Usage Intention of AI Among Academic Librarians in China: Extension of UTAUT Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. AI Applications in Libraries
2.2. Theoretical Underpinning
2.3. Hypothesis Development
2.3.1. Performance Expectancy and Behavioral Intention
2.3.2. Effort Expectancy and Behavioral Intention
2.3.3. Social Influence and Behavioral Intention
2.3.4. Top Management Support and Behavioral Intention
2.3.5. Facilitating Conditions and Behavioral Intention
2.3.6. Facilitating Conditions and Actual Behavior
2.3.7. Technological Innovativeness as a Moderator
2.3.8. Attitude as a Mediator
2.3.9. Effort Expectancy, Attitude, and Behavioral Intention
2.3.10. Social Influence, Attitude, and Behavioral Intention
2.3.11. Top Management Support, Attitude, and Behavioral Intention
2.3.12. Facilitating Conditions, Behavioral Intention, and Actual Behavior
3. Research Methodology
3.1. Research Design
- In-person distribution at major university libraries, allowing for direct engagement with participants.
- Institutional email invitations sent to professional librarian networks to ensure wider participation.
- AI and Library Technology Discussion Forums, where academic librarians actively discuss AI-related advancements in library management.
3.2. Participants
3.3. Measurement of Items
4. Analysis and Findings
4.1. Descriptive Analysis
4.2. Hypothesis Testing and Discussion
5. The Implications of This Study
5.1. Theoretical Implications
5.2. Practical Implementation
5.3. Conclusion and Future Research Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Construct | Code | Items |
AB | AB1 | Using AI services is a pleasant experience |
AB2 | I am using AI technologies. | |
AB3 | Use of AI technologies is a good idea. | |
AB4 | I depend on AI systems for data analysis and report generation. | |
ATT | ATT1 | I feel that using AI in libraries is a good idea. |
ATT2 | I think that AI technology makes library processes more efficient. | |
ATT3 | My overall feelings toward AI in libraries are positive. | |
BI | BI1 | I plan to use AI in the future. |
BI2 | I intend to continue to use AI frequently. | |
BI3 | I am accustomed to AI services. | |
BI4 | I aim to learn more about AI applications in library and information science. | |
EE | EE1 | It is convenient for me to become skilled at using AI services. |
EE2 | Using AI is clear and comprehensible. | |
EE3 | It is convenient to use AI services. | |
EE4 | It is easy for me to become proficient in using AI technologies. | |
FC | FC1 | If I face any problem in using AI technologies, I can solve it quickly. |
FC2 | AI technologies are compatible with other systems I use. | |
FC3 | I have resources (e.g., computers, software) to use AI technologies. | |
FC4 | I have knowledge of using AI technologies. | |
PE | PE1 | Overall, I find AI services beneficial in my daily life. |
PE2 | AI services can improve my productivity. | |
PE3 | AI services enable me to accomplish tasks more quickly. | |
SI | SI1 | I use AI because my peers in the academic community use it. |
SI2 | I’m more likely to use AI if my friends and colleagues use it | |
SI3 | People who influence my behavior think that I should use AI. | |
SI4 | People whose opinions I value prefer that I use AI technologies. | |
TI | TI1 | Overall, I am not hesitant to experiment with new technologies. |
TI2 | Among my peers, I am generally the first to experiment with new technologies. | |
TI3 | If I learn about new technology, I look for ways to try it out. | |
TMS | TMS1 | Top management encourages the use of AI within the library. |
TMS2 | There is a clear mandate from top management to integrate AI technologies. | |
TMS3 | Top management provides the necessary resources for AI adoption. | |
TMS4 | AI services enable me to accomplish tasks more quickly. |
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Hypothesis | Relationship | Supporting Literature | Expected Direction |
---|---|---|---|
H1 | Performance Expectancy → Behavioral Intention | [40,41,42,44] | Positive |
H2 | Effort Expectancy → Behavioral Intention | [47,48,49] | Positive |
H3 | Social Influence → Behavioral Intention | [52,53,88] | Positive |
H4 | Top Management Support → Behavioral Intention | [21,56,89] | Positive |
H5 | Facilitating Conditions → Behavioral Intention | [59,60,61] | Positive |
H6 | Facilitating Conditions → Actual Behavior | [64,65] | Positive |
H7 | Technological Innovativeness × Behavioral Intention → Actual Behavior | [70,72,73] | Moderating Effect |
H8 | Attitude mediates Performance Expectancy → Behavioral Intention | [76,77] | Mediating Effect |
H9 | Attitude mediates Effort Expectancy → Behavioral Intention | [47,60,81,82] | Mediating Effect |
H10 | Attitude mediates Social Influence → Behavioral Intention | [63,82] | Mediating Effect |
H11 | Attitude mediates Top Management Support → Behavioral Intention | [84,85] | Mediating Effect |
H12 | Behavioral Intention mediates Facilitating Conditions → Actual Behavior | [59,61,87] | Mediating Effect |
Demographic Factor | Categories | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 180 | 52.9 |
Female | 160 | 47.1 | |
Age Group | 18–25 | 45 | 13.2 |
26–35 | 95 | 27.9 | |
36–45 | 110 | 32.4 | |
46–55 | 65 | 19.1 | |
56–65 | 25 | 7.4 | |
Educational Level | Bachelor’s Degree | 110 | 32.4 |
Master’s Degree | 180 | 52.9 | |
Doctoral Degree | 50 | 14.7 | |
Professional Title | Librarian | 140 | 41.2 |
Senior Librarian | 90 | 26.5 | |
Library Manager/Director | 70 | 20.6 | |
Research Librarian | 30 | 8.8 | |
Technical Librarian | 10 | 2.9 | |
Years of Experience | Less than 1 year | 20 | 5.9 |
1–5 years | 75 | 22.1 | |
6–10 years | 95 | 27.9 | |
11–20 years | 100 | 29.4 | |
More than 20 years | 50 | 14.7 | |
Type of Institution | Public University | 240 | 70.6 |
Private University | 70 | 20.6 | |
Government Research Library | 30 | 8.8 | |
Familiarity with AI | Not Familiar | 34 | 10.0 |
Somewhat Familiar | 68 | 20.0 | |
Moderately Familiar | 102 | 30.0 | |
Very Familiar | 95 | 27.9 | |
Extremely Familiar | 41 | 12.1 | |
Region | Eastern China | 120 | 35.3 |
Southern China | 80 | 23.5 | |
Western China | 60 | 17.6 | |
Northern China | 50 | 14.7 | |
Central China | 30 | 8.9 |
Construct | Code | OL | VIF | CA | CR | AVE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AB | AB1 | 0.826 | 2.001 | 0.858 | 0.904 | 0.702 |
AB2 | 0.874 | 2.391 | ||||
AB3 | 0.826 | 1.881 | ||||
AB4 | 0.823 | 1.836 | ||||
ATT | ATT1 | 0.871 | 1.942 | 0.828 | 0.897 | 0.743 |
ATT2 | 0.838 | 1.815 | ||||
ATT3 | 0.877 | 1.910 | ||||
BI | BI1 | 0.711 | 1.425 | 0.862 | 0.907 | 0.711 |
BI2 | 0.879 | 2.496 | ||||
BI3 | 0.890 | 2.837 | ||||
BI4 | 0.880 | 2.632 | ||||
EE | EE1 | 0.868 | 2.201 | 0.883 | 0.919 | 0.740 |
EE2 | 0.828 | 1.998 | ||||
EE3 | 0.883 | 2.611 | ||||
EE4 | 0.860 | 2.422 | ||||
FC | FC1 | 0.826 | 1.941 | 0.847 | 0.898 | 0.687 |
FC2 | 0.869 | 2.407 | ||||
FC3 | 0.779 | 1.645 | ||||
FC4 | 0.837 | 2.017 | ||||
PE | PE1 | 0.774 | 1.546 | 0.812 | 0.888 | 0.726 |
PE2 | 0.890 | 2.029 | ||||
PE3 | 0.887 | 2.024 | ||||
SI | SI1 | 0.908 | 3.158 | 0.916 | 0.941 | 0.799 |
SI2 | 0.893 | 2.976 | ||||
SI3 | 0.880 | 2.643 | ||||
SI4 | 0.895 | 2.927 | ||||
TI | TI1 | 0.896 | 2.072 | 0.796 | 0.880 | 0.711 |
TI2 | 0.811 | 1.642 | ||||
TI3 | 0.820 | 1.641 | ||||
TMS | TMS1 | 0.880 | 2.358 | 0.872 | 0.912 | 0.721 |
TMS2 | 0.855 | 2.227 | ||||
TMS3 | 0.798 | 1.934 | ||||
TMS4 | 0.862 | 2.239 |
Construct | AB | ATT | BI | EE | FC | PE | SI | TI | TMS | TI × BI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AB | ||||||||||
ATT | 0.808 | |||||||||
BI | 0.784 | 0.828 | ||||||||
EE | 0.765 | 0.811 | 0.740 | |||||||
FC | 0.687 | 0.634 | 0.826 | 0.589 | ||||||
PE | 0.747 | 0.848 | 0.775 | 0.728 | 0.692 | |||||
SI | 0.824 | 0.776 | 0.783 | 0.807 | 0.695 | 0.724 | ||||
TI | 0.841 | 0.837 | 0.838 | 0.806 | 0.777 | 0.798 | 0.770 | |||
TMS | 0.778 | 0.684 | 0.730 | 0.656 | 0.795 | 0.728 | 0.818 | 0.836 | ||
TI × BI | 0.442 | 0.371 | 0.384 | 0.430 | 0.239 | 0.289 | 0.412 | 0.486 | 0.295 |
Construct | AB | ATT | BI | EE | FC | PE | SI | TI | TMS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AB | 0.838 | ||||||||
ATT | 0.687 | 0.862 | |||||||
BI | 0.678 | 0.708 | 0.843 | ||||||
EE | 0.670 | 0.698 | 0.656 | 0.860 | |||||
FC | 0.587 | 0.534 | 0.698 | 0.517 | 0.829 | ||||
PE | 0.635 | 0.719 | 0.661 | 0.623 | 0.587 | 0.852 | |||
SI | 0.731 | 0.683 | 0.695 | 0.730 | 0.614 | 0.644 | 0.894 | ||
TI | 0.698 | 0.716 | 0.697 | 0.765 | 0.636 | 0.660 | 0.832 | 0.843 | |
TMS | 0.682 | 0.594 | 0.639 | 0.585 | 0.689 | 0.632 | 0.739 | 0.701 | 0.849 |
Construct | R2 | R2 Adjusted | Q2 Predict | RMSE | MAE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AB | 0.574 | 0.571 | 0.564 | 0.664 | 0.493 |
ATT | 0.637 | 0.634 | 0.623 | 0.618 | 0.436 |
BI | 0.677 | 0.673 | 0.633 | 0.610 | 0.393 |
Hypothesis Path | Original Sample | Sample Mean | Standard Deviation | T Statistics | p Values | f2 | Support | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1 | PE → BI | 0.091 | 0.095 | 0.053 | 1.724 | 0.085 | 0.010 | No |
H2 | EE → BI | 0.123 | 0.122 | 0.058 | 2.125 | 0.034 | 0.018 | Yes |
H3 | SI → BI | 0.151 | 0.152 | 0.067 | 2.238 | 0.025 | 0.021 | Yes |
H4 | TMS → BI | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.065 | 0.004 | 0.997 | 0.000 | No |
H5 | FC → BI | 0.345 | 0.343 | 0.051 | 6.735 | 0.000 | 0.176 | Yes |
H6 | FC → AB | 0.124 | 0.122 | 0.050 | 2.468 | 0.014 | 0.017 | Yes |
H7 | TI × BI → AB | −0.069 | −0.068 | 0.023 | 2.996 | 0.003 | 0.026 | Yes |
H8 | PE → ATT → BI | 0.105 | 0.103 | 0.026 | 3.988 | 0.000 | Yes | |
H9 | EE → ATT → BI | 0.079 | 0.079 | 0.029 | 2.764 | 0.006 | Yes | |
H10 | SI → ATT → BI | 0.052 | 0.052 | 0.022 | 2.393 | 0.017 | Yes | |
H11 | TMS → ATT → BI | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.014 | 0.609 | 0.542 | No | |
H12 | FC → BI → AB | 0.102 | 0.103 | 0.023 | 4.513 | 0.000 | Yes |
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Fang, W.; Na, M.; Alam, S.S. Usage Intention of AI Among Academic Librarians in China: Extension of UTAUT Model. Sustainability 2025, 17, 2833. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072833
Fang W, Na M, Alam SS. Usage Intention of AI Among Academic Librarians in China: Extension of UTAUT Model. Sustainability. 2025; 17(7):2833. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072833
Chicago/Turabian StyleFang, Wang, Meng Na, and Syed Shah Alam. 2025. "Usage Intention of AI Among Academic Librarians in China: Extension of UTAUT Model" Sustainability 17, no. 7: 2833. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072833
APA StyleFang, W., Na, M., & Alam, S. S. (2025). Usage Intention of AI Among Academic Librarians in China: Extension of UTAUT Model. Sustainability, 17(7), 2833. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072833