Innovative Geoproduct Development for Sustainable Tourism: The Case of the Safi Geopark Project (Marrakesh–Safi Region, Morocco)

Abstract

With the growing impact of environmental challenges, the need for well-planned and effectively executed actions to support progress and sustainable social development has become increasingly evident. Geoparks play a vital role in this endeavor by fostering the development of products that celebrate local heritage and promote its conservation, utilizing the natural and cultural resources unique to each region in sustainable ways. Geoproducts, in particular, aim to enrich cultural identity and elevate the value of the landscape and geodiversity by integrating communities into innovative approaches and technologies, engaging them in commercialization, and ensuring sustainability alongside social inclusion. Within the framework of the Safi Geopark Project, this article delves into the concept of geoproducts, their definitions, and their potential to bolster local identity and social and economic development. Leveraging the abundant geological and cultural resources of Safi province, the study presents both tangible and intangible geoproducts that merge traditional craftsmanship with modern sustainability practices. Notable examples include ammonite-inspired ceramics, educational materials, and eco-friendly cosmetics, each carefully designed to reflect and celebrate the region’s geoheritage. This article underscores the crucial role of community involvement in the creation of geoproducts, highlighting their impact on conservation, education, and the promotion of sustainable tourism. By proposing actionable strategies, this study not only broadens the understanding of geoproducts within geoparks but also reinforces their importance as instruments for regional development, heritage conservation, and sustainable economic growth.

1. Introduction

The concept of geoparks has evolved significantly since its inception more than 20 years ago. In 2015, UNESCO formally adopted the International Geoscience and Geoparks Program, establishing the UNESCO Global Geopark (UGGp) label as a key global framework for integrating geological heritage into sustainable development strategies (https://www.unesco.org/en/iggp/geoparks, accessed on 25 April 2025). A UGGp is not only recognized for its geological heritage of international importance but serves as a platform for education, conservation, and local economic development through geotourism and related initiatives. Geoparks invite visitors and local communities alike to explore and appreciate geological features such as caves, fossils, and volcanic formations, fostering a deeper connection with the Earth’s history and natural processes.

Local communities play an essential role in geoparks, with their livelihoods, food production, and culture deeply intertwined with a region’s geodiversity. Geoparks encourage the preservation of natural and cultural heritage, promoting traditions, agricultural products, and local skills, while raising awareness about an area’s rich heritage [1]. This bottom-up approach strengthens community resilience and identity.

One of the objectives of UGGps is to promote sustainable development, create jobs, and establish small businesses to support local communities as visitor numbers grow. While the term ‘geoproduct’ is generally associated with local souvenirs, its scope extends far beyond that. Geoproducts are used as a mechanism to involve local communities in geopark strategies, generating income and providing educational opportunities. They integrate local heritage and landscapes, especially geodiversity, and can serve not only as functional items but as educational tools that help visitors appreciate the area’s natural and cultural wealth [2,3].

Safi province, located on Morocco’s Atlantic coast, is renowned for its exceptional geodiversity, which spans over 200 million years. This rich natural heritage is intertwined with diverse cultural assets, including historical structures like the “Ksour” granaries and cultural customs like the “moussems” festivals. Several geosites of scientific, educational, and touristic value have been identified, making Safi an ideal location to explore the role of geoproducts within geopark development [4,5,6,7,8,9]. Despite Morocco’s growing geopark initiatives, including the established M’Goun UGGp and emerging projects like the Safi Geopark, research on geoproducts remains scarce [10]. Therefore, this study focuses on the Safi Geopark as one of the first in Morocco to examine geoproduct development as a strategy for sustainable tourism. The Safi Geopark represents a pioneering example of geoproduct development, offering valuable insights for future projects in Morocco.

This study is grounded in multiple theoretical frameworks. The principles of sustainable development theory [11] emphasize the balance between economic growth, environmental conservation, and cultural preservation. Additionally, community tourism theory [12] supports the vital role of local communities in tourism product development, ensuring that they benefit equitably from these initiatives. Lastly, the cultural economy framework [13] highlights how integrating local cultural assets into economic activities can strengthen local economies and foster resilience. These frameworks shape the research objectives, guiding the investigation of geoproducts in the context of Safi Geopark.

Sustainable tourism aims to balance the economic benefits of tourism with the need to conserve the environment, protect cultural heritage, and promote social equity. This concept is particularly relevant in geoparks, where tourism can support both environmental conservation and community empowerment [14,15]. This paper specifically examines how local heritage and geodiversity can be integrated into tourism products to promote sustainable economic growth and community development in the Safi Geopark.

The study’s central research question is, how can the development of geoproducts within the Safi Geopark contribute to sustainable economic growth, reinforce local cultural identity, and support conservation efforts? It is hypothesized that the integration of traditional craftsmanship with sustainability principles and innovative technologies can foster geoproducts that promote both socioeconomic development and geoheritage preservation in the Safi region.

The objectives of this research are to: (1) define and contextualize the concept of geoproducts within the framework of UGGps; (2) identify and analyze examples of geoproducts developed in Safi province; and (3) explore how these products can enhance local identity, stimulate economic growth, and encourage sustainable tourism through active community participation.

This study contributes to the literature by providing the first comprehensive exploration of geoproduct development in the Safi region, combining traditional knowledge with modern sustainability and technological approaches such as augmented reality. By emphasizing ethical geoheritage conservation and local community involvement, the research moves beyond theoretical discourse to propose practical strategies tailored to regional contexts. In doing so, it fills a critical gap and aligns with global sustainable development agendas promoted by UNESCO and related organizations.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Area

Safi province, located in the west of the Marrakech–Safi region, covers an area of approximately 3634 km², accounting for 0.50% of the total area of Morocco. According to the 2024 census (https://resultats2024.rgphapps.ma/superset/dashboard/0fbd169b-19e1-4338-a344-e58bb9a02a4d/?permalink_key=pmo6qLqylzY&standalone=true, accessed on 25 April 2025), the province has a population of 719,671 inhabitants, with an average density of about 198 inhabitants per km². The local population is predominantly of Amazigh and Arab descent.

The climate of the study area is classified as semi-arid: cold and humid in winter, and hot and dry in summer. Annual precipitation ranges from 300 to 400 mm, with an average annual temperature of 18.4 °C. The warmest month is July, with an average maximum temperature of 28 °C, while the coldest month is January, with an average maximum temperature of 18 °C (https://en.climate-data.org/africa/morocco/safi-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%81%d9%8a/safi-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%81%d9%8a-882275/, accessed on 25 April 2025).

The province boasts a rich and diversified tourism potential, featuring a 120 km coastline with unique beaches and landscapes, including the highest cliffs along the Moroccan coast. Its long and illustrious history is reflected in the city’s historic monuments. Additionally, Safi offers a variety of local products that embody a rural heritage, showcasing traditional practices and know-how passed down through generations. The province’s natural and historical identity is complemented by a vibrant cultural mosaic of pottery, music, arts, festivals, and museums, underscoring its cultural richness and diversity.

2.2. Methods

This study followed a multi-stage approach combining bibliographic review, fieldwork, expert surveys, and community engagement to develop conceptual geoproducts tailored to the Safi region (Figure 1). The empirical process focused on providing a clear understanding of the geoproducts, how they are linked to the local community, and their role in sustainable tourism development.

(i)

Literature Review

A comprehensive literature review was conducted to define geoproducts and explore their role within geoparks and sustainable tourism development. This review included academic and gray literature, which established the theoretical foundation for the study. Key sources on sustainable tourism, geotourism, and community-based tourism theory were examined to ground the research in existing knowledge.

(ii)

Field Visits

Field visits were carried out in various locations within the Safi region to identify and document key geological features and local cultural elements, such as unique landscapes, historical landmarks, and traditional crafts. These features were prioritized based on their potential relevance to geoproduct development. During these visits, several community members, local artisans, and stakeholders were informally consulted, providing a broad understanding of the region’s cultural and environmental significance.

(iii)

Expert Surveys

Surveys were administered to geoheritage experts, geologists, and local cultural experts to select the most relevant geological and cultural features for geoproduct development. The survey participants were identified through their expertise in the region’s geoheritage and sustainable tourism. A total of 20 experts completed the questionnaires, providing valuable insights into the geodiversity of the area and its potential for integration into geoproducts. Their feedback helped prioritize the most significant features for the development of geoproducts, ensuring their cultural and environmental relevance.

(iv)

Semi-Structured Interviews

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with local artisans, workshop owners, and cooperative members in Safi. These interviews aimed to gather insights on existing artisanal practices, perceptions about the development of geoproducts, and opportunities related to geotourism. Participants were selected through snowball sampling, ensuring that a wide range of perspectives were included. The interviews were designed to explore how local communities view the integration of geological and cultural heritage into tourism products. In total, 25 interviews were conducted, with participants representing diverse sectors such as crafts, food production, and cultural tourism.

(v)

Data Analysis and Concept Refinement

The proposed geoproduct concepts were refined based on feedback from both local stakeholders and international experts specializing in geopark products. International experts were consulted to ensure cultural relevance, feasibility, and alignment with global best practices for geotourism products. The feedback gathered from the interviews, surveys, and expert consultations was analyzed using qualitative data analysis techniques, including coding, thematic analysis, and triangulation to ensure validity and reliability of the findings.

This research design is heavily informed by community-based tourism theory, emphasizing the importance of local participation, empowerment, and equitable benefit-sharing. Participatory methods, such as interviews, focus groups, and stakeholder consultations, were employed to ensure that the geoproducts developed reflect both the cultural relevance and the economic viability needed to support sustainable tourism in the Safi region. This aligns with sustainable development theory, promoting inclusive growth while respecting environmental and cultural conservation goals.

3. Results

3.1. Geoproducts: Concept and Objectives

As geotourism is considered an innovative tool for attracting visitors to geoparks [1,16,17,18], it is important that geopark managers and their partners encourage the development and sale of geoproducts. The definition of geoproducts in the literature is still unclear and varied, and different authors use different terms. For example, refs. [3,19] consider geoproducts as a geotourism resource. The aim of this section is to try to clarify the definition of geoproducts and present a working definition for the purposes of this study.

3.1.1. Context

Tourism products and what tourists consume during their trips have been discussed since the early 1970s; the authors of [20,21] argue that all elements of service that a visitor or tourist consumes while away from home constitute a tourism product. The origin of the term geoproduct dates back to 1999, when UNESCO described it as ‘the sustainable manufacture of craft innovations that have a geological connotation’. The authors of [18,22] stated that ‘geoproducts are new directions in trades and crafts and those of [23] mention that geotourism and geoproducts in geoparks provide additional income for locals and can attract private capital.

Geoproducts integrate traditional products and crafts with a new vision, raising awareness of geodiversity while supporting the local economy; the authors of [24,25] have stated that geoproducts are also educational tools, ref. [18] explaining that geoproducts are based on the geological features of the area, that they not only represent local crafts and products for tourists, but also increase the public’s knowledge of the geology and geomorphology of the territory. These authors also consider that any resource linked to geoeducation can be a geoproduct, such as geotourism maps, geomuseums, or interpretation panels.

According to [26], geoproducts are considered to be tools for protecting georesources such as fossils. Furthermore, the authors of [27] mention that most geoproducts are identified as geological attractions, but that they are also very often linked to a high cultural value.

Ref. [19] points out that organizations such as museums, events such as conferences, services such as geomedical services, hiking trails, and also geotourism attractions can be considered as geoproducts; the authors of [28] agree with this perspective, as restaurants and cafés are also considered geoproducts.

3.1.2. Definition and Types of Geoproducts

The preceding paragraphs have highlighted the diversity of perspectives on geoproducts among authors. In this article, we define a geoproduct as a product or service that is unique to a geopark or region, inherently connected to the local territory and ideally created using local materials and know-how. The distinctive nature of geoproducts for each geopark or territory is derived from several specific elements: the feature represented by the geoproduct, the type of material used in connection with the region, local traditions, as well as the history and narratives associated with the territory.

Thus, a geoproduct is a consumer good used as a promotional resource for a geopark or territory, often with a profit-making purpose, and meeting the following criteria:

• Direct connection to the territory: Reflects the geographic, cultural, and/or natural identity of the region.
• Heritage inspiration: Is inspired by a specific element of the geological, biological, and/or cultural heritage of the territory.
• Territorial uniqueness: Is preferably unique to the territory, emphasizing its exclusive character.
• Local production: Ideally, it is produced on-site, using local materials as much as possible, from sustainable sources.
• Sustainability and ethics: Is created under environmentally friendly and ethically sound conditions.

In order to better understand the concept of geoproducts, some authors have defined different types of geoproducts (Table 1) [18], and describe geoparks as having quite innovative approaches regarding decorative and edible products to present the geoheritage of the territory and refer to (i) decorative or ornamental geoproducts and (ii) edible geoproducts. Geoproducts can be decorative, ornamental, educational, or functional (toys, clothing, furniture, etc.) made from different materials such as wood, rock, animal, plant, fungi, etc., that represent a symbol of a geopark. Local crafts already made in the geopark can be adapted to become a geoproduct, which can help to preserve the cultural heritage and improve the local economy.

Ref. [19] divided geoproducts into two main categories: basic and complex products. These authors consider any product related to geology that can meet the needs of tourists.

More recently [3] proposed four main categories of geoproducts:

• Crafts and merchandising;
• Food and cosmetics;
• Tourist infrastructure (restaurants and accommodation);
• Tourism-related services.

Based on the above proposals, ref. [29] proposes a classification of geoproducts into three main categories: tangible geoproducts, intangible geoproducts, and services.

In this study, the term ‘geoproduct’ is used as an umbrella term encompassing physical products (both durable and consumable), intangible experiences, and services directly linked to the geopark’s geological and cultural heritage. We classify geoproducts into four main categories: tangible durable goods, tangible non-durable goods, intangible geoproducts, and services, each contributing uniquely to geotourism and local development.

Tangible geoproducts are physical goods linked to a specific region, either by representing a unique feature or being made from local materials, such as agricultural products or wild plants (e.g., juice from a native fruit). These products are categorized as durable, with long-term use (e.g., ceramics), or non-durable, with a short lifespan (e.g., food and beverages) [29]. According to UGGp’s guidelines, tangible geoproducts must not be made from materials classified as geoheritage, whether sourced from the geopark itself or another UGGp, ensuring the protection of significant geological sites. Intangible geoproducts are those that preserve/record the culture or traditions of the geopark or territory and, for this reason, should not be overlooked.

The services category relates to the provision of a specific visitor experience, linked to a particular feature of the geopark. Guided hiking trails devoted to geodiversity are a classic example [24]. Many regions of the world have their own costumes, which are usually expensive and cumbersome, making them unreasonable for tourists to buy. Therefore, visitors can take advantage of the opportunity to hire one of these costumes, take a souvenir photo in a particular geological attraction of the Geopark and enjoy this special experience.

3.2. Why Are Geoproducts Important and How Can They Be Produced?

The economic impact on local communities is one of the main assets of geoproducts [18,23]. In addition, geoproducts help to raise awareness of geodiversity because they symbolically represent elements of the geoheritage [3,30]. As defined in the previous sections, geoproducts can also promote knowledge of the area’s cultural and biological heritage.

The authors of [26] indicate that geoproducts are tools for protecting the georesources of the geopark. For example, the production of chocolates, candles, soaps, etc., in the shape of a fossil can be an effective approach to prevent people from collecting fossils. Instead of collecting fossils illegally or in protected sites, they can buy products that represent these fossils, which also has a positive economic impact at the local level.

The production of geoproducts must take into account the social and economic context of the country and territory. In developing countries, local communities should play the main role, as it is easy to show them that their involvement in the production of geoproducts can bring a direct economic benefit. The Qeshm UGGp enables local women to offer their handicrafts to tourists, providing them with a source of income and encouraging them to do more. They also learn general explanations about the landforms and sites to visit in the geopark, which they share with their customers [31].

In developed countries, where social welfare covers most of the population in need of economic support, it is more difficult to involve local communities in the design and production of geoproducts. Therefore, one way of convincing local people to become involved in this activity may involve a prior effort to raise awareness of the richness and uniqueness of the local heritage and to strengthen their sense of pride and identity, for example, by organizing annual exhibitions and festivals such as cooking, knitting, etc. In addition, younger generations in developed countries who might be interested in geoproduct manufacturing are sometimes unaware of ancient activities/traditions that are now completely forgotten in their communities.

In the Arouca UGGp, the GeoInvolve project is a good example of attracting the interest of the local population in a possible involvement in the production of geoproducts [32]. The idea for the project arose from the visual similarity between the shape of the crust of homemade cornbread and the ‘cornbread rocks’ geosite. It began with talks in villages to raise awareness in the local community and to try to rediscover old traditions while encouraging intergenerational exchange. The project has been integrated into the municipality’s annual festival, with a workshop and competition linked to the production of cornbread.

The success of geoproducts depends heavily on effective branding and marketing. Therefore, geoparks should offer proper consultation to help ensure that their geoproducts secure a strong position in the market [16,33,34]. With the geopark’s agreement, a local producer can use the specific geopark logo or a specific logo provided by the geopark on their geoproducts, which is a valuable tool for increasing visibility and public appeal [35,36,37]. For example, GEOfood is an official label recognized by the IGCP, which confirms that a certain edible geoproduct is, in fact, produced in a certain geopark [38,39,40].

Finally, it is worth mentioning that the involvement of young students can create interesting opportunities. In some countries, students who have completed their secondary education have the opportunity to join technical and vocational training organizations to learn different professions. These students are very good candidates for coming up with new ideas that can give new life to old local products. History and art students are also good candidates for finding old stories and tales that could be used for geoproducts.

Table 1. Overview of Geoproduct Definitions Since 1999.

Definitions	References
Geoproducts are defined as “the sustainable production of innovative handcrafted items with a geological connotation.”	[2]
Geoproducts: A New Direction for Crafts and Artisanal Trades	[22]
Geoproducts and geotourism represent new sources of income that can provide additional revenue for the local population and attract private investment.	[23]
Geoproducts are educational tools designed for teaching, training, and interdisciplinary research related to geoscientific disciplines, broader environmental issues, and sustainable development.	[25]
Geoproducts aim to integrate traditional products with new concepts and interpretations, while also raising awareness about geodiversity. They provide new experiences for geotourists and strive to foster the development of the local economy.	[24]
Geoproducts include geological features like geoheritage and geosites, along with human-made elements tied to cultural and architectural aspects of geotourism. They play a key role in preserving geological heritage while promoting sustainable tourism and local economic growth.	[27]
Geoproducts, as educational tools, are sustainable and environmentally friendly products that can integrate geoheritage (geological, geomorphological, and geographical) with cultural elements. As such, the production of geoproducts represents an innovative strategy to highlight geoheritage as a new tourist attraction.	[1,18]
Geoproducts are innovative, new, or reinvented traditional purchase items that are closely linked to or inspired by the geodiversity of a territory.	[41]
A geoproduct is a unique item for each geopark, directly connected to its territory and produced as much as possible using local materials and crafted locally.	[29]
A geoproduct can be defined as a commercial service or a manufactured item inspired by geodiversity.	[3]

Table 1. Overview of Geoproduct Definitions Since 1999.

Definitions	References
Geoproducts are defined as “the sustainable production of innovative handcrafted items with a geological connotation.”	[2]
Geoproducts: A New Direction for Crafts and Artisanal Trades	[22]
Geoproducts and geotourism represent new sources of income that can provide additional revenue for the local population and attract private investment.	[23]
Geoproducts are educational tools designed for teaching, training, and interdisciplinary research related to geoscientific disciplines, broader environmental issues, and sustainable development.	[25]
Geoproducts aim to integrate traditional products with new concepts and interpretations, while also raising awareness about geodiversity. They provide new experiences for geotourists and strive to foster the development of the local economy.	[24]
Geoproducts include geological features like geoheritage and geosites, along with human-made elements tied to cultural and architectural aspects of geotourism. They play a key role in preserving geological heritage while promoting sustainable tourism and local economic growth.	[27]
Geoproducts, as educational tools, are sustainable and environmentally friendly products that can integrate geoheritage (geological, geomorphological, and geographical) with cultural elements. As such, the production of geoproducts represents an innovative strategy to highlight geoheritage as a new tourist attraction.	[1,18]
Geoproducts are innovative, new, or reinvented traditional purchase items that are closely linked to or inspired by the geodiversity of a territory.	[41]
A geoproduct is a unique item for each geopark, directly connected to its territory and produced as much as possible using local materials and crafted locally.	[29]
A geoproduct can be defined as a commercial service or a manufactured item inspired by geodiversity.	[3]

3.3. Conceptualization of Geoproducts for the Safi Geopark Project

3.3.1. Tangible Geoproducts—Sustainable Goods

Utilitarian and Decorative Ceramic Objects

Fossils from Safi province, in particular ammonites from Lalla Fatna and echinoids from Jorf Lihoudi, were chosen as a source of inspiration for the production of ceramic geoproducts (Figure 2). The ceramic paste is prepared with high-quality clay from the Sidi Abderrahmane quarry, located 10 km east of Safi, guaranteeing durability and workability. Several artisanal techniques are used to incorporate the fossils: stamping, where a wooden stamp bearing the imprint of the fossil is pressed into the clay; casting, with a silicone mold reproducing the fossil shapes; and manual sculpting, enabling three-dimensional motifs to be fashioned directly using specialized tools. After modeling, the pieces dry for 4 to 5 days before an initial high-temperature firing, followed by finishing by polishing and applying a transparent glaze to enhance detail and ensure durability. This meticulous process results in objects that combine esthetics and geological heritage, highlighting the region’s natural and craft resources (Figure 3).

Clothing and Other Textiles (T-Shirts, Fabric Backpacks, Caps, etc.)

Given that embroidery and craft sewing are deeply rooted in Safi tradition, one geoproduct idea is to create textile items such as scarves, cushions, bags, and clothing decorated with motifs inspired by the region’s natural and archeological heritage. Textile-based geoproducts have been successfully integrated into geotourism strategies in other geoparks, where they serve as cultural and educational tools to connect visitors with the geological past [42].

For example, ammonite fossil motifs, as well as other typical fossils such as echinoids and brachiopods, could be embroidered on scarves or fabric bags, offering visitors a tangible and esthetic souvenir. Fossil-inspired designs have been shown to enhance geotourism by reinforcing geological identity and increasing visitor engagement [42].

Additionally, incorporating the silhouette of the Jbel Irhoud skull, one of the oldest human fossils ever discovered, into textile designs would serve as both an artistic and educational element. This fossil, estimated to be around 300,000 years old, was unearthed in the Jbel Irhoud region near Safi and represents a significant milestone in human evolution [43]. It provides crucial insights into the early diversity of Homo sapiens and the deep prehistoric heritage of the region. By featuring this iconic fossil as an embroidered motif or printed design on cushions, pouches, or clothing, these geoproducts would not only offer visitors a unique souvenir but also raise public awareness of Jbel Irhoud’s historical and scientific significance. Furthermore, incorporating a color palette inspired by the sea and the region’s cliffs would reinforce Safi’s coastal identity, visually connecting the geoproducts to the natural landscapes that define the area.

This color palette, combined with local motifs, could also be applied to products such as tablecloths, towels, and curtains using textile printing techniques, where traditional methods like block printing or wood stamping could be employed. By integrating motifs of fossils, the Jbel Irhoud skull, and a natural color palette, these geoproducts would not only serve as souvenirs but also act as storytelling tools that celebrate Safi’s history, culture, and geological heritage while showcasing the region’s rich textile craftsmanship.

Functional Objects (Key Rings, Pen Holders, Pencil Holders, and Make-Up Brush Holders)

Gypsum is an abundant natural resource in the province of Safi. This raw material is transformed in local factories into plaster, which is used as the basis for a variety of applications in the construction industry, interior design, and crafts. The abundance of gypsum in Safi paves the way for innovative craft initiatives, including the creation of unique geoproducts.

These geoproducts could include key rings, pen holders, pencil holders, and make-up brush holders in the shape of a skull. These creations would pay tribute to the Irhoud skull, one of the most significant paleoanthropological discoveries in North Africa [43].

By incorporating the legacy of the Irhoud skull into the design of these objects, this initiative would enhance Safi’s geological and cultural heritage. The use of plaster, derived from local gypsum, would not only create unique souvenirs, but also promote the local economy while raising public awareness of the importance of the region’s geology and human history. This marriage of traditional craftsmanship, innovation, and history would enrich the experience of visitors and residents alike, celebrating the natural and cultural richness of the Safi region.

Educational Resources

• Geotourism Map

In the field of geotourism, mapping and detailed descriptions of geoheritage sites can be combined and supplemented with other spatial information, such as natural hazard risk, local infrastructure and services, or the presence of other points of interest, such as biodiversity, landscapes, cultural tangible and intangible sites and practices. The primary function of a map is often to serve as a navigation tool. In this context, routes and points of interest are represented in schematic or block diagram form and may be complemented by a map [44]. As part of our efforts to promote the geoheritage of the region, we have created a geotourism map that highlights the various geosites of the Safi province. This map also includes nearby essential tourist infrastructure, such as accommodations and restaurants, along with activity suggestions for each geosite (Figure 4).

• Educational Brochures: Geoscience Outreach

Among the available educational materials, brochures play a key role in making specialized technical information accessible for different types of audiences. We have created several brochures for particular educational sites, such as Jbel Irhoud and the Oualidia Lagoon, which present the geology and geomorphology, as well as a geographical description of the sites, accompanied by maps, cross-sections, block diagrams, and photographs (Figure 5 and Figure 6).

• Interpretive Panels

Panels, as visual information supports, play a crucial role in guiding and raising visitors’ awareness for geological and cultural sites [46]. In Safi, several sites are already equipped with panels that, in addition to welcoming visitors, provide detailed descriptions of the locations, available facilities, and noteworthy surrounding landscapes. By providing clear, accessible and visually supported information. The example given here would present the different geological formations of Sidi Bouzid while also offering a paleoenvironmental reconstruction. This panel would allow visitors to grasp the geological evolution of the region and understand the importance of preserving these ancient environments (Figure 7).

3.3.2. Tangible Geoproducts—Non-Durable Goods

Edible Products (Cakes, Jellies, Pancakes, Chocolates)

• Kâak-Ammonite

“Safi Kâak” is a traditional biscuit that is emblematic of the city, known for its ring shape and crunchy texture. Made from simple ingredients such as flour, olive oil, sesame, anise, and yeast, this biscuit represents the local craftsmanship passed down through generations. Often enjoyed during festive occasions or as a snack with mint tea, it reflects the cultural and culinary identity of the region. To highlight Safi’s geological heritage, the innovative idea of transforming this biscuit into a version inspired by ammonite fossils, named “Kâak Ammonite”, is proposed. By adapting its traditional circular shape into a planispiral resembling the ammonite conchs found in Lalla Fatna, this geo-inspired Kâak would blend gastronomic tradition with geological symbolism. This geoproduct, both tasty and educational, would offer a new perspective on the rich geological heritage of the territory while promoting local craftsmanship and strengthening the geotourism appeal of Safi (Figure 8).

• Kebbar Safi

Kebbar Safi, a variety of capers (Capparis spinosa), is a significant potential geoproduct of Safi province, highlighting both its culinary use and its deep-rooted connection to the local terroir. This product derives its unique properties from the region’s mineral-rich soils, which support the growth of capers while enhancing the biodiversity and fertility of agricultural lands [47,48]. These capers are traditionally used in a variety of Moroccan dishes, adding a unique and flavorful touch, and they also possess medicinal properties, contributing to the health of consumers (Figure 9).

As part of the Safi Geopark project, the commercialization of Kebbar Safi will be facilitated through the creation of specific origin and application to organic certificate labels and logos to ensure product authenticity and quality. The geopark will promote this geoproduct through events, artisanal markets, and collaborations with local restaurateurs. The National Capers Fair, held annually in Safi, provides a valuable opportunity to raise awareness of Kebbar Safi and strengthen its marketing network, while celebrating the geological and agricultural identity of the region.

Furthermore, the cultivation of Kebbar Safi plays a key socioeconomic role, creating employment for women and young people, facilitating their integration into the agricultural sector. The Safi Geopark can collaborate closely with cooperatives such as “La Coopérative Agricole AL KHADRAE” and “Cooparis” to promote this geoproduct. This partnership not only provides access to resources, training, and marketing but also strengthens community-driven development. Together, they contribute to the long-term sustainability of agricultural practices, supporting a resilient and inclusive rural economy.

• Oils

Safi’s olive oil is a high-quality product known for its distinctive taste and health benefits [49,50,51,52]. The olive trees, grown in a unique terroir with mineral-rich soils, benefit from an ideal Mediterranean climate, which contributes to the aromatic richness of the oil. Typical olive varieties from the region, such as Picholine and Haouzia olives, are appreciated for their balance between sweetness and slight bitterness, offering a refined tasting experience. At the same time, argan oil, although primarily associated with the Essaouira region, is also gaining presence in Safi due to the growing cultivation of the argan tree. This oil, obtained by pressing argan nuts, is prized for its richness in essential fatty acids and antioxidants [53,54,55,56,57]. It is often used in traditional Moroccan cuisine, adding a unique flavor to dishes while providing exceptional nutritional properties. Together, these oils exemplify the diversity of Safi’s geoproducts if branded under the Geopark concept, strengthening local identity and promoting sustainable economic development.

• “Kouita” Traditional Drink

“Kouita” is a traditional drink from Safi, with origins dating back several generations. Its unique preparation, passed down through the generations, includes lemon juice, orange juice, sugar, citric acid, banana flavor, and cold water. The secret to its distinctive black color lies in the addition of an amber-brown dye. As a geoproduct, Kouita can play a role in the promotion of Safi’s cultural and gastronomic heritage, contributing to regional tourism development and strengthening the region’s identity.

• Health and Beauty Products

The clays of Safi exhibit a wide diversity of facies (brown, gray, red, orange, multicolored) and a mineralogical composition rich in kaolinite, illite, quartz, and carbonates and oxides (SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃) [58,59,60,61]. Historically used in pottery and ceramics, they also have significant potential in the cosmetics industry [60,62,63]. These clays, with their purifying and absorbent properties, can be transformed into geoproducts such as natural masks and soaps, offering skin benefits while promoting local geological and artisanal heritage. Introducing these clays to the cosmetics market would provide a dual opportunity: to promote an eco-friendly product and enhance sustainable development through an innovative approach to geotourism and the local economy.

3.3.3. Intangible Geoproducts

Augmented Reality (AR) Experience at Jbel Irhoud

A mobile application utilizing augmented reality (AR) could transform the visit to Jbel Irhoud into an immersive, interactive and educational experience. Visitors could scan strategic points at the site with their smartphones to reveal 3D reconstructions of human fossils, prehistoric tools, and scenes depicting the daily life of early Homo sapiens. This technology would offer an enhanced view of the site’s paleoanthropological history, while also highlighting the geological features of the region. In addition, the interactive content would allow users to learn more about the rock formations and fossilization processes, with a particular focus on the abundance of gypsum in the Safi region. A version of the app for researchers and students could provide more detailed information, while the non-expert publics and students would enjoy a more playful and didactic approach, respectively. This AR experience would extend beyond the site itself: part of the application could be used off-site, offering a virtual insight into the heritage of Jbel Irhoud to an international audience and schools from all over Morocco.

Stories and Tales for Children About Jbel Irhoud

Alongside this technological initiative, an intangible geoproduct could be developed in the form of illustrated stories and tales specifically designed for children, centered around prehistoric life at Jbel Irhoud (Figure 10). These stories, inspired by archeological discoveries, would present the lives of early inhabitants in a fun and engaging format, featuring fictional prehistoric characters. Storytelling workshops could be organized at the site (Heritage Interpretation Center) or in schools, where facilitators would tell these tales, enriched with small hands-on or artistic activities. For example, children could make small clay objects, mimicking the rudimentary tools used by Homo sapiens. In addition to raising awareness among young people about the history and heritage of their region, this approach would strengthen the link between oral tradition and scientific knowledge. The goal would also be to preserve and transmit local cultural memory while making the history of Jbel Irhoud accessible to future generations.

These two initiatives would combine technological innovation and cultural dissemination, offering visitors a rich and diverse experience that fosters education, preserves cultural heritage, and enhances the significance of the site.

3.3.4. Services

Rental of Traditional Costumes in Safi

The service category, focused on offering unique experiences to visitors, is essential for enhancing the geopark’s value. An appealing idea is to offer a traditional costume rental service, specifically the djellaba for men and the caftan for women, iconic garments of Safi’s culture (

Table 2. Geoproduct categories and proposed examples for the Safi Geopark Project.

Category	Geoproduct Concept	Geoproduct Examples for Safi
Tangible durable geoproducts: physical items made to last, reflecting the region’s heritage, craftsmanship, or natural resources. These products are produced with quality materials and skilled techniques, offering long-term use while embodying cultural and geological identity.	Utilitarian and decorative ceramic objects	Fossil-inspired ceramic items: bowls, key rings, flower vases, soap dishes, and coffee cups and saucers
	Clothing and other textiles (T-shirts, fabric backpacks, caps, etc.)	Embroidered scarves, cushions, bags, and clothing with fossil motifs, including ammonite and Jbel Irhoud skull designs
	Functional objects (key rings, pen holders, pencil holders, and make-up brush holders)	Plaster-based functional objects inspired by the Irhoud skull
	Educational resources	Geotourism maps, educational brochures for Jbel Irhoud and Oualidia Lagoon, interpretive panels at geosites
Tangible non-durable geoproducts: consumable or perishable physical products that showcase local ingredients, traditions, or artisanal practices. Often food, beverages, or wellness items, they highlight the region’s flavors, natural resources, and cultural know-how.	Edible products (cakes, jellies, pancakes, and chocolates)	Kâak Ammonite (a traditional biscuit ammonite shaped), Kebbar Safi (pickled capers), olive oil, argan oil, Kouita (traditional drink)
	Health and beauty products	Natural masks and soaps made from Safi’s clays
Intangible geoproducts: non-physical experiences that offer immersive cultural, historical, or educational engagement. These are often delivered through digital or creative formats, such as storytelling, or performances, and serve to convey the region’s identity, traditions, and geological significance.	Augmented reality (AR) experience	AR mobile app offering 3D reconstructions of human fossils, prehistoric tools, and rock formations
	Stories and tales for children	Illustrated stories and tales about prehistoric life, with interactive workshops where children can make small clay objects
Services: visitor experiences that facilitate direct interaction with the region’s culture, heritage, or landscapes. These may include hands-on workshops, cultural immersion activities, guided tours, or traditional costume rentals, offering meaningful ways to engage with local traditions, craftsmanship, and the geological identity of the area.	Rental of traditional costumes	Renting traditional Safi garments such as djellabas and caftans for photoshoots and cultural immersion experiences
	Painting and pottery workshops	Workshops for pottery and painting, where visitors create their own pieces inspired by traditional craftsmanship and geological motifs

).

This service would allow visitors to rent these traditional outfits for a limited period, providing them with the opportunity to immerse themselves in the local culture and landscapes. They could take souvenir photos while wearing these costumes at iconic locations within the geopark, such as coastal cliffs, historical sites, or natural landscapes accessed during guided tours, and create unforgettable memories of their visit.

Additionally, the experience could be enhanced by professional photography sessions, where visitors would receive guidance on posing and angles to capture memorable moments while showcasing the beauty of the traditional garments.

This geoproduct would not only be a fun activity but also a way to educate visitors about Safi’s cultural heritage and contribute to the preservation of these traditions.

Painting and Pottery Workshops

To enhance the visitor experience at the geopark, a geoproduct idea is to organize hands-on painting and pottery workshops, showcasing Safi’s traditional craftsmanship. These workshops would offer participants the chance to learn ancient artisanal techniques while creating their own works of art.

Pottery Workshop: Visitors could explore hands-on the history and methods of Moroccan pottery, a deeply rooted tradition in Safi. Under the guidance of experienced local artisans, they would have the opportunity to shape clay into unique pieces, such as pots, plates, or decorative items (Figure 11). These personal creations would allow participants to take home a tangible souvenir of their experience.

Painting Workshop: In parallel, the painting workshops would allow visitors to explore ceramic painting techniques, drawing inspiration from the region’s typical patterns and colors. Participants could paint motifs inspired by nature, local landscapes, or geological elements, strengthening their connection with Safi’s cultural heritage.

These workshops would provide a perfect opportunity for visitors to immerse themselves in the local culture, meet artisans, and acquire new skills while enjoying a convivial and creative experience. At the end of the workshops, the creations could be displayed in a small temporary gallery, allowing visitors to share their experience with others and celebrate the richness of Safi’s craftsmanship.

3.4. Comparative SWOT Analysis of Geoproduct Concepts

To complement the detailed descriptions presented above, this section provides a comparative SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis of the main geoproduct concepts proposed for the Safi Geopark project (

Table 3. Comparative SWOT analysis of geoproduct concepts in the Safi Geopark Project.

Category	Geoproduct Concept	Geoproduct Examples for Safi	Strengths	Weaknesses	Opportunities	Threats
Tangible Durable Goods	Ceramic Objects	Fossil-inspired ceramics (ammonites, echinoids)	Use of local high-quality clay; strong geological identity	Requires skilled artisans; geological motifs may sometimes seem unusual to some people.	Unique souvenirs; supports local crafts and economy	Production costs; artisan shortages
	Clothing and Textiles	Embroidered scarves, fabric backpacks, caps with fossil and Jbel Irhoud skull motifs	Deep cultural roots; artistic and educational value	Possibly higher production costs; need for fresh designs	Cultural storytelling; tourist souvenirs; strong branding	Market competition; changing consumer trends
	Functional Objects	Key rings, pen holders, pencil holders, make-up brush holders shaped like Jbel Irhoud skull	Use of abundant local gypsum; combines geology and culture	Requires design innovation; small market size	Unique gifts; promotes geological heritage	Market niche size; production scalability
	Educational Resources	Geotourism maps, brochures, interpretive panels	Enhances visitor education and engagement; supports geotourism	Requires investment for development and updates	Partnerships with schools and tourism agencies	Limited visitor engagement without promotion
Tangible Non-Durable Goods	Edible Products	Kâak Ammonite biscuits, Kebbar capers, olive and argan oils	Strong local culinary heritage; unique geo-linked ingredients	Shelf-life limitations; food safety regulations	Promotion of festivals and markets; culinary tourism growth	Regulatory issues; seasonal variations
	Health and Beauty Products	Clay-based masks, soaps	Rich mineralogical resources; growing eco-friendly market	Certification and marketing needed	Eco-friendly niche market; local and export potential	Competition; regulatory hurdles
Intangible Geoproducts	Augmented Reality (AR) Experience	Mobile app with 3D reconstructions at Jbel Irhoud site	Innovative, immersive; appeals to diverse audiences	High development and maintenance costs	Educational outreach; broad accessibility	Technical barriers; limited digital access
	Stories and Tales for Children	Illustrated prehistoric stories and workshops at Jbel Irhoud site	Engaging for children; preserves cultural memory	Requires creative content development and funding	Educational programs; strengthens local heritage	Limited reach without active promotion
Services	Traditional Costume Rental	Djellaba and caftan rental with photography sessions	Unique cultural experience; low material cost	Seasonal demand; costume maintenance	Cultural tourism; event-based marketing	Preservation challenges; fluctuating tourist numbers
	Painting and Pottery Workshops	Hands-on workshops for visitors to learn pottery and painting	Interactive and immersive; skills transfer	Need skilled facilitators; limited group sizes	Community engagement; unique visitor experiences	Material costs; scalability challenges

). This structured evaluation highlights key factors influencing the feasibility, economic potential, cultural appropriateness, and sustainability of each geoproduct type. The aim is to offer clearer guidance for prioritizing and implementing these concepts effectively.

3.4.1. Tangible Durable Goods (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats)

Strengths—Tangible durable goods such as ceramic objects, textiles, and functional items benefit from the use of high-quality local materials and a strong connection to the region’s geological and cultural heritage. These products capitalize on traditional craftsmanship, reinforcing local identity and providing authentic souvenirs for tourists.

Weaknesses—Some geological motifs may appear unfamiliar or unusual to certain visitors, potentially limiting initial appeal. Production relies heavily on skilled artisans, whose availability may be limited, and there can be challenges related to maintaining consistent quality and scaling up production.

Opportunities—There is significant potential for cultural storytelling and branding to enhance the appeal of these goods, turning them into educational tools as well as marketable souvenirs. Strong local traditions provide a solid foundation for promoting these products at festivals, markets, and through geopark channels.

Threats—Competition from mass-produced or less authentic products, shifting consumer preferences, and artisan shortages pose risks to sustained success. Economic factors such as production costs could also impact profitability.

3.4.2. Tangible Non-Durable Goods (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats)

Strengths—Edible products and health/beauty items draw on rich local culinary and mineralogical resources, providing unique offerings with clear connections to the Safi territory. These goods appeal to both tourists and local markets interested in authentic, sustainable products.

Weaknesses—Perishable nature and shelf-life limitations restrict distribution scope. Regulatory compliance, especially for food and cosmetics, requires investment and expertise that may be challenging for small producers.

Opportunities—Growing interest in eco-friendly and locally sourced products creates niche markets. Opportunities exist for promotion via local festivals, fairs, and collaborations with restaurants or health stores. Export potential also offers broader market access.

Threats—Strict regulations and quality control standards could hinder market entry. Seasonal variations in ingredient availability and consumer demand may affect production continuity.

3.4.3. Intangible Geoproducts (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats)

Strengths—Intangible offerings like augmented reality experiences and children’s storytelling workshops provide innovative, immersive educational opportunities that can attract diverse audiences, including younger visitors. These products enhance the interpretive value of the geopark.

Weaknesses—High costs for development and ongoing maintenance, coupled with the need for digital infrastructure and expertise, may limit feasibility. Access to technology and digital literacy among target audiences can also be barriers.

Opportunities—Technology-driven products can reach a wide audience beyond the geopark through apps and online platforms. There is potential for partnerships with schools and educational institutions to integrate these tools into curricula.

Threats—Rapid technological changes may require frequent updates and reinvestment. Limited internet access or reluctance to use digital tools among some visitors could reduce engagement.

3.4.4. Services (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats)

Strengths—Services such as traditional costume rentals and pottery/painting workshops provide hands-on, culturally rich experiences that deepen visitor engagement and appreciation of local heritage. These activities create memorable interactions that support tourism growth.

Weaknesses—Dependence on skilled facilitators and limited group sizes constrain scalability. Seasonal fluctuations in tourist numbers can affect income stability.

Opportunities—Cultural tourism trends favor experiential activities, offering strong marketing potential. Workshops and rentals can be integrated into festival programming and partnered with local artisans for authenticity.

Threats—Costs for materials, maintenance, and skilled labor may reduce profit margins. Competition from other leisure or cultural offerings and unforeseen changes in tourist behavior pose risks.

4. Discussion

The development of geoproducts has gained momentum as a strategy for sustainable economic development globally, addressing the dual objectives of promoting local economic growth and preserving geoheritage. This approach aligns closely with sustainable development theory [11], which advocates for balanced economic growth alongside environmental conservation and social well-being. The creation of ceramic geoproducts, such as ammonite-inspired ceramics, reflects sustainable development principles by promoting the economic well-being of local artisans while ensuring the conservation of geological heritage. This aligns with sustainable development theory, which calls for the integration of environmental, social, and economic benefits in development initiatives. By using locally sourced materials like clay from the Sidi Abderrahmane quarry, these products not only foster economic growth but also help preserve the region’s geoheritage, creating a holistic sustainable model.

Moreover, the study reflects the principles of community-based tourism theory [12], emphasizing local community participation, empowerment, and equitable benefit-sharing as critical components for sustainable tourism product development. The geoproducts developed in the Safi Geopark Project ensure that local artisans and communities are active participants in the tourism value chain. This community-driven approach strengthens resilience, as the income generated from Kâak Ammonite biscuits and functional items inspired by Jbel Irhoud skulls directly benefits local families. This empowerment fosters ownership, where community members feel deeply connected to the development process, and these geoproducts act as vehicles for long-term sustainable growth. They are not just souvenirs, but cultural symbols, ensuring equitable benefits for the local population and reinforcing the cultural identity of Safi.

The cultural economy framework [13] supports the idea that integrating local cultural heritage into economic activities can create resilient and inclusive local economies. The Safi Geopark Project’s development of geoproducts such as ‘Kâak Ammonite’ biscuits and Jbel Irhoud skull-shaped functional items exemplifies this concept. These products create a tangible link between the region’s cultural and geological heritage and economic activity. By transforming traditional culinary arts and local handicrafts into geoproducts, Safi demonstrates how cultural heritage can serve as a key driver for economic resilience. This approach aligns with the cultural economy framework by positioning local crafts as central economic drivers and fostering an inclusive development rooted in authenticity and cultural pride.

Additionally, the study draws on Experience Economy theory [64], which underscores the importance of creating memorable and immersive visitor experiences. The intangible geoproducts like augmented reality (AR) experiences at Jbel Irhoud and storytelling workshops for children directly apply this theory. These innovations go beyond traditional products and engage visitors in an immersive, educational experience. By integrating modern technology with the region’s geological and cultural heritage, these geoproducts allow visitors to connect more deeply with the site. This supports Experience Economy theory, as these products transform the visitor experience into something educational, entertaining, and memorable, enhancing the overall value of Safi as a geotourism destination.

The concept of Cultural Ecosystem Services [65] focuses on the non-material benefits people derive from ecosystems, such as cultural identity and education. In the case of the Safi Geopark, geoproducts like educational brochures and interpretive panels serve as examples of this theory. These resources not only provide visitors with valuable educational content about Safi’s geoheritage but also enhance the community’s sense of identity and pride. By celebrating and conserving local cultural and natural resources, the geoproducts strengthen the community’s relationship with its heritage and ensure that these resources are preserved for future generations. These products highlight the non-material benefits that extend beyond tourism, such as increasing local pride and fostering cultural transmission.

The development of geoproducts has gained momentum as a strategy for sustainable economic development globally, addressing the dual objectives of promoting local economic growth and preserving geoheritage. The introduction of geoproducts encourages community engagement in economic activities, reducing poverty and fostering sustainable development, particularly in developing regions. The authors of [66] highlight that geoproducts seamlessly blend traditional elements such as crafts and culinary arts with innovative interpretations, enriching local economies and reinforcing regional cultural and geological identities. The rise in geoproducts also reflects a broader global movement toward sustainable and locally driven economic models, where communities are encouraged to utilize their natural and cultural resources for economic growth.

Globally, successful geoproduct initiatives demonstrate the versatility of this concept. Portugal’s Azores UGGp offers a range of branded geoproducts, including wines like “Basalto” (Basalt) and “Terras de Lava” (Lava Lands) and traditional dishes such as “Cozido das Furnas” (Furnas’ Stew) cooked using geothermal steam. These products not only reflect the volcanic heritage of the region but also create unique culinary experiences for visitors. Similarly, the Naturtejo Geopark in Portugal hosts the Petiscos & Granitos georestaurant, where local cuisine is served in a setting that celebrates the granite geomorphological architecture of the village of Monsanto, creating a memorable fusion of geological and cultural themes [66].

In other parts of Europe, geoproducts take diverse forms. The Haute-Provence UGGp in France offers ammonite-shaped bread and chocolates, while the Hateg Country Dinosaurs UGGp in Romania features dinosaur-themed bread, both combining geological heritage with culinary arts [1,18,42,67]. Meanwhile, the Vulkaneifel UGGp in Germany promotes mineral water cocktails known as Geococktails, creatively linking the region’s natural resources to its geotourism offerings [18]. The Arouca Geopark in Portugal introduced “Pedras Parideiras” cakes, inspired by an orbicular granite showing a curious differential weathering, and organized a craft competition to integrate artistic expression with geoeducation [18].

These examples illustrate how geoproducts serve as a bridge between geological heritage and local culture, driving economic development while enriching the visitor experience. They highlight a growing trend towards integrating geoproducts into geotourism strategies worldwide, showcasing their potential to create sustainable and culturally significant economic opportunities. The development of geoproducts also provides a platform for storytelling, where visitors can engage with the region’s history and culture in a meaningful way.

Morocco, with its rich geological diversity and untapped potential, stands poised to leverage such innovative strategies to foster geoproduct development. However, significant gaps in research and implementation remain, presenting an opportunity for targeted efforts to elevate geoproducts as a cornerstone of Morocco’s geotourism initiatives.

This study, therefore, focuses on the Safi Geopark as one of the first efforts in Morocco to explore geoproduct development as a strategy for sustainable tourism. To date, no substantial research or geoproduct development has been conducted in the Moroccan context, which makes the Safi Geopark a pioneering example in the region. As Morocco’s geopark initiatives continue to evolve, this study contributes crucial data on the role of geoproducts in promoting local heritage and sustainability, setting a precedent for future projects.

The tangible geoproducts, such as ammonite-inspired ceramics and eco-friendly cosmetic products, underline the significance of utilizing locally available resources in creative ways. The careful design of these products not only ensures their marketability but also reflects the identity and heritage of the region. Furthermore, by emphasizing the use of alternatives like fossil replicas, the project addresses critical concerns regarding the ethical use of geoheritage and sustainability, ensuring that the promotion of these products does not lead to the depletion of natural resources. While geoproduct development presents numerous opportunities, it is essential to assess the environmental impact of production processes to ensure that sustainability remains at the heart of these initiatives.

The inclusion of intangible geoproducts, such as augmented reality experiences and educational storytelling, adds a dynamic dimension to the geopark’s offerings. These innovations cater to diverse audiences, from local communities to international tourists, while promoting the region’s geoheritage in an engaging and immersive manner. Such approaches enhance the visitor experience and provide an opportunity to raise public awareness about the region’s geological and cultural significance in a modern and accessible way. Workshops and training programs for local producers, artisans and tourism professionals could help strengthen the connection between geoproducts and the local culture, while simultaneously boosting the skills of the community in line with tourism trends.

A central aspect of the discussion is the importance of community involvement in the development and production of geoproducts. Local artisans and producers play a pivotal role in ensuring the authenticity and sustainability of these initiatives. By integrating traditional skills with modern techniques, the Safi Geopark not only fosters economic opportunities but also reinforces a sense of pride and ownership among the local population. This integration is essential for the long-term success and acceptance of geoproduct initiatives.

The economic potential of geoproducts is particularly significant. By aligning the design and production of geoproducts with global market trends favoring sustainability and locally sourced goods, the Safi Geopark can position itself as a leader in geotourism. The development of innovative products, combined with effective branding and marketing strategies, can open new revenue streams for local communities, supporting their livelihoods while enhancing the geopark’s visibility and appeal.

Some of the proposed geoproducts for the Safi geopark project can be adapted to other geoparks, such as the M’Goun UGGp in Morocco, using different local materials and traditional crafting. It is important to note that certain natural and cultural features of a geopark may not be very interesting to national visitors, but may be highly attractive to international tourists. For example, Safi ceramics, known for their quality and unique esthetics, are a central element of the region’s artisanal heritage. However, while these products are popular in Morocco, their impact on national visitors may be limited due to their familiarity with this type of craftsmanship. In contrast, for international tourists, especially those from regions without a similar ceramic tradition, items made from Safi’s local clays and inspired by geological forms, such as ammonite fossils or coastal formations, could represent a fascinating geoproduct. The integration of geological or paleontological motifs on plates, vases, or decorative objects would not only highlight the region’s geological richness but also offer an authentic experience where natural heritage and craftsmanship meet in a functional and symbolic object.

Therefore, it is essential to have a global vision and consider products that could be interesting for both national and international tourists, addressing visitors of different ages, goals, and budgets. Each geoproduct could be enhanced by the addition of a label of quality origin provided by the Geopark, including a simple QR code that promotes the geopark and provides concise, interactive explanations. When scanned, these QR codes could redirect visitors to digital content such as videos, historical descriptions, geological information, or tourism circuit recommendations. Furthermore, brochures dedicated to promoting geoproducts would also be a great addition (Figure 12). These brochures could include information about the origin of the products, their connection to local geological heritage, and their role in the valorization of geosites, while also enhancing the geopark’s visibility among visitors and local communities.

Despite the promising opportunities presented by geoproduct development, several critical challenges and risks must be addressed to ensure sustainability and community benefit. The commercialization of cultural heritage, while offering economic advantages, carries the risk of commodifying traditions in ways that may dilute their authenticity or disconnect products from their cultural roots. In particular, the power dynamics within the co-creation process must be carefully considered, ensuring that local communities are not only involved in producing geoproducts but also empowered in decision-making and ownership. If left unchecked, the commercialization process could lead to the exploitation of local cultural practices, prioritizing economic gain over cultural preservation.

Moreover, the sustainability of raw materials is a vital concern, as increasing demand for geoproducts may place significant pressure on unique geological and natural resources, potentially leading to their depletion if not managed properly. There is also the risk of over-reliance on tourism as the primary market for these products, which can expose local economies to vulnerabilities such as fluctuations in visitor numbers due to seasonal changes, economic downturns, or unforeseen global crises like pandemics. These uncertainties require long-term planning and risk diversification to ensure the continued relevance and financial sustainability of geoproduct initiatives.

To mitigate these risks, it is crucial to implement targeted community training programs that enhance the skills of local artisans and producers in sustainable production methods, quality assurance, and market engagement. Additionally, fostering partnerships with local stakeholders, governmental bodies, and private sector actors will help provide the necessary capital and resources for scaling production without compromising the ethical values of the initiative. Inclusive governance frameworks should actively involve local communities in decision-making, ensuring that they have a genuine stake in the project’s success. This will help prevent power imbalances and ensure that the geoproducts reflect the true cultural identity of the region.

To safeguard the long-term viability of these geoproduct initiatives, an evaluation of their environmental and social impacts will be crucial. This can be achieved through continuous monitoring and adjustment based on clear performance indicators. Sustainability measures such as resource regeneration, diversifying income streams, and reducing dependency on seasonal tourism will help maintain the initiative’s resilience. These strategies collectively support a balanced approach that honors cultural heritage, protects natural resources, and fosters resilient, inclusive economic development within the Safi Geopark.

5. Conclusions

Geoparks must attract visitors and businesses to their territories to stimulate economic activity with the close participation of local communities. The Safi Aspiring Geopark project is unique in its deep integration of the region’s distinctive geological and cultural heritage with innovative approaches such as digital marketing tools (e.g., QR codes and interactive materials). Geoproducts made with local materials, inspired by local features, and produced by the local population according to traditional, sustainable, and ethical principles provide visitors with an authentic experience that fosters a strong connection to the territory. This blend of tradition and modernity, combined with targeted engagement of both national and international tourists, distinguishes the project from other geopark initiatives.

The main objective of this study was to propose some geoproduct ideas for the Safi Aspiring Geopark, some of them already in the implementation stage. The proposed geoproducts are based on the local natural and cultural characteristics, as well as the profile and interests of visitors.

The next phase involves pilot testing selected geoproduct ideas to assess their practical viability and refine designs based on user feedback. It will be essential to verify the necessary conditions for effective implementation and establish mechanisms to measure their economic, social, and environmental impacts. Opening a continuous dialog with the local community remains a priority to assess capacity, interest, and foster ownership in producing and selling these geoproducts. Strong partnerships between local communities, artisans, geopark authorities, tourism boards, and educational institutions will be key for the successful development, scaling, and promotion of these products. Additionally, leveraging digital tools such as QR codes and interactive marketing materials will support broader visitor engagement and market outreach, strengthening the sustainability and visibility of the Safi Geopark geoproduct initiatives.

Some of the proposed geoproducts for the Safi Aspiring Geopark can also be adapted for other geoparks, such as the M’Goun UGGp, using different local materials and traditional crafting skills. While some natural and cultural features may have limited appeal to national visitors, they can be highly attractive to international tourists. For instance, Safi’s ceramics, though popular in Morocco, might have a reduced impact on national visitors due to their familiarity. In contrast, international tourists, especially from regions without a similar ceramic tradition, could find geoproducts inspired by geological forms like ammonite fossils or coastal formations particularly fascinating. These geoproducts can offer an authentic experience by blending natural heritage and local craftsmanship.

It is important to have a global vision when developing these products, ensuring that they appeal to both national and international tourists, while addressing diverse interests and budgets. Each product could be enhanced with a label of quality origin from the Geopark, along with a QR code that provides interactive digital content, such as videos, geological descriptions, or tourism recommendations. Additionally, brochures promoting the geoproducts can help raise awareness of their connection to local geological heritage, supporting the geopark’s visibility and value. Incorporating digital marketing techniques could help reach a broader audience, increasing awareness and sales of the geoproducts.

One of the main challenges in developing geoproduct initiatives in Morocco is fostering effective community involvement. Cultural factors such as traditional decision-making processes, different levels of awareness of the benefits of geotourism, and economic limitations influence local engagement. Overcoming these challenges requires culturally sensitive approaches, continued dialog, capacity building, and empowering communities to actively participate in and benefit from the development of geoproducts.

To effectively monitor the impact of geoproduct initiatives, it is essential to establish a robust evaluation framework incorporating key performance indicators (KPIs) that capture economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Following approaches discussed in recent tourism and hospitality research, KPIs should include local income generated from geoproduct sales, levels of community participation and empowerment, visitor engagement metrics (such as repeat visits and satisfaction), and conservation outcomes tied to sustainable resource use. Additionally, qualitative feedback mechanisms—such as community consultations and visitor surveys—play a crucial role in refining product offerings and ensuring alignment with stakeholder expectations. Implementing a continuous monitoring cycle, supported by digital tools for data collection and dissemination, can enhance transparency and enable adaptive management. This multidimensional evaluation strategy not only supports accountability but also fosters resilient and sustainable growth within geopark communities.