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Sustainability
Volume 17
Issue 23
10.3390/su172310675
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Retraction of Sustainability 2025, 17(12), 5482.
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Retraction

RETRACTED: Azmat et al. Navigating Mobility in Crises: Public Transport Reliability and Sustainable Commuting Transitions in Lebanon. Sustainability 2025, 17, 5482

by
Muhammad Azmat
1,2,*,
Mahmoud Ghalayini
1 and
Reem Hadeed
1
1
Engineering Management Department, School of Infrastructure and Built Environment, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
2
Cluster of Supply Chain Management, Karachi School of Business and Leadership (KSBL), Karachi 74800, Pakistan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10675; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310675
Submission received: 10 November 2025 / Accepted: 18 November 2025 / Published: 28 November 2025
Versions Notes
The journal retracts the article titled “Navigating Mobility in Crises: Public Transport Reliability and Sustainable Commuting Transitions in Lebanon” [1], cited above.
Following publication, concerns were brought to the attention of the Editorial Office regarding the appropriateness of several papers cited in this article [1].
Adhering to our standard procedure, the Editorial Office and Editorial Board conducted an investigation that confirmed presence of several non-existent references presented within this publication. Additionally, further irregularities in the findings were discussed with the authors but could not be satisfactorily resolved due to a lack of supporting material and raw data. As a result, the Editorial Board has lost confidence in the reliability of the findings and has decided to retract this publication, as per MDPI’s retraction policy (https://www.mdpi.com/ethics#_bookmark30, 27 November 2025).
This retraction was approved by the Editor-in Chief of the journal Sustainability.
Muhammad Azmat and Reem Hadeed agree to this retraction. The remaining author did not provide a comment on this decision.

Reference

  1. Azmat, M.; Ghalayini, M.; Hadeed, R. RETRACTED: Navigating Mobility in Crises: Public Transport Reliability and Sustainable Commuting Transitions in Lebanon. Sustainability 2025, 17, 5482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Azmat, M.; Ghalayini, M.; Hadeed, R. RETRACTED: Azmat et al. Navigating Mobility in Crises: Public Transport Reliability and Sustainable Commuting Transitions in Lebanon. Sustainability 2025, 17, 5482. Sustainability 2025, 17, 10675. https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310675

AMA Style

Azmat M, Ghalayini M, Hadeed R. RETRACTED: Azmat et al. Navigating Mobility in Crises: Public Transport Reliability and Sustainable Commuting Transitions in Lebanon. Sustainability 2025, 17, 5482. Sustainability. 2025; 17(23):10675. https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310675

Chicago/Turabian Style

Azmat, Muhammad, Mahmoud Ghalayini, and Reem Hadeed. 2025. "RETRACTED: Azmat et al. Navigating Mobility in Crises: Public Transport Reliability and Sustainable Commuting Transitions in Lebanon. Sustainability 2025, 17, 5482" Sustainability 17, no. 23: 10675. https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310675

APA Style

Azmat, M., Ghalayini, M., & Hadeed, R. (2025). RETRACTED: Azmat et al. Navigating Mobility in Crises: Public Transport Reliability and Sustainable Commuting Transitions in Lebanon. Sustainability 2025, 17, 5482. Sustainability, 17(23), 10675. https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310675

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