban design, and modern technologies, in that order. Subsequently, effective measures must be implemented to develop and establish a sustainable city by strategically planning for these elements. Akbari and Heidari [43] concluded that social participation in green building, along with the economic and environmental value of green buildings, significantly influences the sustainable development of urban green buildings in Iran.

Yaqoubi and Shams [44] believe that factors like creating appropriate institutional and legal platforms to manage the range of target neighborhoods under integrated urban management, empowerment, and capacity building in municipalities and Islamic councils of the city (from the perspective of financial budgeting, human resources, organization structure, and institution building) are considered the most effective regeneration strategies for improving the worn-out fabric of Ilam city. Rasouli et al. [45] believe that it is necessary to encourage people’s participation, and that this is one of the most important pillars of success in organizing and revitalizing worn-out structures in Sari. Asadian and Sayahi [46] concluded that the low quality of buildings, construction materials, and social anomalies, as well as the low income of the residents and their inability to renovate and improve the fabric, have caused these fabrics to worsen day by day and create chaos in the area; therefore, it is necessary to find a solution to solve these problems. Agyekum et al. [47] identified all the barriers to green building project financing; however, five of these items, i.e., the motivation gap, risk-related barriers, capital expenditure, a lack of incentives, and the cost of capital, were identified as the main barriers. The limitation of this study was that the opinions of key stakeholders, such as the government, financial institutions, and beneficiaries, were not considered.

Yas and Jaafer [48] analyzed the determinants influencing the advancement of green buildings in the United Arab Emirates. The findings of this study indicate that the absence of companies proficient in executing green projects in the UAE, the deficiency of specialized and experienced personnel in the domain of green buildings, adversely impacting the quality of implementation and acceptance of this technology, and the limited sustainable availability of green building materials and technologies in the local market, present significant obstacles to the advancement of this approach in the UAE and other Middle Eastern nations. Consequently, for the sustainable advancement of green buildings in the region, it is imperative to enhance the capabilities of implementing firms, cultivate specialized human resources, and optimize the supply chain for innovative materials and technologies.

Simpeh and Smallwood [49] concluded that the benefits of green building are classified as socio-economic, financial, and health–social benefits, and the findings of this research can be used to identify the benefits of green building to encourage green building users. The research results can provide a basis for the continuous improvement and development of green buildings, and this improves their competitiveness compared with traditional construction methods. Chuen Chan et al. [50] concluded that there are twenty critical barriers to the adoption of green building technologies in developing countries. The three main barriers included the higher costs of green building technology, a lack of government incentives, and a lack of financing schemes. The findings of the study not only help to fill the knowledge gap about barriers to green building in developing countries, but also provide a valuable reference to help policy makers and practitioners take appropriate measures to reduce barriers to green building technology adoption. Enoma and Idehen [51] believe that the neglect of the government and organizations responsible for urban planning and development, along with poverty, has caused the urban fabric in Benin City to become worn-out. In addition, a significant effort was made concerning the transformation of Benin City, especially in the field of road renovation, public schools, the renovation of the central hospital, and erosion control. Palumbo et al. [52] believe that urban regeneration, along with cooperation with the government and the creation of places to encourage citizens’ participation, to provide plans that make it possible to achieve sustainable urban development, leads to social evolution, and in cases where urban renewal policies lead to urban instability, it appears as an obstacle. Hwang et al. [53] identified delays in 98 green building projects and 51 green building retrofit projects in Singapore. In total, 22% of Singapore’s green building projects were delayed, and retrofit projects were more likely to be delayed. Twenty risk factors in green projects were identified, and eight important factors were evaluated in detail. The risks included tenant participation in profits and losses, regulations, market demands, project financing, tenant participation before the deadline, stakeholder concerns, supply, and access to building materials and quality. Deng and Wu [54] concluded that the inconsistency of government regulations, the inability of the market to protect the interests of developers, and the inability to meet technical requirements are the three main obstacles to the implementation of a green building assessment system. Zuo and Zhao [55] concluded that green building users get more comfort from their buildings. They believed that good and bad features are more balanced in the overall evaluation of the building, which has favorable consequences for environmentally friendly projects.

Considering the background portion of the research, it is important to note that in Iran, the revitalization of inefficient urban environments using contemporary techniques and sustainable architecture has garnered significant attention in recent years. These strategies primarily aim to diminish energy usage, elevate environmental standards, and increase urban living conditions. Research undertaken in Iran primarily examines the technical and structural constraints of rehabilitation, with the environmental advantages of sustainable practices in inefficient contexts. Investigations in this domain have demonstrated that the use of contemporary technologies, including renewable energy systems, the reduction in natural resource consumption, and the enhancement of environmental performance, can positively influence the repair of urban fabrics. Nevertheless, research in Iran has inadequately addressed the social, economic, and cultural ramifications of this process; hence, the relationship between these advances and the distinct issues faced by Iranian urban regions necessitates further comprehensive investigation. Factors such as economic volatility, disparities in income levels, and cultural issues about the acceptability of new methods may result in delayed acceptance or outright hostility to these approaches. Conversely, an examination of studies from various countries indicated that the revitalization of inefficient urban zones through green buildings has employed analogous methodologies, emphasizing the reduction in adverse environmental effects and the enhancement of urban living standards. These studies indicate that the effectiveness of renovating inefficient urban regions, particularly in countries with distinct cultural and economic traits, is significantly reliant on the capacity to align these strategies with local conditions. In nations with analogous traits, particularly developing countries, the implementation of green technologies and energy-efficient structures necessitates a meticulous evaluation of social and economic obstacles to realize their beneficial impacts; consequently, current research underscores the importance of addressing these challenges during the renovation of inefficient urban zones. The issues in Iran necessitate a thorough analysis and adaptation to its unique climatic, economic, and social attributes to ensure the effective and sustainable implementation of the green restoration process.

3. Research Methodology

The current research utilized a survey-based descriptive method with the applied goal of determining indicators for assessing the feasibility of utilizing innovative green building methods in the revitalization of worn-out urban fabric. The statistical population consisted of all of the project managers, employers, consultants, executives, experts, and senior experts active in the field of green buildings in the renovation of worn-out urban fabric throughout Iran, who were selected using the snowball sampling method. Due to the unlimited size of the statistical population to estimate the required sample size, a preliminary study including the distribution of 30 questionnaires was conducted, and the appropriate sample size for the research was 123 people according to Cochran’s sample size formula for the unlimited statistical population.

Eligibility for participation in this study required a minimum of a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering, architecture, project management, urban planning, or similar disciplines in building and urban redevelopment. Conversely, a minimum of five years of practical experience in areas pertinent to construction, the renovation of deteriorated structures, or sustainable buildings was required, along with involvement in a principal sector of the construction industry, such as contracting firms, engineering consultancy offices, governmental entities associated with urban development, and urban management organizations, as well as a record of engagement in green building initiatives or renovation projects for dilapidated structures. The questionnaire employed in this study is an original instrument developed from theoretical foundations and the research literature, thereafter distributed to 24 experts in multiple phases for validation and consensus, following the Delphi approach. The Delphi approach was chosen for its capacity to find and achieve consensus among experts on intricate and multifaceted situations. This strategy enables the attainment of valid indicators through the incremental collection of expert opinions and the systematic refinement of responses. In contrast to conventional survey techniques that gather responses in a single phase or the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), which solely prioritizes designated indicators, the Delphi method is more adept at extracting and validating indicators prior to quantitative analyses. Consequently, this method has been instrumental in systematically identifying feasibility indicators for green building in the renovation of deteriorated structures.

The results of the first round of the Delphi survey indicated that out of the 28 questions in the questionnaire sent to the experts, 3 questions were removed because of an average score of less than 3. In addition, the experts were of the opinion that it is necessary to add a question to the managerial–legal dimension; therefore, a questionnaire containing 26 questions (refer to

Table 1. Identified dimensions and indicators.

No.	Dimensions	Identified Indicators	References
I1	Environmental	The possibility of designing and building sustainable materials compatible with nature to improve the health of the environment.	[14,56,57]
I2		The role of sustainable materials in enhancing citizens’ physical health and elevating their quality of life.	[55,58,59,60]
I3		Using natural plants as inspiration for living designs in common spaces to absorb toxins and dangerous gases, and to achieve temperature balance.	[61]
I4		The existence of water storage methods in green buildings (using gray water) and saving the amount of water that would be consumed by using green concrete.	[62,63]
I5	Cultural–social	The existence of the platforms necessary to cultivate the use of new construction technologies.	[64,65]
I6		Benefiting from tools to improve the quality of the indoor environment (air, light, acoustics, etc.) to focus on human health.	[66,67,68,69,70,71]
I7		Estimating the financial ability of the residents and creating an executive guarantee and support from the government in revitalizing the fabric of the neighborhood.	[72,73,74]
I8		The identity and sense of belonging of people in relation to worn-out structures and their interest in renovation.	[46]
I9		The socio-cultural fabric necessary to gain people’s trust.	[75]
I10	Managerial-legal	The degree to which green building rating standards are fulfilled in remodeling projects.	[76]
I11		Determining the incentive and support rules from the managers of the renovation of worn-out fabric.	[50,77]
I12		Calculating the level of proficiency of the work teams and using the experience of contracting companies in the field of green building.	[78,79]
I13		Benefiting from long-term loans aimed at improving the quality and strength of housing.	[80]
I14		The existence of regulations facilitating the use of initiative green building methods in relevant organizations.	[81]
I15		The existence of the platform necessary to attract the opinion of the private sector to participate in the revival of the worn-out fabric.	[82]
I16		Employing expert and experienced personnel to apply and implement green equipment.	[48,83]
I17		The time management of the project due to the impact on the lives of people living in the area.	[11,84]
I18		The commitment of project owners and participants involved in the delivery of green construction projects.	[85]
I19		Cultivation, advertising, and the support of legal institutions.	(Opinions of experts)
I20	Technical–technological	The possibility of using insulation (acoustic, thermal, etc.) according to the conditions of the building environment.	[86]
I21		The possibility of using intelligent systems to manage energy consumption.	[87,88,89]
I22		Access to new technologies for carbon reduction and greenhouse gas production.	[78,90]
I23		The possibility of using effective technologies for the implementation of green buildings.	[91]
I24		The availability of essentials and materials (smart, polymer, recycled, renewable, etc.) for use in green buildings and the optimization of energy consumption.	[92,93,94,95,96,97,98]
I25		Sharing information on new developments in green building innovations.	[99,100]
I26		The safety standards for and retrofitting of existing buildings using durable materials.	[101,102,103,104]

) was prepared after applying the new changes and sent to the experts again. As shown in Figure 1, in the second round of Delphi surveying, all the questions obtained an average above 3, and with Kendall’s agreement coefficient (0.703), under 26 indicators based on a 5-point Likert scale and 4 main dimensions (environmental, cultural–social, managerial–legal, technical–technological) were approved and finalized.

The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using the opinions of a number of respondents, and the content validity was confirmed using the opinions of several subject experts. Also, factor analysis was used in SmartPLS 4 software to check the construct validity of the questionnaire. Figure 1 shows the coefficients of the factor loadings of the research questionnaire, which indicates that all indicators obtained a coefficient above 0.7 and were confirmed, which signifies a robust affirmation of the correlations between observable variables and latent factors. The proximity of factor loadings to 1 indicates a greater correlation between the observable variable and the latent component. This implies that the observed variable effectively accounts for the fluctuations in the latent factor, underscoring its significance within the research model. Higher factor loadings signify that the observed variable more significantly influences the model’s overall structure and enhances predictive accuracy [105].

In addition, in

Table 2. Model fit indicators.

Dimensions	Average Variance Extracted (AVE)	Cronbach’s Alpha	Composite Reliability	R2	Communality	Q2	F2	Standardized Path Coefficients (β)	GOF
Cultural–social	0.564	0.805	0.866	0.743	0.318	0.387	2.888	0.862	0.668
Technical–technological	0.671	0.918	0.934	0.788	0.450	0.490	3.722	0.888
Environmental	0.616	0.794	0.865	0.411	0.379	0.227	0.699	0.641
Managerial–legal	0.697	0.952	0.958	0.860	0.486	0.555	6.159	0.928

and

Table 3. Divergent validity of research questionnaire dimensions.

No.	Dimensions	1	2	3	4
1	Cultural–social	0.751
2	Technical–technological	0.674	0.819
3	Environmental	0.590	0.543	0.785
4	Managerial–legal	0.744	0.725	0.426	0.835

, we show the results of the fit criteria of the model being examined and tested in SmartPLS software. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient evaluates the internal consistency reliability of a model, with values ranging from 0 to 1. A score of 0.7 signifies acceptable dependability, although a value of 0.6 is deemed acceptable for variables with a limited number of questions. Composite reliability is regarded as a superior metric compared to Cronbach’s alpha, as it assigns greater significance to indicators with larger factor loadings. A composite dependability value of 0.7 signifies sufficient reliability. Convergent validity pertains to the correlation of constructs with research inquiries, and an Average Variance Extracted (AVE) value exceeding 0.5 signifies satisfactory convergent validity. The R² criteria measure the degree to which variations in dependent variables are accounted for by independent variables, with values over 0.67 deemed favorable [106]. The Q² criteria assess the model’s predictive capability, with a positive result signifying a strong model fit [107]. The F² score assesses the strength of the association between constructs, with values of 0.35, 0.15, and 0.2 signifying minor, medium, and large impacts, respectively [108]. The GOF index is utilized to assess model quality, with values approaching 1 signifying satisfactory quality [109]. Divergent validity assesses the relationship between a component and its indicators with respect to its association with other components. Acceptable divergent validity signifies enhanced interaction between the component and its indications. Fornell and Larker [110] assert that divergent validity is deemed acceptable when the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) for each construct exceeds its shared variance with other constructs. In structural equation modeling, this analysis is conducted utilizing a matrix that comprises the correlation coefficients among the components and the square root of the AVE values. The model demonstrates acceptable divergent validity when the values in the primary matrix diameter exceed their underlying values, indicating that the constructs are sufficiently dissimilar from one another, hence confirming the model’s divergent validity. A correlation between constructs above the square of the AVE signifies overlap and interference, potentially undermining the model’s validity. The results in Table 2 demonstrate that the Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability values for all components exceed 0.7; thus, the model’s dependability is deemed satisfactory. The convergent validity value exceeds 0.5 for all components, indicating acceptable convergent validity. The R2 values found show a favorable match of the structural model. Furthermore, based on the value of Q2, it can be inferred that the model exhibits strong predictive capability and has effectively forecasted the pertinent values. The values found for the F2 variable show that the model’s effect size is favorable. The obtained GOF value is 0.668, indicating a satisfactory model fit. Table 3 demonstrates that the model exhibits satisfactory divergent validity.

Finally, to analyze the research questions, one-sample t-testing and Friedman testing were used in SPSS 28 software.

As shown in Table 2, all the fit criteria were estimated to be suitable and desirable; on the other hand, Table 3 also shows the validity of the different dimensions of the research questionnaire using the method of Fornell and Larcker [110]. Since the numbers listed in the main diameter are greater than their underlying values, it can be concluded that the validity model has an acceptable variance.

4. Results

4.1. What Are Indicators for Feasibility Assessment of Using Initiative Green Building Methods in Revitalisation of Worn-Out Urban Fabric?

According to

Table 4. One-sample t-test results.

Dimensions (Variables)	Number	Mean	Standard Deviation	Test Value = 3
				t	df	p-Value	Lower Limit	Upper Limit
Environmental	123	4.028	0.736	15.490	122	0.000	0.897	1.159
Cultural–social	123	3.372	0.812	5.081	122	0.000	0.227	0.517
Managerial–legal	123	3.260	1.021	2.823	122	0.000	0.077	0.442
Technical–technological	123	3.528	0.901	6.500	122	0.000	0.367	0.689
Total	123	3.472	0.784	6.672	122	0.000	0.332	0.612

, the mean dimensions of environmental, cultural–social, management–legal, and technical–technology in the main variable of the research, i.e., the feasibility of using initiative green building methods in the renovation of worn-out urban fabric, respectively, equal (4.028), (3.372), (3.260), and (3.528), and the total questionnaire is equal to (3.472). Since the p-value in all dimensions and throughout the entire research questionnaire is less than (0.05), it has a significant difference with the test value, i.e., 3, as is the case in the above mean situation. On the other hand, considering that the upper and lower limits of the positive confidence interval have been obtained, it can be concluded that all the indicators and dimensions used can be considered relatively strong factors in the feasibility of using initiative green building methods in the renovation of worn-out urban fabrics.

4.2. What Is the Significance of Identified Indicators for the Feasibility Assessment of Using Initiative Green Building Methods in the Revitalisation of Worn-Out Urban Fabric?

According to

Table 5. The results of the Friedman test of the average rank of the identified dimensions and indicators.

Dimensions	Rank Average (Dimensions)	Dimension Ranking	Identified Indicators	Rank Average (Indicators)	Total Rank	Rank Within the Group
Environmental	3.33	1	I1	17.00	3	3
			I2	18.19	2	2
			I3	18.22	1	1
			I4	16.42	5	4
Cultural–social	2.15	3	I5	12.31	18	3
			I6	15.79	6	1
			I7	10.98	26	5
			I8	12.82	12	2
			I9	11.20	25	4
Managerial–legal	2.07	4	I10	11.61	22	8
			I11	12.39	16	4
			I12	12.99	11	1
			I13	12.32	17	5
			I14	11.71	21	7
			I15	11.92	20	6
			I16	12.60	14	3
			I17	12.80	13	2
			I18	11.28	24	10
			I19	11.33	23	9
Technical–technological	2.45	2	I20	16.86	4	1
			I21	15.65	7	2
			I22	12.29	19	7
			I23	13.28	9	4
			I24	12.47	15	6
			I25	13.15	10	5
			I26	13.42	8	3

, the results of the second question in the research indicated that in the ranking of Friedman’s test, the environment ranked first, with a mean rank of (3.33), technical–technology ranked second, with a mean rank of (2.45), social–cultural ranked third, with a mean rank of (2.15), and management–legal ranked fourth, with a mean rank of (2.07). In addition, in the ranking of indicators using Friedman’s test, the indicator about using natural plants as inspiration for living design in common spaces, with the aim of absorbing toxins and dangerous gases and achieving temperature balance, with a mean rank of (18.22), ranked 1st; the indicator about the importance of the physical health of the residents and improvement in their quality of life, in the context of relying on the environment by using biological materials, with a mean rank of (18.19), ranked 2nd; the possibility of designing and building with sustainable materials compatible with nature to ensure the health of the environment, with a mean rank of (17.00), ranked 3rd; the possibility of using insulation (acoustic, thermal, etc.) according to the conditions of the building environment, with a mean rank of (16.86), ranked 4th; the use of water storage methods in green buildings (for the use of gray water), and for saving the amount of water that would be consumed by using green concrete, with a mean rank of (16.42), ranked 5th; and finally, the indicator about estimating the financial ability of the residents and creating an executive guarantee and government support in reviving and revitalizing the fabric of the neighborhood ranked 26th, with a mean rank of (10.98).

The Friedman test is an effective method of evaluating various ratings of dimensions or indicators. This strategy requires each participant to prioritize and rank the dimensions or indicators according to their significance. Subsequently, by computing the mean scores for each measure, a comprehensive understanding of individuals’ overall attitudes towards these dimensions can be attained. The average ratings yield significant insights; dimensions or indicators with elevated average ratings are identified as the primary priority and require increased focus in practical projects, including sustainable construction. These evaluations not only elucidate priorities, but also facilitate enhanced decision-making across several domains. If an indication like energy efficiency is prioritized, it unequivocally signifies the significance of this factor in sustainable construction initiatives. Consequently, designers and engineers may prioritize architectural design, the selection of sustainable materials, and the implementation of innovative renewable energy technology. Correspondingly, dimensions with inferior ratings may hold diminished significance and be more readily included into the design process. Ultimately, these evaluations assist decision-makers, including architects, engineers, and policymakers, in making informed choices and directing projects according to criteria such as sustainability, cost, and resource efficiency.

5. Discussion

As the results show, the environmental dimension took the first place in the ranking of the dimensions because, today, the environment is one of the main pillars of people’s lives, and is not separate from their daily life, and because construction and related industries should be considered one of the industries that consume and pollute the environment, so the design, construction, and operation of buildings should be considered with the aim of reducing environmental pollutants. The technical–technological dimension was also ranked second because the use of new technologies is one of the necessities for the quality improvement of the construction industry. The application of new construction methods and the use of new technologies is more important for the renovation of worn-out fabrics, as consideration should be given to the special conditions of these fabrics and their residents due to the many advantages that they have over traditional construction methods. Paying attention to socio-cultural principles is an essential issue in the field of building renovation using initiative green building methods; therefore, the socio-cultural dimension has been assigned the third rank in this research.

Social and cultural variables are essential in the repair of inefficient institutions, particularly in societies with distinct traits like Iran. Specifically, in numerous metropolitan regions of Iran, particularly in aged and deteriorating neighborhoods, cultural problems are identified as significant obstacles to the adoption of innovative technology and sustainable architecture. Cultural barriers may encompass aversion to change, conventional attitudes regarding material usage, and social preferences for established structures. Conversely, in Iran, numerous individuals may prefer ancient methods and local materials, owing to a lack of information or adequate expertise with contemporary technologies. This is particularly apparent in low-income and deteriorated regions, where individuals may opt for more affordable and familiar techniques due to the prohibitive expenses associated with modern construction technologies. Consequently, any planning for the refurbishment of inefficient edifices must consider these social and cultural attributes.

Finally, the managerial–legal dimension ranked fourth due to managerial inefficiency, plans and programs, and the weakness and insufficiency of rules and regulations. The managerial and legal complexities surrounding the renovation of inefficient urban structures in Iran present significant impediments to the execution of green initiatives. In this environment, legal and administrative challenges at both local and national levels can considerably impede the rehabilitation process and diminish its efficacy. A primary issue in management is insufficient coordination among the numerous entities tasked with the renovation process. In numerous instances, some municipalities, the Ministry of Housing, and various governmental and commercial entities function concurrently and without efficient collaboration. This situation results in issues such as conflicting rules and regulations, difficulties in acquiring necessary licenses, and eventually the sluggish execution of remodeling projects. Moreover, several extant rules, particularly those governing land use alterations and resource distribution for deteriorated rehabilitation initiatives, are formulated in a manner that does not readily conform to the prerequisites of environmentally friendly and sustainable edifices. Conversely, the Iranian legislative framework lacks adequately developed rules to enable the application of green technology in building, particularly in the rehabilitation of deteriorating facilities. In numerous nations, tax incentives, low-interest loans, or legal exemptions are provided for green initiatives; however, such support is not yet consistently accessible in Iran. The absence of legal support can directly influence the decision-making of investors and developers, while also indirectly hindering the attraction of investment in green initiatives.

In this research, the indicator related to using natural plants as inspiration for living design in common areas to absorb toxins and dangerous gases and to achieve temperature balance took first place, because the use of plants that are compatible with the geographical area to reduce pollution and improve mental health and the mental comfort of residents has a significant impact. One of the most important points in choosing construction materials is to choose materials that are environmentally friendly and cause the least harm. Green materials are biodegradable, renewable, and recyclable, and they also play an important role in sustainability. In this regard, the indicator regarding the importance of the physical health of residents and improving their quality of life by using biological materials ranked second, and the possibility of designing and building with sustainable materials to improve the health of the environment took third place. According to the 19th topic of the National Building Regulations, a very important factor that plays a key role in keeping the building cool in the summer and warm in the winter is insulation. One of the ways to reduce energy consumption in buildings is insulation. For this reason, the possibility of using insulation (acoustic, thermal, etc.) according to the conditions of the building environment ranked fourth place in this research. In the design of green buildings, proper management of water resources and optimal water use should be taken into consideration, as, according to the results of this research, the indicator regarding the presence of water storage methods in green buildings (for the use of gray water) ranked fifth. In the end, many activities are impossible without the support of government organizations, and the private sector alone will not be able to provide some services; therefore, the indicator about estimating the financial ability of residents and creating an executive guarantee and government support in revitalizing the fabric of the neighborhood ranked 26th.

The findings of this study are largely congruent with the results of the subsequent investigations presented. Mohammadi Gojani et al. [37] demonstrated that physical–spatial interventions significantly influence the regeneration of deteriorated urban environments; nevertheless, marketing, place promotion, non-spatial factors, and branding are all critically important. The results of this study highlight that, alongside physical changes, the incorporation of contemporary green building strategies can enhance social and economic outcomes in urban environments. Ahmadi Fouladi et al. [38] highlighted the interplay between urban subsystems and environmental–physical components as a crucial determinant for attaining sustainability. This study highlighted that the application of contemporary technology, such as green building technologies, can enhance subsystem interconnections and bolster urban resilience. Darvish et al. [39] have shown that integrating a renovation strategy with an emphasis on spatial quality and socio-economic factors can mitigate the quality issues of deteriorating structures over the long run. The outcomes of this study offer a thorough approach for enhancing environmental quality and urban resilience. Mokhtari et al. [40] emphasized the significance of social and economic variables in the regeneration of deteriorated structures, whereas this study’s findings indicated that employing green buildings as an innovative technique can enhance social and economic values in rehabilitated structures. Mahmoudian [41] and Eidian [42] have underscored the enhancement of quality of life with the implementation of green buildings and contemporary construction technologies. The study’s findings corroborate this approach, demonstrating that green buildings effectively contribute to the renovation of deteriorated structures from environmental, economic, and social standpoints. Akbari and Heydari [43] identified social engagement as a crucial element in the sustainable development of green buildings. The results of this study underscore the significance of stakeholder engagement and elucidating the economic and environmental benefits of such projects. [44] Yaqoubi and Shams emphasized the establishment of institutional and legal frameworks for the comprehensive management of deteriorating edifices. This study highlighted the necessity of establishing legal and administrative frameworks to enable sustainable rehabilitation through the use of green building technologies. Rasouli et al. [45] and Asadian and Sayahi [46] underscored the need for engaging public participation and astute management of the rehabilitation of deteriorated structures. The current study investigated the potential for enhancing participatory processes and urban management concurrently through the introduction of innovative methodologies and the application of green technologies. Agyekum et al. [47] and Yas and Jaafer [48] delineated the prevailing obstacles and prospects in the domain of funding and investing in green initiatives. This study’s findings highlighted the introduction of innovative methods in cost management and the application of economic incentives, establishing a foundation for the advancement of repair projects for deteriorating structures utilizing green technologies. Simpeh and Smallwood [49] have shown that the advantages of green buildings are substantial for socio-economic, financial, and environmental health enhancement. This study demonstrated that employing green building technology in the repair of deteriorated structures decreases energy consumption and enhances residents’ quality of life from both economic and social viewpoints. Chuen Chan et al. [50] noted elevated costs, insufficient government incentives, and inadequate financing mechanisms as obstacles to technological adoption. This study identified the necessity of financial resources and supportive policies to advance green technologies in degraded metropolitan settings. Enoma and Idehen [51] and Palumbo et al. [52] underscore the significance of governmental institutions and civic engagement in the restoration of degraded regions. This study underscores the necessity of enhancing institutional frameworks and fostering active resident involvement in the remodeling process. Hwang et al. [53] and Deng and Wu [54] have identified risk factors, including project delays, regulatory issues, and non-compliance with technical specifications, that impede the effective application of green building assessment systems. This study identified the application of innovative green technologies as a means to enhance management and mitigate implementation risks in the rehabilitation of deteriorated buildings. Zuo and Zhao [55] demonstrated that the occupants of green buildings have enhanced comfort and superior environmental quality. The current study revealed that the implementation of green technology in the refurbishment of deteriorated buildings enhances living conditions and elevates resident happiness.

6. Conclusions

The renovation of deteriorating buildings utilizing contemporary green construction techniques is deemed a strategic imperative for sustainable urban growth in Iran, particularly in light of the worldwide challenges posed by climate change and environmental catastrophes. This study has shown that employing green buildings and sustainable materials in the rehabilitation of deteriorated structures not only decreases energy consumption and environmental consequences, but also markedly enhances the quality of life for residents in these locations. Recent advancements in green technologies and sustainable materials facilitate the design and construction of buildings that are more economically and environmentally efficient. This research underscores the significance of management and legal facilitation to advance the culture of green construction and its implementation in deteriorating structures. In a nation such as Iran, which contends with infrastructure deficiencies and limitations in natural resources, the implementation of sustainable solutions not only enhances the environmental condition, but also serves as an economic strategy to mitigate the long-term expenses associated with the renovation and upkeep of buildings. In this regard, the active engagement and awareness-raising of inhabitants in deteriorating areas, along with the enhancement of technical expertise among construction professionals and engineers, are essential prerequisites. In this context, governmental and commercial entities should assist in the remodeling process by implementing robust rules, generating economic incentives, and enforcing sustainable standards. Ultimately, considering Iran’s unique circumstances and the intricacies of rehabilitating deteriorated edifices, it is imperative to enhance scientific and research methodologies in this domain to yield more precise and effective implementation frameworks for green construction and sustainable renovation. Long-term implementation of these strategies can substantially enhance urban life quality and facilitate the attainment of sustainable development objectives in Iran.

In view of what was mentioned and according to the identified indicators and dimensions (environmental, social–cultural, managerial–legal, technical–technological), the following suggestions are presented:

• A primary obstacle to the adoption and execution of green initiatives is the substantial initial expenses and associated services. The government is advised to contemplate targeted financial strategies to diminish the construction expenses of green projects. These policies may encompass long-term loans at reduced interest rates, tax exemptions, governmental subsidies for acquiring eco-friendly products, and low-interest financing for executing green initiatives. This form of support can motivate the private sector and local citizens to engage in these projects.
• Successful implementation of green building requires trained personnel knowledgeable in contemporary environmental technologies. To address this issue, specialized training programs should be implemented for engineers, architects, project managers, and other relevant stakeholders. The specified programs must encompass operational and technical training on designing and implementing sustainable systems in the renovation of inefficient buildings, utilizing local and eco-friendly materials, and understanding worldwide green building standards. Furthermore, provisions must be established for the issuance of specialist certifications for engineers and consultants engaged in this domain.
• The initiation of green projects in the rehabilitation of deteriorated buildings should commence at the neighborhood level. To promote resident engagement in renovation and the adoption of green technologies, tailored tax and incentive schemes can be formulated. For instance, offering financial incentives like local tax reductions or discounts on municipal service fees for environmentally friendly developments can appeal to locals. These incentives must be structured to advantage both inhabitants and developers’ projects, thereby promoting the adoption of these initiatives.
• Successful renovation projects, particularly in deteriorated environments, necessitate the early involvement of individuals in the design and planning phases. This engagement not only enhances residents’ sense of responsibility, but also facilitates a deeper comprehension of local issues and requirements. It is recommended that the government and urban institutions employ consultation approaches, including public meetings, question-and-answer sessions, and internet platforms, to solicit public input during the rebuilding process.
• To enhance the efficacy of renovating inefficient environments, the implementation of digital systems and databases is crucial for monitoring and assessing the performance of sustainable initiatives. These technologies can gather data on energy usage, the utilization of sustainable materials, and the overall efficacy of projects, assisting city officials in real-time project performance monitoring. Moreover, disseminating this information to local citizens and investors can enhance transparency in the project process and bolster public trust.
• To ensure the acceptance and success of green renovation projects in deteriorated environments, it is imperative that their design considers both technical and cultural–social components. To enhance resident engagement and participation, projects must be designed to preserve the neighborhood’s cultural identity while addressing the specific social and psychological requirements of its inhabitants. Consequently, utilizing local and eco-friendly products can foster a natural and familiar environment for individuals. Moreover, the design of public and communal areas, including parks, squares, and playgrounds, can enhance social connections and foster a sense of belonging among residents. These aspects must be particularly emphasized to establish a participatory and cohesive atmosphere in the repair of decaying contexts.

The research limitations encountered in this study were as follows:

1.

A primary limitation of this study is its dependence on the snowball sampling approach, which was employed to access specialized and restricted groups of specialists in the building and urban renovation sectors. This method may present difficulties, particularly regarding the generalizability of the results, and heighten the risk of bias in sample selection. To address this constraint and enhance result accuracy, future studies should include a variety of sample approaches, including random sampling and numerous procedures, particularly at various research stages. This will enhance the sample’s representativeness and augment the findings’ validity at more extensive levels.

2.

A further limitation of the current study is the omission of numerous iterations of the Delphi approach to attain expert consensus [111]. This study employed two Delphi stages; however, utilizing several rounds of Delphi surveying can improve coherence and precision in discerning common perspectives across experts, hence augmenting the validity and robustness of the research findings [112]. To enhance the quality of the research process and ensure the accuracy and comprehensiveness of the consensus, it is recommended that future studies incorporate multiple rounds of Delphi surveying to improve the coherence and precision of the evidence gathered, thereby yielding more accurate and scientifically sound recommendations.

3.

This research predominantly utilized quantitative methods for data analysis. This method yields precise results; nevertheless, it may not have thoroughly accounted for the qualitative aspects and the human and societal effects of rehabilitation projects. Qualitative methods may serve as a complement to quantitative methods, particularly in the analysis of resident behavior and social issues.

In conclusion, future study must thoroughly examine the experiences and attitudes of individuals in degraded areas and determine the variables influencing their acceptance or resistance to green projects. Considering the significance of allocating financial resources for the restoration of degraded areas, forthcoming research may develop innovative financial models to facilitate green initiatives. These models may incorporate novel financial tools, like green investment funds, green bonds, and targeted support programs for the rehabilitation of degraded areas. Ultimately, future study should investigate the influence of climate change on the design and execution of green initiatives in the revitalization of underperforming regions. This research can create climate change-resistant models that enhance the quality of life for residents in degraded areas while safeguarding the environment.