Importance of Traditional Vanilla Cultivation in the Conservation of Plant Diversity in Tropical Forests in Northern Veracruz, Mexico
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Characterization of Vegetation in Elements of the Totonac Biocultural Landscape
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Richness and Diversity of Woody Plants
3.2. Structural Characteristics of Vegetation Fragments and Vanilla Cultivation Systems
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
F | Forest (medium semi-deciduous) |
S | Secondary forest |
TV | Traditional vanilla cultivation |
AF | Vanilla agroforestry system |
CV | Citrus–vanilla system |
DBH | Diameter at breast height |
NMDS | Non-metric multidimensional scaling |
SIMPROF | Similarity profile analysis |
SIMPER | Similarity percentage analysis |
Appendix A
Family | Species | F | SF | TV | AF | CV |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acanthaceae | Odontonema callistachyum (Schltdl. & Cham.) Kuntze | X | ||||
Annonaceae | Annona scleroderma Saff. | X | ||||
Cymbopetalum baillonii R.E.Fr. | X | |||||
Desmopsis trunciflora (Schltdl. &Cham.) G.E.Schatz ex Maas, E.A.Mennega & Westra | X | X | ||||
Desmopsis uxpanapensis G.E.Schatz | X | |||||
Mosannona depressa (Baill.) Chatrou | X | |||||
Apocynaceae | Cascabela ovata (Cav.) Lippold | X | ||||
Cascabela thevetioides (Humb.& Bonpl.) Lippold | X | X | ||||
Tabernaemontana alba Mill. | X | X | X | X | ||
Araliaceae | Dendropanax arboreus (L.) Decne. & Planch. | X | X | X | ||
Arecaceae | Attalea butyracea (Mutis ex L.f.) Wess:Boer | X | X | |||
Chamaedorea microspadix Burret | X | |||||
Chamaedorea oblongata Mart. | X | |||||
Asparagaceae | Yucca gigantea Lem. | X | ||||
Asteraceae | Critonia morifolia (Mill.) R.M.King & H.Rob. | X | X | |||
Flaveria trinervia (Spreng.) C.Mohr | X | X | X | X | ||
Bignoniaceae | Parmentiera aculeata (Kunth) Seem. | X | X | X | ||
Tabebuia rosea (Bertl.) DC. | X | X | X | |||
Boraginaceae | Ehretia tinifolia L. | X | ||||
Burseraceae | Bursera simaruba Sarg. | X | X | X | X | X |
Protium copal (Schltdl. & Cham.) engl. | X | X | X | |||
Cannabaceae | Aphananthe monoica (Hemsl.)J.-F.Leroy | X | ||||
Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg. | X | |||||
Capparaceae | Morisonia quiriguensis (Standl.) Christenh. & Byng | X | ||||
Caricaceae | Carica papaya L. | X | X | X | ||
Celastraceae | Evonymopsis mexicanus Benth. | X | ||||
Crossopetalum parviflorum (Hemsl.) Lundell | X | |||||
Wimmeria concolor Schltdl. & Cham. | X | X | X | |||
Wimmeria obtusifolia Standl. | X | X | X | |||
Chrysobalanaceae | Couepia polyandra (Kunth) Rose | X | ||||
Cleomaceae | Cleome uniglandulosa Cav. | X | ||||
Euphorbiaceae | Acalypha macrostachya Jacq. | X | X | |||
Adelia barbinervis Cham.& Schltdl. | X | X | X | |||
Alchornea chiapasana Miranda | X | |||||
Alchornea latifolia Sw. | X | |||||
Balakata luzonica (S.Vidal) Esser | X | X | X | X | ||
Bernardia dodecandra (Sessé ex Cav.) Govaerts | X | |||||
Cnidoscolus multilobus (Pax) I.M.Johnst. | X | X | X | X | ||
Croton draco Schltdl. | X | X | X | |||
Croton soliman Cham. & Schltdl. | X | |||||
Jatropha curcas L. | X | X | ||||
Fabaceae | Pseudalbizzia tomentosa (Micheli) E.J.M.Koenen & Duno | X | ||||
Pseudalbizzia tomentosa var. purpusii (Britton & Rose) E.J.M.Koenen & Duno | X | |||||
Bauhinia divaricata L. | X | X | ||||
Bauhinia ungulata L. | X | X | X | |||
Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. | X | |||||
Calliandra houstoniana var. anomala (Kunth) Barneby | X | |||||
Calliandra trinervia var. arborea (Standl.) Barneby | X | |||||
Cathormion umbellatum subsp. moniliforme (DC.) Brummitt | X | |||||
Cojoba arborea (L.) Britton & Rose | X | |||||
Diphysa carthagenensis Jacq. | X | |||||
Diphysa microphylla Rydb. | X | |||||
Diospyros nigra (J.F.Gmel.) Perr. | X | |||||
Ehretia tinifolia L. | X | |||||
Erythrina americana Mill. | X | X | ||||
Erythrina folkersii Krukoff & Moldenke | X | |||||
Erythrina macrophylla DC. | X | |||||
Gliricidia maculata (Kunth) Walp. | X | X | X | |||
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth | X | X | X | X | ||
Inga acrocephala Steud. | X | |||||
Inga punctata Willd. | X | |||||
Inga sapindoides Willd. | X | |||||
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit | X | X | X | X | ||
Lonchocarpus eriocarinalis Micheli | X | |||||
Lysiloma divaricatum (Jacq.) J.F:Macbr. | X | X | ||||
Piscidia piscipula (L.) Sarg. | X | X | X | |||
Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. | X | |||||
Pithecellobium lanceolatum (Humb. & Bonpl. Ex Willd.) Benth. | X | X | X | |||
Pterocarpus acapulcensis Rose | X | |||||
Schnella glabra (Jacq.) Dugand | X | X | ||||
Senna papillosa (Britton & Rose) H.S.Irwin & Barneby | X | X | X | |||
Vachellia cornigera (L.) Seigler & Ebinger | X | X | X | |||
Icacinaceae | Mappia racemosa Jacq. | X | ||||
Lauraceae | Damburneya salicifolia (Kunth) Trofimov & Rohwer | X | X | X | X | |
Licaria capitata (Cham. & Schltdl.) Kosterm. | X | |||||
Nectandra hihua (Ruiz 6 Pav.) Rohmer | X | |||||
Nectandra rubriflora (Mez) C.K.Allen | X | X | ||||
Nectandra villosa Nees & Mart. | X | |||||
Ocotea puberula (Rich.) Nees | X | X | ||||
Persea americana Mill. | X | X | X | |||
Persea cinerascens S.F.Blake | X | |||||
Persea longipes (Schltdl.) Meisn. | X | X | ||||
Malpighiaceae | Bunchosia biocellata Schltdl. | X | ||||
Bunchosia lindeniana A.Juss. | X | X | X | X | X | |
Byrsonima crassifolia Kunth | X | X | ||||
Malpighia glabra L. | X | |||||
Malvaceae | Carpodiptera cubensis Griseb. | X | X | |||
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. | X | X | X | X | ||
Heliocarpus appendiculatus Turcz. | X | X | X | |||
Heliocarpus donnellsmithii Rose | X | |||||
Malvaviscus arboreus Dill. ex Cav. | X | X | X | |||
Pachira aquatica Aubl. | X | |||||
Robinsonella mirandae Gómez Pompa | X | X | ||||
Meliaceae | Cedrela odorata L. | X | X | X | X | X |
Swietenia humilis Zucc. | X | X | ||||
Trichilia havanensis Jacq. | X | X | X | X | X | |
Trichilia hirta L. | X | X | ||||
Trichilia minutiflora Standl. | X | |||||
Trichilia moschata Sw. | X | |||||
Trichilia septentrionalis C.DC. | X | |||||
Moraceae | Brosimum alicastrum Sw. | X | X | X | ||
Ficus aurea Nutt. | X | |||||
Ficus benjamina L. | X | |||||
Ficus maxima Mill. | X | X | X | |||
Ficus obtusifolia Kunth | X | X | X | |||
Ficus yoponensis Desv. | X | |||||
Trophis mexicana (Liemb.) Bureau | X | X | ||||
Trophis racemosa Urb. | X | X | X | |||
Myrtaceae | Calycorectes mexicanus O.Berg | X | ||||
Eugenia capuli Schltdl. | X | X | X | X | X | |
Myrcia bartlettii (Standl.) A.R.Lourenço & Sánchez-Cháv. | X | X | ||||
Myrcia chytraculia (L.) A.R.Lourenço & E.Lucas | X | |||||
Myrcia chytraculia var. pauciflora (O.Berg) G.P.Burton & E. Lucas | X | |||||
Myrcia schlechtendaliana (O.Berg) A.R.Lourenço & Sánchez-Cháv. | X | |||||
Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. | X | X | X | X | ||
Psidium guajava L. | X | X | ||||
Nyctaginaceae | Pisonia aculeata L. | X | ||||
Pentaphylaceae | Ternstroemia tepezapote Schltdl. & Cham. | X | X | |||
Picramniaceae | Picramnia antidesma Sw. | X | X | |||
Picramnia teapensis Tul. | X | |||||
Piperaceae | Piper aduncum L. | X | ||||
Piper amalago L. | X | |||||
Piper aequale Vahl | X | X | ||||
Piper hispidum sw. | X | X | ||||
Piper sanctum Miq. | X | |||||
Polygonaceae | Coccoloba barbadensis Jacq. | X | ||||
Coccoloba hirtella Lundell | X | |||||
Coccoloba hondurensis Lundell | X | |||||
Coccoloba montana Standl. | X | X | ||||
Primulaceae | Ardisia compressa Kunth | X | ||||
Ardisia tuerckheimii Donn.Sm. | X | |||||
Bonellia macrocarpa subsp. pungens (A.Gray) B.Stahl & Källersjö | X | |||||
Myrsine coriacea (Sw.) R.Br. Ex Roem. & Schult. | X | |||||
Parathesis revoluta Kunth | X | |||||
Rosaceae | Prunus brachybotrya Zucc. | X | X | |||
Prunus hainanensis (G.A.Fu & Y.S.Lin) H.Yu, N.H.Xia & H.G.Ye | X | |||||
Rubiaceae | Chione venosa var. mexicana (Standl.) David W.Taylor | X | X | |||
Chomelia spinosa Jacq. | X | X | ||||
Exostema caribaeum (Jaq.)Roem & Schult. | X | |||||
Hamelia patens Jacq. | X | X | X | X | ||
Palicourea padifolia (Roem. & Schult.) C.M.Taylor & Lorence | X | |||||
Palicourea pseudinundata (Wernham) Delprete & J.H.Kirbr. | X | |||||
Palicourea sousae (Lorence & Dwyer) Lorence | X | X | X | |||
Posoqueria latifolia (Rudge) Roem. & Schult. | X | |||||
Psychotria costivenia Griseb. | X | |||||
Psychotria erythrocarpa Schltdl. | X | |||||
Psychotria nervosa Sw. | X | X | X | |||
Psychotria papantlensis (Oerst.) Hemsl. | X | |||||
Psychotria sarapiquensis Standl. | X | |||||
Randia armata (Sw.) DC. | X | X | ||||
Randia laetevirens Standl. | X | |||||
Rutaceae | Amyris monofoliaris P.E.Sánchez | X | ||||
Citrus aurantiaca Swingle | X | |||||
Citrus × aurantium L. | X | X | X | X | X | |
Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck | X | |||||
Esenbeckia pentaphylla Griseb. | X | |||||
Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack | X | |||||
Salicaceae | Casearia corymbosa Kunth | X | ||||
Casearia laetioides (A.Rich.) Warb. | X | X | X | X | ||
Pleuranthodendron lindenii (Turcz.) Sleumer | X | X | X | X | ||
Xylosma pubescens Griseb. | X | X | ||||
Sapindaceae | Cupania glabra Sw. | X | X | X | X | |
Litchi chinensis Sonn. | X | |||||
Matayba oppositifolia Britton | X | X | ||||
Sapindus saponaria L. | X | X | ||||
Talisia macrophylla Radlk. | X | |||||
Sapotaceae | Chrysophyllum mexicanum Brandegee ex Standl. | X | X | |||
Manilkara chicle (Pitter) Gilly | X | X | X | |||
Manilkara sapota Van Royen | X | X | X | |||
Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem. & Schult.) T.D.Penn. | X | X | ||||
Sideroxylon obtusifolium subsp. buxifolium (Roem. & Schult.) T.D.Penn. | X | |||||
Sideroxylon persimile (Hemsl.) T.D.Penn. | X | |||||
Solanaceae | Cestrum racemosum Ruiz & Pav. | X | X | X | ||
Solanum umbellatum Mill. | X | X | ||||
Urticaceae | Cecropia obtusifolia Bertol. | X | ||||
Myriocarpa longipes Liebm. | X | X | ||||
Urera simplex Wedd. | X | |||||
Verbenaceae | Lippia myriocephala Schltdl. & Cham. | X | X | |||
Violaceae | Rinorea guatemalensis Bartlett | X |
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Site | Richness | Number of Individuals | Estimate Sample Coverage | q0 | q1 | q2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forest | 115 | 2332 | 0.99 | 114.9 (9.4) | 45.4 (2.3) | 27.1 (1.7) |
Secondary forest | 82 | 1004 | 0.96 | 81.9 (19.2) | 25.3 (2.6) | 15.2 (1.3) |
Traditional vanilla cultivation | 78 | 1027 | 0.98 | 77.9 (9.5) | 28.7 (2.3) | 17.3 (1.6) |
Agroforestry system | 4 | 711 | 0.97 | 39.9 (26.8) | 12. 0 (1.2) | 7.8 (0.7) |
Citrus–vanilla | 21 | 287 | 0.97 | 20.9 (13.3) | 5.2 (1.0) | 3.1 (0.5) |
Group | A | B | C | D | E |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | |||||
B | 17.19 | ||||
C | 11.5 | 18.54 | |||
D | 7.04 | 6.54 | 2.04 | ||
E | 10.9 | 17.39 | 6.47 | 27.2 | |
F | 4.75 | 12.34 | 2.61 | 9.68 | 21.5 |
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Velázquez-Rosas, N.; Sinaca Colin, S.; Vázquez-Domínguez, G.; Velasco-Murguía, A.; Silva Rivera, E.; Ruiz-Guerra, B.; Friedrich, F.L.; Cortés Galindo, R.; Armenta-Montero, S.; Martínez-Mota, R. Importance of Traditional Vanilla Cultivation in the Conservation of Plant Diversity in Tropical Forests in Northern Veracruz, Mexico. Sustainability 2025, 17, 2598. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062598
Velázquez-Rosas N, Sinaca Colin S, Vázquez-Domínguez G, Velasco-Murguía A, Silva Rivera E, Ruiz-Guerra B, Friedrich FL, Cortés Galindo R, Armenta-Montero S, Martínez-Mota R. Importance of Traditional Vanilla Cultivation in the Conservation of Plant Diversity in Tropical Forests in Northern Veracruz, Mexico. Sustainability. 2025; 17(6):2598. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062598
Chicago/Turabian StyleVelázquez-Rosas, Noé, Santiago Sinaca Colin, Guillermo Vázquez-Domínguez, Abril Velasco-Murguía, Evodia Silva Rivera, Betsabé Ruiz-Guerra, Fabio Levi Friedrich, Rosenda Cortés Galindo, Samaria Armenta-Montero, and Rodolfo Martínez-Mota. 2025. "Importance of Traditional Vanilla Cultivation in the Conservation of Plant Diversity in Tropical Forests in Northern Veracruz, Mexico" Sustainability 17, no. 6: 2598. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062598
APA StyleVelázquez-Rosas, N., Sinaca Colin, S., Vázquez-Domínguez, G., Velasco-Murguía, A., Silva Rivera, E., Ruiz-Guerra, B., Friedrich, F. L., Cortés Galindo, R., Armenta-Montero, S., & Martínez-Mota, R. (2025). Importance of Traditional Vanilla Cultivation in the Conservation of Plant Diversity in Tropical Forests in Northern Veracruz, Mexico. Sustainability, 17(6), 2598. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062598