Spatiotemporal Evolution and Drivers of Ecological Footprint: A Case Study of Sichuan Province from an Economic Area Perspective

Abstract

This study takes Sichuan’s major economic zones as a case to explore the evolution of ecological environment development. By improving the traditional ecological footprint model based on the concept of “provincial hectare,” we analyzed the characteristics of ecological utilization and ecological security status in Sichuan’s economic zones from 2013 to 2022. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted through factor analysis driven by geographical detectors. The results indicate that (1) from 2013 to 2022, Sichuan Province generally exhibited a “supply falling short of demand” situation, with a slight decrease in per capita ecological carrying capacity and a significant decreasing trend in GDP ecological footprint. The industrial structure of the Panxi and Chengdu Plain economic zones was relatively reasonable, with a notable improvement in resource utilization efficiency, while the Northeastern Sichuan Economic Zone lagged behind. (2) The ecological security focus was distributed in the southeastern region, showing an overall “northeast–southwest” distribution pattern. The ecological restoration in the Southern and Northwestern Sichuan Economic Zones needs to be strengthened. (3) The output value of the secondary industry, R&D expenditure, and urban construction land were the main factors influencing ecological footprint changes. The average urban temperature interacted with other factors, showing a significant effect.

1. Introduction

The rapid development of the economy and society is inseparable from the cost placed on the ecological environment. The path of pollution first and then treatment has brought serious natural disasters to human society. The huge population pressure and resource consumption brought about by the urbanization process have aggravated the deterioration of the urban ecological environment [1,2,3]. Urban expansion leads to problems such as land strain, water scarcity, and ecosystem degradation, which pose a threat to the quality of life and health of urban residents [4,5,6]. In assessing ecosystem services, the need to consider the integration of ecological and social factors should be emphasized, and there is an urgent need for integrated monitoring methods [7,8,9]. Therefore, a tool is needed to continuously monitor the changes in the ecological footprint, quantify the impact of human activities on the ecological environment, and demonstrate the balance between the supply and demand of ecological resources [10]. The ecological footprint method proposed by William Rees, W.E. (1992), as a comprehensive environmental assessment tool, reflects the balance between supply and demand of ecological resources by quantifying the impact of human activities on the ecological environment [11]. By monitoring the change trend of ecological footprint, environmental problems can be promptly detected, and this provides a scientific basis for formulating sustainable development strategies [12,13,14].

As the officially designated national strategic hinterland for 2024 by the central government, Sichuan Province in the southwest, with its large population and abundant resources, holds significant research value in terms of ecological security [15,16]. According to the latest information from the Emergency Management Department of Sichuan Province in 2023, floods and geological disasters are the main factors causing direct economic losses. The drought disasters concentrated in the northeastern, southern, and western economic zones of Sichuan Province have the longest-lasting impact on Sichuan Province. In regions where natural disasters occur relatively frequently, the contradiction between ecological protection and economic development tends to be more pronounced [17,18,19]. Chair Xi Jinping’s concept of “Green Footprint” undoubtedly provides a new direction for balancing ecological protection and coordinated economic development in this context.

There are some limitations on the existing research on the ecological footprint. First of all, most of the research is limited to a single geographical or administrative unit [20,21,22], and there is a lack of analysis from a differentiated perspective. Ecological problems are often closely related to human economic activities, and the adaptability of inter-regional coordination problems is crucial to solving ecological problems [23,24]. From the perspective of economic areas, this study analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution of the ecological footprint of each region [25,26,27]. Compared with the traditional provincial, municipal, or county analysis, the economic zone, as a region unit with both macro vision and micro detail, can more accurately identify the current situation and problems of regional ecological coordinated development, effectively connecting the scope of provinces, cities, prefectures, and counties [28]. It can also facilitate the rational allocation and collaborative governance of ecological resources between regions and timely find and solve related problems.

Secondly, most researchers have often overlooked the role of natural factors themselves when analyzing the impact of socioeconomic factors on ecological footprint [29]. This study involves an interactive analysis of the two, highlighting the importance of natural factors in ecological changes and providing more comprehensive theoretical support for regional ecological risk management.

Finally, studies often offer broad development recommendations without addressing regional differences [30]. Unlike traditional views on ecological resource distribution, economic behavior often directly influences the actual spatial occupation and consumption of these resources [31,32]. Recognizing this, our study divided the area into five economic zones, guided by the economic zone perspective and Sichuan Province’s official development plan. This approach surpasses single administrative boundaries, effectively linking provincial and municipal resource deployment with a focus on smaller regional perspectives [33]. It creates a differentiated development model that considers natural endowments, industrial structure, and ecological functions. This framework allows for a comprehensive analysis of how human economic activities systematically impact the ecological environment, shedding light on the mechanisms driving ecological pressure evolution. This study examines the spatial differentiation patterns of ecological footprints to analyze the ecological and environmental pressures associated with various economic development paths. It offers specific sustainable development recommendations for the five major economic zones in Sichuan Province, intending to guide regional ecological protection and economic growth more effectively. While the primary focus is on understanding the shifts in ecological security patterns within Sichuan’s economic zones, the research findings also offer valuable insights and case studies applicable to ecological development globally.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Area

Sichuan Province, the economic hub of western China, achieved a GDP of over 6 trillion yuan in 2023. Despite this economic success, it faces significant ecological challenges as the “ecological barrier of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.” Figure 1 illustrates how Sichuan’s complex topography, frequent geological activity, and monsoon climate contribute to a high risk of natural disasters, highlighting the ecological costs of economic development. To balance regional growth and environmental protection, the “Sichuan Provincial Territorial Spatial Planning (2021–2035)” outlines a strategy for the coordinated development of five major economic zones. These zones vary in resource endowment and development focus: the Chengdu Plain Economic Zone (EZ1) serves as a concentrated economic core; the Southern Sichuan (EZ2) and Panxi Economic Zones (EZ5) are centered on industry and strategic resources, respectively; the Northeastern Sichuan Economic Zone (EZ3) has a robust agricultural foundation; and the Northwestern Sichuan (EZ4) is designated as a key ecological functional zone. Collectively, these zones represent a spectrum from “high development” to “key protection,” offering an ideal regional case study to examine the spatiotemporal evolution and driving factors of the ecological footprint under diverse development models.

2.2. Data Resources

The data for this study, spanning 2013–2022, were sourced from authoritative official channels. The specific sources, selection criteria, and their roles in the research are detailed as follows: Socioeconomic and R&D data were obtained from the China Urban Statistical Yearbook, the Sichuan Provincial Statistical Yearbook, and various statistical bulletins. These official sources provide comprehensive time series and standardized statistics, offering reliable data for ecological footprint accounting and comparable impact factors for geographic detector analysis [34]. Land-use data are from the National Bureau of Statistics’s Third National Land Survey. This legally valid and highly accurate dataset identifies various types of ecologically productive land, forming the core basis for calculating ecological carrying capacity and analyzing the ecological impact of construction land. Topographic data were sourced from the DEM data available on the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Geospatial Data Cloud Platform. These data are both highly accurate and easily accessible, effectively illustrating how topographic factors like elevation and slope influence the spatial differentiation of ecological carrying capacity.

This paper’s ecological footprint calculation adheres to established academic algorithms, comprising two main components: the biological resource account and the energy resource account [35] (

Table 1. Accounts of ecological footprint.

Consumption Category	Consumption Index	Land Types
Biological Consumption resources	Grain, beans, potatoes, peanuts, oilseeds, sugarcane, Chinese herbal medicine, vegetables and edible fungi, cocoon silk, tea, pork, fowl, eggs, honey	Cropland
	Beef, mutton, rabbit meat, dairy	Forest land
	Apples, pears, citrus	Grazing land
	Freshwater products	Fishing ground
Energy consumption resources	Raw coal, coal char, crude oil, gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil, natural gas	Fossil fuel land
	Electricity, heat	Build-up land

). The biological resource account includes agricultural, forestry, livestock, and fishery products. These were classified based on the specific land type required for their production [36,37,38]. For instance, although pigs, poultry, and eggs fall under livestock products, their breeding depends heavily on feed from arable land. Hence, their ecological footprint is categorized under arable land [39,40]. Conversely, livestock products primarily relying on natural pasture are classified as grassland [41]. The energy resource account encompasses fossil fuel consumption and the direct use of construction land [42]. This detailed accounting method minimizes bias in land type classification, ensuring that key outcomes, such as per capita ecological footprint and ecological deficit or surplus, accurately reflect regional conditions. It is this approach that enhances the scientific rigor and credibility of the conclusions.

The unit calorific value data of the biological consumption indicators mentioned in the above table are derived from the 1993 edition of the Revised Handbook of Agricultural Technology and Economics.

2.3. Methods

In this study, the equivalence and yield factors used in the calculations were modified by referencing relevant studies in regional ecological economics and analysis in China, enabling the results to better reflect the actual conditions reported in those studies [43,44]. On this basis, the ecological footprint model based on provincial hectares was used to calculate the per capita ecological footprint, the per capita ecological carrying capacity, and the ecological footprint per 10,000 Yuan GDP in each prefecture, city, and economic area. Then, the ecological security centroid plot was drawn to evaluate the consumption and utilization efficiency of regional resources. In addition, this study utilized a geospatial detector for factor analysis to identify the driving factors behind spatial differentiation in ecological footprints. This method, widely used in environmental management and regional development research, effectively probes spatial differentiation and its driving mechanisms [25,45,46,47,48]. Unlike traditional regression methods, the geospatial detector does not depend on linear assumptions. It adeptly handles categorical variables and uncovers nonlinear relationships and interaction effects between factors [49]. This makes it particularly suitable for analyzing spatial issues like ecological footprints, which are influenced by complex socioeconomic factors (

Table 2. The formula of ecological security spatial evolution.

Correction equivalence factor of provincial hectare	$q_i={\displaystyle \frac{\overline{p_i}}{\overline{p}}}={\displaystyle \frac{Q_i}{S_I}}/{\displaystyle \frac{\sum Q_i}{\sum S_i}}={\displaystyle \frac{{\sum }_k{p}_k^i{r}_k^i}{S_i}}/{\displaystyle \frac{{\sum }_i{\sum }_k{p}_k^i{r}_k^i}{\sum S_i}}$ (1)	The conversion coefficient for productivity of different biologically productive land [50]
Correction yield factor of provincial hectare	$y_i^j={\displaystyle \frac{\overline{p_k^i}}{\overline{p_i}}}={\displaystyle \frac{Q_i^j}{S_i^j}}/{\displaystyle \frac{Q_i}{S_i}}={\displaystyle \frac{{\sum }_k{\left(p_k^i\right)}^j{r}_k^i}{S_i^j}}/{\displaystyle \frac{{\sum }_k{p}_k^i{r}_k^i}{S_i}}$ (2)	The conversion coefficient for productivity of national and regional biologically productive land [51,52]
Ecological footprint	$EF=N\times ef=\sum ({\displaystyle \frac{q_i\times c_i}{p_i}})$ (3)	The total area of biologically productive land for all resources consumed and waste generated by the population within the region [53,54]
Ecological carrying capacity	$EC=N\times ec=N\times \sum (a_i\times r_i\times y_i)$ (4)	The limiting factors of natural resources on the supply capacity of human society and the potential of regional economic and social development [55,56]
Ecological footprint per 10,000 yuan GDP	$WEF=EF/GDP$ (5)	The index of the area of biological productive land converted by various resources consumed by the end of the regional unit, which reflects the utilization efficiency of natural resources by human society [57,58]
Geographical detector	$q=1-{\displaystyle \frac{{\sum }_{h=1}^L\sum N_h{\sigma }_h^2}{N{\sigma }^2}}$ (6)	The impact of a single factor and interaction between factors on the spatio-temporal differentiation of ecological footprint [25,45,46,47,48]

According to the recommendation of the World Commission on Environment and Development, the calculation results of ecological carrying capacity include a 12% deduction for land designated for biodiversity conservation.

).

To support the critical assessment of this study’s findings, the following validation approaches are suggested. The ecological footprint calculation adopted a “provincial hectare” model tailored to the conditions of Sichuan Province. The bioresource accounts were established based on regional characteristics, incorporating southern specialty crops such as sugarcane and tea. To ensure the accuracy of municipal-level agricultural product data, after cross-referencing provincial statistical yearbooks with prefectural-level statistical yearbooks, relevant district and county agricultural bureaus were contacted to obtain more precise sub-regional data. All data were uniformly cleaned and organized using Stata software (Version 17.0). For key parameters, the equivalence factor was calculated as the ratio of the average ecological productivity of all similar ecologically productive land in the province to the average ecological productivity of all ecologically productive land in the province. The yield factor was determined as the ratio of the average productivity of a specific land type in each locality to the average productivity of all similar land types in the province, thereby correcting for regional productivity differences. Energy account consumption data were uniformly sourced from local statistical yearbooks at various levels. Furthermore, the driving factors for the geographical detector were selected based on theoretical and empirical research related to economic development and the ecological environment in Sichuan Province, ensuring their regional representativeness.

3. Results

3.1. Variation Characteristics of Ecological Footprint

3.1.1. Per Capita Ecological Footprint

Over the past decade, Sichuan Province has experienced significant fluctuations in its per capita ecological footprint, influenced by alternating phases of economic expansion and environmental governance (Figure 2). During the first period (W1: 2013–2018), the provincial average increased from 1.6541 hm² to 1.7677 hm², largely driven by industrialization and urbanization. This was followed by a moderate decline during the early phase of W2 (2018–2019), attributed to clean energy promotion under the 13th Five-Year Plan, before rising again to 1.8891 hm² by 2022.

Regional disparities among the five economic zones are pronounced. The Northwestern Sichuan Economic Area (EZ4) consistently recorded the highest footprint, rising from 2.6402 hm² in 2013 to 3.1224 hm² in 2019. In contrast, the Panxi Economic Area (EZ5) maintained the lowest level across the study period, recording 1.6138 hm² in 2013 and 1.6807 hm² in 2022. The Southern Sichuan Economic Area (EZ2) exhibited the most substantial growth—increasing by 41.61% between 2013 and 2022—reflecting intense industrial and urban pressures.

Analysis at the prefectural level reinforces these trends. For instance, in EZ2, Zigong and Yibin saw their footprints rise markedly from 2013 to 2022. Similarly, in EZ4, Ngawa and Ganzi prefectures consistently recorded high values, aligning with the zone’s resource-intensive development pathway. Conversely, Panzhihua in EZ5 showed a more contained increase, underscoring the zone’s success in sustaining lower ecological impacts. These patterns highlight how place-specific economic policies have variably shaped the trade-off between development and ecological load across Sichuan.

3.1.2. Per Capita Ecological Carrying Capacity

Sichuan Province’s per capita ecological carrying capacity remained relatively stable from 2013 to 2022, with the provincial average decreasing marginally from 0.5477 hm² to 0.5470 hm². However, distinct trends emerged across its five economic zones and prefecture-level cities, particularly between the two study periods: W1 (2013–2018) and W2 (2018–2022) (Figure 3).

During W1, the Southern Sichuan Economic Area (EZ2) experienced the most pronounced decline, while the Panxi Economic Area (EZ5) also decreased notably. In contrast, the Chengdu Plain Economic Area (EZ1) and Northeastern Sichuan Economic Area (EZ3) saw modest gains. At the city level, Chengdu more than doubled its carrying capacity, and Neijiang, Zigong, and Meishan also registered increases exceeding 10%. Conversely, Deyang, Leshan, Dazhou, and Liangshan Prefecture experienced declines.

In W2, the Northwestern Sichuan Economic Area (EZ4) recorded the largest decline, particularly influenced by a 36.32% drop in Ganzi Prefecture from 2019 to 2022. Meanwhile, the Southern Sichuan Economic Area (EZ2) showed recovery, with Zigong, Luzhou, Leshan, and Yibin each increasing by over 10%. By 2022, Guangyuan maintained the highest average carrying capacity among cities, whereas Chengdu remained the lowest.

These shifts reflect the impact of regional environmental and industrial policies, ecological restoration projects in ecologically fragile zones, and urban industrial transformation in core cities, underscoring the varied effectiveness of sustainability measures across different regional contexts.

3.1.3. Ecological Footprint per 10,000 Yuan GDP

Over the past decade, the ecological footprint per 10,000 yuan GDP in Sichuan Province has shown a consistent declining trend, reflecting improved resource utilization efficiency at both provincial and city levels. Between 2013 and 2022, the provincial average decreased from 0.5656 hm² to 0.3018 hm², with notable variations across economic zones and cities (Figure 4).

During the W1 period (2013–2018), all five major economic zones experienced significant reductions. The Chengdu Plain Economic Area (EZ1) and Panxi Economic Area (EZ5) maintained the lowest levels, falling to 0.4749 hm² and 0.4023 hm², respectively, by 2018. In contrast, the Northeastern Sichuan (EZ3) and Northwestern Sichuan (EZ4) Economic Areas recorded higher values, though still showing considerable decreases. At the city level, Chengdu and Panzhihua consistently had the lowest footprints, while Aba Prefecture, Ziyang, and Bazhong remained high.

In the W2 period (2018–2022), the declining trend continued, with the provincial average dropping further to 0.3018 hm². The Northwestern Sichuan Economic Area (EZ4) showed the most pronounced improvement, falling from 0.8050 hm² to 0.6314 hm². Most cities exhibited further reductions by 2022, with Mianyang, Suining, Nanchong, Bazhong, and Aba Prefecture decreasing by over 40% since 2013. These changes are closely linked to regional industrial restructuring and clean energy transitions, particularly in Chengdu and the Panxi area, where industrial upgrading and circular economy initiatives have enhanced resource efficiency. In contrast, the persistently higher footprints in Northeastern and Northwestern Sichuan reflect their reliance on agriculture and resource-intensive industries.

The overall decline underscores the effectiveness of environmental policies and technological advances in decoupling economic growth from ecological impact, though regional disparities highlight the need for tailored strategies based on local economic structures.

3.2. Variation Characteristics of Ecological Security Centroid

This paper analyzes the spatial variation trajectory of ecological security in Sichuan Province for the years 2013, 2018, and 2022, focusing on the ecological security centroid (Figure 5). The results show that the ecological security centroid in Sichuan Province has primarily been located in the southeastern Chengdu City, near the northeastern part of Meishan City, over the past decade. Spatially, it is densely distributed, presenting an overall pattern oriented from “northeast to southeast.” Affected by human activities, the ecological security centroid shifted westward by 9.4639 km from 2013 to 2018. The extension trend of the short axis of the standard deviation ellipse was more obvious than that of the long axis, and the scope of ecological security expanded to the northwest, indicating that at this stage, the ecological issues in the northwest of Sichuan Province were particularly prominent, mainly involving Ganzi and Aba prefectures, especially Ganzi prefecture, facing the challenges from industrial, agricultural and domestic pollution sources. Compared with 2013, the emission of sulfur dioxide in wastewater in Ganzi prefecture increased by 29.71% in 2018, and the ecological pressure increased annually. From 2018 to 2022, the ecological security centroid shifted to the southeast by 5.7265 km. The long axis and short axis of the standard deviation ellipse had a convergence trend, and the gap in shortening distance was small, indicating that the ecological environment of the northwestern region of Sichuan Province, especially the western region, had been restored to a certain extent. In this period, Ganzi Prefecture experienced significant ecological improvement. In 2022, the emission of sulfur dioxide in wastewater decreased by 20.15% compared with that in 2018, and chemical oxygen demand emissions in exhaust gas decreased by 13.04%. The regional ecological problems were alleviated, and the environmental pressure was reduced. With the improvement of science and technology, the use of agricultural machinery and different improvement and restoration measures, the productivity of the same land type has been significantly improved, and the ecological pressure has been reduced. In addition, Sichuan Province, as an important ecological strategic area in Southwest China, has carried out a series of ecological restoration and ecological protection measures in recent years, which have greatly improved the overall ecological environment of the province.

3.3. Analysis of the Main Influencing Factors of Ecological Footprint

This study examines the spatiotemporal differentiation of ecological footprints across the five major economic zones, utilizing the geographic detector method. The analysis uses the per capita ecological footprint of the entire province as the dependent variable to explore its spatial driving mechanisms. This provincial scale is appropriate as the zones are influenced by consistent provincial policies and natural patterns, aiding in identifying common dominant factors and supporting regional collaborative governance.

The choice of driving factors aligns with the distinguishing features of the five major economic zones. Economically, per capita GDP (X2) and the share of secondary industry (X3) effectively delineate the higher development level of the Chengdu Plain Economic Zone relative to the others [59]. The total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery (X13) captures the agricultural–ecological characteristic of the Northeastern and Northwestern Sichuan Economic Zones, while R&D investment intensity (X4) reflects each zone’s emphasis on technological innovation.

From a social-consumption perspective, population density (X1) indicates the intensity of human activity across zones. Urbanization rate (X5) and urban construction land (X11) underscore the Chengdu Plain Economic Zone’s high degree of urbanization, and urban and rural consumption expenditure (X6, X7) reveal differences in consumption patterns and lifestyles among the zones [60].

Regarding natural background, temperature (X8) and precipitation (X9) capture the climatic contrasts between the Northwestern Sichuan Ecological Economic Zone and the Panxi Economic Zone [61,62]. Urban sewage treatment rate (X10) indicates differences in environmental governance, and cultivated land area (X12) further characterizes the agricultural–ecological nature of the Northeastern and Northwestern Sichuan Economic Zones [63,64].

The factor system integrates province-wide commonalities with the distinct characteristics of the five major economic zones, enabling a comprehensive analysis of the spatial differentiation mechanisms of the ecological footprint. After all factors passed the collinearity test, a geographic detector analyzed their independent and interactive explanatory power, constructing a complete analytical chain from macro mechanisms to regional heterogeneity.

3.3.1. Single Factor Detection Analysis

The single-factor analysis results (

Table 3. Socioeconomic factors influencing ecological security.

Years	Factors	Population Density	Per Capita Regional GDP	Secondary Industries Output Value	R&D Expenditure	Urbanization Rate	Urban per Capita Consumption Expenditure	Rural per Capita Consumption Expenditure	Urban Average Temperature	Urban Precipitation	Urban Sewage Treatment Rate	Urban Construction Land	Agricultural Acreage	Total Output Value of Agriculture, Forestry, Animal Husbandry and Fishery
		X1	X2	X3	X4	X5	X6	X7	X8	X9	X10	X11	X12	X13
2013	qstatistic	0.1121	0.1349	0.2020	0.2020	0.2126	0.0921	0.2739	0.2722	0.1984	0.0244	0.2020	0.0733	0.0681
	pvalue	0.1590	0.2783	0.0945	0.0945	0.1092	0.1864	0.0150	0.8636	0.0955	0.8777	0.0945	0.2452	0.2983
2018	qstatistic	0.1160	0.1102	0.2346	0.2346	0.2914	0.2364	0.0313	0.4318	0.0007	0.1418	0.2346	0.1076	0.1532
	pvalue	0.1574	0.2736	0.0687	0.0687	0.0396	0.0859	0.4463	0.7030	0.9874	0.6427	0.0687	0.1518	0.1579
2022	qstatistic	0.3151	0.0588	0.3151	0.3151	0.1586	0.1595	0.0191	0.2944	0.0047	0.0715	0.3151	0.1703	0.1479
	pvalue	0.0160	0.3596	0.0160	0.0160	0.1555	0.2036	0.5507	0.8860	0.9071	0.7236	0.0160	0.0739	0.1334

, Figure 6) indicate that secondary industry output (X3), R&D expenditure (X4), and urban construction land (X11) consistently have a significant correlation with the per capita ecological footprint. This correlation varies among the five major economic zones. In the Chengdu Plain Economic Zone, R&D expenditure has a notably inhibitory effect, aligning with the “Chengdu Plain Economic Zone Green Development Promotion Regulations.” Conversely, the Panxi Economic Zone experiences primary pressure from its secondary industry, highlighting the path dependence of its resource-based industrial structure. Meanwhile, the Northeastern Sichuan Economic Zone has effectively managed ecological pressure from construction land, adhering to the “Qinba Mountain Area Ecological Protection Plan”.

The time-series analysis showed that rural per capita consumption expenditure (X7) had its strongest impact in 2013, consistent with a consumption upgrade driven by the “new rural construction” and particularly evident in the northeastern and northwestern Sichuan economic zones. By 2018, the urbanization rate (X5) and urban per capita consumption expenditure (X6) emerged as the dominant drivers, especially in the Chengdu Plain Economic Zone, where the construction of the “Chengdu-Chongqing Twin-City Economic Circle” accelerated population agglomeration and shifted ecological pressure. By 2022, the influence of cultivated land area (X12) had grown markedly, most notably in the main agricultural production areas of northeastern Sichuan, reflecting an intensification of the people–land contradiction under the implementation of the “Sichuan Province Cultivated Land Protection Regulations.”

3.3.2. Dual-Factor Interactive Detection Analysis

The dual-factor interaction analysis results revealed that the primary relationship among the factors was nonlinear reinforcement (Figure 7). The urban average temperature (X8) consistently demonstrated a significant impact during the interaction, underscoring the fundamental role of climate conditions in shaping ecological pressures.

From a temporal perspective, the interaction between temperature (X8) and rural consumption (X7) was strongest in 2013 (q = 0.471), with the effect particularly pronounced in the Northwestern Sichuan Ecological Economic Zone. This finding reflects the fundamental constraint that climate conditions impose on agricultural and pastoral production and confirms the mechanism by which climate-sensitive livelihood systems are vulnerable to consumption upgrading. In 2018, the interaction between temperature (X8) and urbanization rate (X5) was prominent (q = 0.672), most evident in the Chengdu Plain Economic Zone. This pattern reflects the synergistic increase in the urban heat island effect and energy consumption during rapid urbanization and aligns with theoretical expectations of the “urban climate–energy coupling mechanism”. By 2022, the interaction between temperature and multiple factors—population density (X1), secondary industry output (X3), R&D expenditure (X4), and urban construction land (X11)—had further strengthened (q = 0.589), with this effect especially pronounced in the Panxi Economic Zone. This finding indicates that, under the construction of the “National Strategic Resource Innovation and Development Pilot Zone,” climate conditions have become deeply integrated into socioeconomic operations, producing a new paradigm of “climate–economic system coupling pressure.” The evolution shows that the mechanism generating ecological pressure in Sichuan Province shifted from a localized “climate–rural consumption” interaction to a systemic, multidimensional coupling of “climate–urbanization–industrialization,” offering a new perspective for explaining the differentiated formation paths of ecological pressure across economic zones.

4. Discussion

Sichuan Province maintained a state of ecological deficit from 2013 to 2022, indicating persistent pressure on regional ecosystems. During this period, the per capita ecological footprint rose by 0.1136 hm², reaching its peak in 2014. Notably, spatial trajectory analysis of the ecological security centroid reveals a distinct southwestward migration trend, which aligns with the rapid development patterns observed in the Southern Sichuan Economic Zone (EZ2) and the Panzhihua–Xichang Economic Zone (EZ5), suggesting a significant shift in the spatial distribution of ecological pressure. Despite this, per capita ecological carrying capacity consistently exceeded the footprint, sustaining an ecological surplus between 0.1583 hm² and 0.2057 hm² and reflecting an overall trajectory of sustainable development [65,66]. A marked decline in the ecological footprint per 10,000 yuan GDP further signals enhanced resource efficiency, driven by industrial upgrading and technological progress. This improvement is closely linked to Sichuan’s recent promotion of the “5 + 1” modern industrial system and its innovation-driven development strategy, offering valuable insights for western regions aiming to balance economic growth with ecological conservation [67,68,69].

Factor detection analysis reveals that secondary industry output and R&D expenditure were the dominant drivers of the ecological footprint, while urban average temperature exhibited the strongest interactive effects in two-factor analysis. The pronounced influence of industrial structure underscores Sichuan’s ongoing deep industrialization phase. However, the prominent role of R&D expenditure highlights the dual effects of innovation activities [70,71,72]. While technological advances reduce the per-unit ecological footprint, they may also stimulate the expansion of emerging industries, thereby generating new ecological pressures [73,74,75]. The interaction between temperature and economic factors further indicates that climatic conditions modulate industrial and energy demand [76,77]. This finding provides important insights for formulating differentiated regional environmental policies in Sichuan in the context of climate change.

Notably, the economic zone-based framework adopted in this study uncovers spatial patterns often masked by conventional administrative-unit analysis. Distinct developmental dynamics emerged across the five major economic regions: the Chengdu Plain Economic Area (EZ1) operated as an integrated high-pressure cluster; the Southern Sichuan Economic Area (EZ2) experienced the most rapid footprint expansion, revealing intense developmental stress; both the Northeastern (EZ3) and Northwestern (EZ4) Sichuan Economic Areas remained dependent on resource-intensive sectors; and the Panzhihua–Xichang Economic Area (EZ5) sustained a relatively lower ecological footprint. These findings validate the scientific value of functional economic zoning in environmental governance [78,79]. More importantly, they reveal the unique challenges that different regions face in coordinating ecological and economic development. This research provides an empirical basis for targeted environmental management [80,81].

These cross-jurisdictional findings underscore the value of functional regionalization in designing coordinated environmental strategies [82,83]. The discussion reveals that the core of Sichuan’s ecological management lies in reconciling the tension between regional development disparities and unified environmental goals. The southwestward shift of the ecological pressure centroid and the heterogeneity of economic zones are not isolated phenomena; they are intrinsically linked to the province’s industrial layout and innovation factor flow. This deepens the understanding of the complex mechanisms behind the spatial evolution of the ecological footprint, moving beyond simple driver identification to a systemic analysis of their spatial interaction effects.

4.1. Academic Contributions

This study accomplished a dual breakthrough in methodology and perspective. Methodologically, an enhanced ecological footprint was developed model based on “provincial hectares” and tailored to economic zones. This model addresses the limitations of traditional approaches by incorporating regional disparities, thereby providing a practical framework for analyzing ecological supply and demand across multiple economic zones at the provincial level. Furthermore, a geographic detector was applied to examine the driving mechanisms of ecological footprints, identifying key factors—such as secondary industry output, R&D investment, and temperature—and their interaction effects. This approach enhances the understanding of synergistic dynamics between natural and economic factors within human–land system coupling. From an analytical perspective, the investigation systematically examined the formation and evolution of ecological pressure across five major economic zones through three dimensions: overall trends, regional differentiation, and driving mechanisms. The analysis offers empirical evidence and theoretical support for the design of differentiated ecological governance strategies and policy development.

4.2. Research Prospects

Future research can be further deepened in the following aspects: (1) strengthening inter-regional ecological linkage research and explore ecological compensation and collaborative governance mechanisms between economic zones; (2) introducing dynamic simulation methods, construct a multi-scenario analysis framework, and predict the ecological effects of different policy paths; and (3) promoting ecological value accounting and green development performance evaluation to provide more accurate decision support for regional ecological civilization construction. Furthermore, future research should incorporate dynamic simulations and inter-regional comparisons to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying the spatial differentiation of ecological footprint evolution, providing scientific support for ecological co-construction and environmental co-protection within the Chengdu–Chongqing economic circle.

5. Conclusions

The construction of the five major economic regions in Sichuan Province has brought challenges and opportunities to the ecological environment while promoting economic growth. Therefore, starting from the ecological supply and demand of the five economic areas, this paper discusses the new path of coordinated development of the regional economy and ecological protection and puts forward the following suggestions (Figure 8):

(1)

Chengdu Plain Economic Area: Future development should maintain the “modern economy + ecological sustainability” model by enhancing R&D-driven emission reduction and strictly controlling urban land expansion.

(2)

Southern Sichuan Economic Area: The core strategy should center on the “basin economic ecological corridor” concept aligned with the Belt and Road Initiative, focusing on protecting critical river corridors while establishing watershed ecological compensation mechanisms.

(3)

Northeastern Sichuan Economic Area: Emphasize “building ecologically intensive farmland along the red line” through advanced agricultural technologies and high-standard farmland development.

(4)

Northwestern Sichuan Economic Area: Adopt an ‘ecological economy + ecological restoration’ approach by developing eco-tourism and plateau-specific agriculture, coupled with climate adaptation measures.

(5)

Pan-xi Economic Area: Strengthen the ‘agricultural economy + soil and water conservation’ to establish a distinctive ‘Second Granary of Tianfu’, while promoting green mineral development and enhanced ecological protection.

In summary, it is recommended that Sichuan pursue these targeted, zone-specific policies, which collectively embody the promotion of renewable energy in resource-intensive regions and the strengthening of ecological compensation mechanisms. The overarching goal is to align economic and urban development with functional regional carrying capacity.