Promoting Sustainable Career Development in Inclusive Education: A Psychometric Study of Career Maturity Among Students with Special Educational Needs †
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Foundation of Career Maturity
3. Literature Review
3.1. Early Measurement Efforts in Career Maturity
3.2. Correlations and Predictors of Career Maturity
3.3. Career Maturity and Life Satisfaction
3.4. The Present Study: Advancing SDG 4 Through Inclusive Career Assessment
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Current Study
4.1.1. Scope, Objectives, and Hypotheses of the Current Study
4.1.2. Data Context and Relevance to the Current Study
4.2. Methodology
4.2.1. Participants and Data Collection Procedure
4.2.2. Measurements
- Career Maturity Inventory
- 2.
- Satisfaction with Life Scale
5. Main Data Analyses and Results
5.1. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)
5.2. Rasch Analysis
5.3. Correlation Analysis
5.4. Supplementary Data Analysis
- Top-right quadrant: Low career choice readiness–high intention to seek career consultation.
- 2.
- Top-left quadrant: High career choice readiness–high intention to seek career consultation.
- 3.
- Bottom-right quadrant: Low career choice readiness–low intention to seek career consultation.
- 4.
- Bottom-left quadrant: High career choice readiness–low intention to seek career consultation.
6. Discussion
7. Implications
8. Limitations and Directions for Future Research
9. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CMI-C | Career Maturity Inventory-Form C |
CM_CCR | Career Maturity–Career Choice Readiness |
CM_ICC | Career Maturity–Intention to Seek Career Consultation |
SEN | Special Educational Needs |
ASD | Autism Spectrum Disorder |
ID | Intellectual Disability |
PD | Physical Disability |
SLI | Speech and Language Impairment |
VI | Visual Impairment |
SpLD | Specific Learning Disabilities |
MNSQ | Mean Square |
CCR | Career Choice Readiness |
ICC | Intention to Seek Career Consultation |
Appendix A
Item | DIF Pair | DIF Measure | S.E. | z-Value | DIF Contrast |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CM_CCR2 | Male vs. Female | −0.035 | 0.124 | −0.282 | −0.070 |
CM_CCR3 | Male vs. Female | −0.088 | 0.123 | −0.715 | −0.176 |
CM_CCR4 | Male vs. Female | 0.115 | 0.124 | 0.927 | 0.230 |
CM_CCR5 | Male vs. Female | 0.059 | 0.126 | 0.468 | 0.118 |
CM_CCR6 | Male vs. Female | −0.039 | 0.126 | −0.310 | −0.078 |
CM_CCR7 | Male vs. Female | −0.048 | 0.125 | −0.384 | −0.096 |
CM_CCR8 | Male vs. Female | −0.191 | 0.124 | −1.540 | −0.382 |
CM_CCR9 | Male vs. Female | −0.067 | 0.123 | −0.545 | −0.134 |
CM_CCR10 | Male vs. Female | −0.005 | 0.127 | −0.039 | −0.010 |
CM_CCR11 | Male vs. Female | −0.015 | 0.124 | −0.121 | −0.030 |
CM_ICC1 | Male vs. Female | −0.016 | 0.128 | −0.125 | −0.032 |
CM_ICC3 | Male vs. Female | 0.329 | 0.129 | 2.550 | 0.658 |
CM_ICC4 | Male vs. Female | −0.072 | 0.134 | −0.537 | −0.144 |
CM_ICC5 | Male vs. Female | 0.072 | 0.454 | 0.159 | 0.144 |
References
- Gao, F.; Yang, L.; Sin, K.F. Enhancing Career Development Assessment for SEN Students: Psychometric Validation of the Career Maturity Inventory. In Proceedings of the American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting 2025, Denver, CO, USA, 23–27 April 2025. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, L.; Wong, L.P.W. Career and Life Planning Education: Extending the Self-Concept Theory and Its Multidimensional Model to Assess Career-Related Self-Concept of Students with Diverse Abilities. ECNU Rev. Educ. 2020, 3, 659–677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mann, A.; Denis, V.; Percy, C. Career Ready? How Schools Can Better Prepare Young People for Working Life in the Era of COVID-19; OECD Education Working Papers 241; OECD: Paris, France, 2020; Volume 241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parola, A.; Marcionetti, J.; Wong, L.P.W. Career-Related Teacher Support Scale: Validation Among Italian Adolescents and Assessment of the Effect on Career Decision Self-Efficacy Through Career Adaptability. J. Career Assess. 2024, 33, 167–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wong, L.P.W.; Chen, G.; Yuen, M. Career Development and the COVID-19 Outbreak: Protective Functions of Career-Related Teacher Support. Br. J. Guid. Couns. 2024, 52, 1118–1134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hearne, L.; Neary, S. Let’s Talk about Career Guidance in Secondary Schools! A Consideration of the Professional Capital of School Staff in Ireland and England. Int. J. Educ. Vocat. Guid. 2021, 21, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wong, L.P.W.; Yuen, M.; Chen, G. Technology-Infused Career and Life Planning Education. Asia Pac. Career Dev. J. 2019, 2, 51–62. [Google Scholar]
- Marciniak, J.; Johnston, C.S.; Steiner, R.S.; Hirschi, A. Career Preparedness among Adolescents: A Review of Key Components and Directions for Future Research. J. Career Dev. 2022, 49, 18–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Savickas, M.L.; Porfeli, E.J. Revision of the Career Maturity Inventory: The Adaptability Form. J. Career Assess. 2011, 19, 355–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crites, J.O. Career Maturity; National Council on Measurement in Education, Office of Evaluation Services, Michigan State University: East Lansing, MI, USA, 1973; Volume 4. Available online: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED077976 (accessed on 16 May 2025).
- Crites, J.O. Career Counseling: A Comprehensive Approach. Couns. Psychol. 1976, 6, 2–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crites, J.O. Career Maturity Inventory: Theory and Research Handbook, 2nd ed.; CTB/McGraw-Hill: Monterey, CA, USA, 1978. [Google Scholar]
- Crites, J.O.; Savickas, M.L. Revision of the Career Maturity Inventory. J. Career Assess. 1996, 4, 131–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patton, W.; Creed, P.A. Developmental Issues in Career Maturity and Career Decision Status. Career Dev. Q. 2001, 49, 336–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Super, D.E. Dimensions and Measurement of Vocational Maturity. Teach. Coll. Rec. 1955, 57, 151–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lau, P.L.; Chung, Y.B.; Wang, L. Effects of a Career Exploration Intervention on Students’ Career Maturity and Self-Concept. J. Career Dev. 2021, 48, 311–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, C.M.M. Career Maturity, Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy, Interdependent Self-Construal, Locus of Control and Gender Role Ideology of Chinese Adolescents in Hong Kong. Ph.D. Thesis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 2007. Available online: https://scholars.hkbu.edu.hk/en/studentTheses/career-maturity-career-decision-making-self-efficacy-interdepende (accessed on 17 May 2025).
- van’t Wout, C.; van Dyk, G. Factors Influencing Career Maturity in the South African National Defence Force: A Diagnostic Approach. J. Psychol. Afr. 2016, 26, 29–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ham, K.-A.; Lim, H.-W. Career Maturity and Quality of Life in Korean Adolescents: A Cross-Lagged Panel Design. Career Dev. Q. 2017, 65, 250–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parola, A.; Marcionetti, J. Career Decision-Making Difficulties and Life Satisfaction: The Role of Career-Related Parental Behaviors and Career Adaptability. J. Career Dev. 2022, 49, 831–845. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Super, D.E. Measuring Vocational Maturity for Counseling and Evaluation; Monograph; National Vocational Guidance Association: Washington, DC, USA, 1974. [Google Scholar]
- Mathews, A.M.; Berger, B.G.; Darby, L.A.; Owen, D.R.; Tobar, D.A. Athletic Identity, Career Maturity, and Subjective Well-Being of NCAA Division I and III Football Players. J. Sport Behav. 2021, 44, 321–338. [Google Scholar]
- Super, D.E. Assessment in Career Guidance: Toward Truly Developmental Counseling. Pers. Guid. J. 1983, 61, 555–562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Super, D.E. A Life-Span, Life-Space Approach to Career Development. In Career Choice and Development: Applying Contemporary Theories to Practice, 2nd ed.; The Jossey-Bass Management Series and The Jossey-Bass Social and Behavioral Science Series; Jossey-Bass: San Francisco, CA, USA, 1990; pp. 197–261. [Google Scholar]
- Hansen, J.-I.C. Test Review: J. O. Crites, Career Maturity Inventory. J. Couns. Psychol. 1974, 21, 168–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yates, C.; Johnson, N.; Johnson, J. Effects of the Use of the Vocational Exploration Group on Career Maturity. J. Couns. Psychol. 1979, 26, 368–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Savickas, M.L. The Theory and Practice of Career Construction. In Career Development and Counseling: Putting Theory and Research to Work; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2005; pp. 42–70. [Google Scholar]
- Wong, L.P.W. Issues Concerning the Interpretation and Assessment of Career Adaptability: Perspective from Hong Kong, China. Youth 2022, 2, 181–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wong, L.P.W.; Yuen, M.; Zhang, J.; Ho, E.Y.-F. Assessing Life Skills Development Self-Efficacy: A Validation Study in Hong Kong, China. Int. J. Educ. Vocat. Guid. 2023, 1–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, L.; Yuen, M.; Wang, H.; Wang, Z.; Sin, K.F. Assessing Career Life Skills Self-Efficacy of Students with Special Educational Needs: A Comparative Study in Hong Kong. In Careers for Students with Special Educational Needs: Perspectives on Development and Transitions from the Asia-Pacific Region; Yuen, M., Beamish, W., Solberg, V.S.H., Eds.; Springer: Singapore, 2020; pp. 313–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jang, S.; Ryu, J.; Yon, K.J.; Kim, P.Y.; Kim, M.S. Perceived Marginalization and Mental Health of Young Adults with Migration Backgrounds in South Korea: Exploring Moderating and Mediating Mechanisms. Front. Psychol. 2023, 14, 1239337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ni, J.; Zhang, J.; Wang, Y.; Li, D.; Chen, C. Relationship between Career Maturity, Psychological Separation, and Occupational Self-Efficacy of Postgraduates: Moderating Effect of Registered Residence Type. BMC Psychol. 2023, 11, 246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lyu, F.F.; Ramoo, V.; Wang, Y.X. Career Maturity, Psychological Resilience, and Professional Self-Concept of Nursing Students in China: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study. J. Prof. Nurs. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Coll. Nurs. 2022, 42, 58–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Abdul Rahim, N.S.; Wan Jaafar, W.M.; Mohamad Arsad, N. Career Maturity and Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy as Predictors of Career Adaptability among Students in Foundation Program, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Asian J. Univ. Educ. 2021, 17, 464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- APA Dictionary of Psychology. Available online: https://dictionary.apa.org/ (accessed on 16 May 2025).
- United Nations. Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/70/1). Available online: https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n15/291/89/pdf/n1529189.pdf (accessed on 28 June 2025).
- Yuen, M.; Zhang, J.; Man, P.K.W.; Mak, J.; Chung, Y.B.; Lee, Q.A.Y.; Chan, A.K.C.; So, A.; Chan, R.T.H. A Strengths-Based Longitudinal Career Intervention for Junior Secondary School Students with Special Educational Needs: A Mixed-Method Evaluation. Appl. Res. Qual. Life 2022, 17, 2229–2250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zeng, Q.; He, Y.; Quan, J.; Yang, Y.; Li, J.; Chen, P. Career Maturity and Career Adaptability among Vocational High School Students: A Moderated Mediation Model of Future Time Perspective and Future Work Self. Int. J. Educ. Vocat. Guid. 2024, 1–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Diener, E.; Emmons, R.A.; Larsen, R.J.; Griffin, S. The Satisfaction with Life Scale. J. Pers. Assess. 1985, 49, 71–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jamovi. The Jamovi Project. 2024. Available online: https://www.jamovi.org (accessed on 28 June 2025).
- Kaiser, H.F. An Index of Factorial Simplicity. Psychometrika 1974, 39, 31–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tabachnick, B.G.; Fidell, L.S. Using Multivariate Statistics, 5th ed.; Allyn and Bacon: New York, NY, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Boone, W.J. Rasch Analysis for Instrument Development: Why, When, and How? CBE Life Sci. Educ. 2016, 15, rm4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bond, T.G.; Fox, C.M. Applying the Rasch Model: Fundamental Measurement in the Human Sciences; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers: Mahwah, NJ, USA, 2001; pp. 1–255. [Google Scholar]
- Linacre, J.M. Optimizing Rating Scale Category Effectiveness. J. Appl. Meas. 2002, 3, 85–106. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Wright, B.D.; Linacre, J.M. Reasonable Mean-Square Fit Values. Rasch Meas. Trans. 1994, 8, 370–371. [Google Scholar]
- Carter, E.W.; Austin, D.; Trainor, A.A. Predictors of Postschool Employment Outcomes for Young Adults With Severe Disabilities. J. Disabil. Policy Stud. 2012, 23, 50–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nota, L.; Santilli, S.; Soresi, S. A Life-Design-Based Online Career Intervention for Early Adolescents: Description and Initial Analysis. Career Dev. Q. 2016, 64, 4–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Test, D.W.; Fowler, C.H.; Richter, S.M.; White, J.; Mazzotti, V.; Walker, A.R.; Kohler, P.; Kortering, L. Evidence-Based Practices in Secondary Transition. Career Dev. Except. Individ. 2009, 32, 115–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Howard, M.C.; Hoffman, M.E. Variable-Centered, Person-Centered, and Person-Specific Approaches: Where Theory Meets the Method. Organ. Res. Methods 2018, 21, 846–876. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koen, J.; Klehe, U.-C.; Van Vianen, A.E.M. Training Career Adaptability to Facilitate a Successful School-to-Work Transition. J. Vocat. Behav. 2012, 81, 395–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trainor, A.A. Using Cultural and Social Capital to Improve Postsecondary Outcomes and Expand Transition Models for Youth With Disabilities. J. Spec. Educ. 2008, 42, 148–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gati, I.; Landman, S.; Davidovitch, S.; Asulin-Peretz, L.; Gadassi, R. From Career Decision-Making Styles to Career Decision-Making Profiles: A Multidimensional Approach. J. Vocat. Behav. 2010, 76, 277–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hirschi, A. Career-Choice Readiness in Adolescence: Developmental Trajectories and Individual Differences. J. Vocat. Behav. 2011, 79, 340–348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brown, S.D.; Lent, R.W. Career Development and Counseling: Putting Theory and Research to Work; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2005; pp. 1–682. [Google Scholar]
- Lent, R.W.; Brown, S.D. Career Decision Making, Fast and Slow: Toward an Integrative Model of Intervention for Sustainable Career Choice. J. Vocat. Behav. 2020, 120, 103448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mazzotti, V.L.; Rowe, D.A.; Kwiatek, S.; Voggt, A.; Chang, W.-H.; Fowler, C.H.; Poppen, M.; Sinclair, J.; Test, D.W. Secondary Transition Predictors of Postschool Success: An Update to the Research Base. Career Dev. Transit. Except. Individ. 2021, 44, 47–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shogren, K.A.; Ward, M.J. Promoting and Enhancing Self-Determination to Improve the Post-School Outcomes of People with Disabilities. J. Vocat. Rehabil. 2018, 48, 187–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deci, E.L.; Ryan, R.M. The “What” and “Why” of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior. Psychol. Inq. 2000, 11, 227–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Super, D.E.; Crites, J.O.; Hummel, R.C.; Moser, H.P.; Overstreet, P.L.; Warnath, C.F. Vocational Development: A Framework for Research; Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Columbia University: Oxford, UK; New York, NY, USA, 1957; pp. 1–142. [Google Scholar]
- Hirschi, A.; Läge, D. The Relation of Secondary Students’ Career-Choice Readiness to a Six-Phase Model of Career Decision Making. J. Career Dev. 2007, 34, 164–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Son, S.; Jang, Y.; Yoon, M. Developmental Trends in the Relationships Between Adolescent Career Maturity and Predictors in South Korea: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies. J. Career Dev. 2025, 52, 256–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Durlak, J.A.; Weissberg, R.P.; Dymnicki, A.B.; Taylor, R.D.; Schellinger, K.B. The Impact of Enhancing Students’ Social and Emotional Learning: A Meta-Analysis of School-Based Universal Interventions. Child Dev. 2011, 82, 405–432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Suldo, S.M.; Savage, J.A.; Mercer, S.H. Increasing Middle School Students’ Life Satisfaction: Efficacy of a Positive Psychology Group Intervention. J. Happiness Stud. 2014, 15, 19–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lent, R.W.; Brown, S.D. Social Cognitive Model of Career Self-Management: Toward a Unifying View of Adaptive Career Behavior across the Life Span. J. Couns. Psychol. 2013, 60, 557–568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Patton, W.; McMahon, M. Career Development and Systems Theory; Brill: Leiden, The Netherlands, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Wu, M.; Tam, H.P.; Jen, T.-H. Educational Measurement for Applied Researchers: Theory into Practice; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2016. [Google Scholar]
SEN Categories | Count | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability (ASD and ID) | 13 | 38.2% |
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) | 5 | 14.7% |
Intellectual Disability (ID) | 4 | 11.8% |
Intellectual Disability and Other SEN | 4 | 11.8% |
Autism Spectrum Disorder and Other SEN | 1 | 2.9% |
Other SEN * | 7 | 20.6% |
Items | Item Description | Factor Loading (16 Items) | Factor Loading (14 Items) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | ||
CM_CCR1 | I know very little about the requirements of jobs. | 0.217 | 0.511 | - | - |
CM_CCR2 | I am having difficulty in preparing myself for the work that I want to do. | 0.494 | 0.500 | ||
CM_CCR3 | I don’t know what courses I should take in school. | 0.844 | 0.823 | ||
CM_CCR4 | I don’t know whether my occupational plans are realistic. | 0.744 | 0.752 | ||
CM_CCR5 | Everyone seems to tell me something different; as a result, I don’t know what kind of work to choose. | 0.651 | 0.666 | ||
CM_CCR6 | I keep changing my occupational choice. | 0.772 | 0.776 | ||
CM_CCR7 | There are so many things to consider in choosing an occupation, it is hard to make a decision. | 0.784 | 0.775 | ||
CM_CCR8 | I can’t seem to become very concerned about my future occupation. | 0.433 | 0.428 | ||
CM_CCR9 | I seldom think about the job that I want to enter. | 0.872 | 0.861 | ||
CM_CCR10 | I’m not going to worry about choosing an occupation until I am out of school. | 0.869 | 0.872 | ||
CM_CCR11 | I really can’t find any work that has much appeal to me. | 0.872 | 0.868 | ||
CM_ICC1 | I am very clear about what kind of job I will choose. | 0.724 | 0.743 | ||
CM_ICC2 | Choosing a job is something that you do on your own. | 0.607 | 0.202 | - | - |
CM_ICC3 | It is important to consult close friends and get their ideas before making an occupational choice. | 0.680 | 0.725 | ||
CM_ICC4 | When it comes to choosing a career, I will ask other people to help me. | 0.722 | 0.679 | ||
CM_ICC5 | In making career choices, one should pay attention to the thoughts and feelings of family members. | 0.781 | 0.768 | ||
Variance explained | 38.4% | 17.2% | 40.4% | 17.3% |
Model | Description | AIC | BIC | CAIC |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Uni-dimensional | 938.55 | 964.50 | 981.50 |
2 | Two-dimensional model | 875.10 | 904.10 | 923.10 |
3 | Four-dimensional model | 880.81 | 920.50 | 946.50 |
Items | Two-Dimensional Model | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Difficulty | SE | MNSQ | EAP | ||
Infit | Outfit | ||||
CM_CCR2 | −0.794 | 0.321 | 1.313 | 1.458 | 0.92 |
CM_CCR3 | −0.386 | 0.317 | 0.739 | 0.770 | |
CM_CCR4 | −0.386 | 0.317 | 0.676 | 0.669 | |
CM_CCR5 | −1.431 | 0.331 | 1.195 | 1.133 | |
CM_CCR6 | −1.541 | 0.333 | 1.170 | 1.070 | |
CM_CCR7 | −1.215 | 0.327 | 1.297 | 1.239 | |
CM_CCR8 | −0.898 | 0.323 | 1.500 | 1.493 | |
CM_CCR9 | −0.286 | 0.316 | 0.799 | 0.832 | |
CM_CCR10 | −1.292 | 0.334 | 0.607 | 0.597 | |
CM_CCR11 | −0.691 | 0.320 | 0.603 | 0.606 | |
CM_ICC1 | −2.398 | 0.344 | 0.728 | 0.729 | 0.78 |
CM_ICC3 | −2.151 | 0.345 | 1.410 | 1.280 | |
CM_ICC4 | −3.140 | 0.360 | 0.774 | 0.751 | |
CM_ICC5 | −2.398 | 0.344 | 0.999 | 0.966 | |
Min | −3.140 | 0.316 | 0.603 | 0.597 | |
Max | −0.286 | 0.360 | 1.500 | 1.493 |
CMI_ Version 1 (16 Items) | CMI_ Version 2 (14 Items) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
1. CMI_CCR (11 items) | — | ||||
2. CMI_ICC (5 items) | 0.404 * | — | |||
3. CMI_CCR (10 items) | 0.996 *** | 0.371 * | — | ||
4. CMI_ICC (4 items) | 0.271 | 0.969 *** | 0.232 | — | |
5. Satisfaction with life (SWL) | 0.266 | 0.495 ** | 0.223 | 0.449 ** | — |
Mean | 2.82 | 3.19 | 2.80 | 3.21 | 3.39 |
SD | 0.59 | 0.50 | 0.62 | 0.55 | 0.45 |
Cronbach’s α | 0.92 | 0.77 | 0.93 | 0.80 | 0.84 |
McDonald’s ω | 0.92 | 0.79 | 0.93 | 0.81 | 0.85 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Gao, F.; Yang, L.; Wong, L.P.W.; Zhang, Q.; Sin, K.F.; Romano, A. Promoting Sustainable Career Development in Inclusive Education: A Psychometric Study of Career Maturity Among Students with Special Educational Needs. Sustainability 2025, 17, 6641. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146641
Gao F, Yang L, Wong LPW, Zhang Q, Sin KF, Romano A. Promoting Sustainable Career Development in Inclusive Education: A Psychometric Study of Career Maturity Among Students with Special Educational Needs. Sustainability. 2025; 17(14):6641. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146641
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Fengzhan, Lan Yang, Lawrence P. W. Wong, Qishuai Zhang, Kuen Fung Sin, and Alessandra Romano. 2025. "Promoting Sustainable Career Development in Inclusive Education: A Psychometric Study of Career Maturity Among Students with Special Educational Needs" Sustainability 17, no. 14: 6641. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146641
APA StyleGao, F., Yang, L., Wong, L. P. W., Zhang, Q., Sin, K. F., & Romano, A. (2025). Promoting Sustainable Career Development in Inclusive Education: A Psychometric Study of Career Maturity Among Students with Special Educational Needs. Sustainability, 17(14), 6641. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146641