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Article

Sustainable Waste Governance Framework via Web-GIS: Kadikoy Case

by
Melda Karademir
* and
Buket Ayşegül Özbakır Acımert
Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Yıldız Technical University, 34349 İstanbul, Turkey
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2024, 16(16), 7171; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167171
Submission received: 26 June 2024 / Revised: 7 August 2024 / Accepted: 13 August 2024 / Published: 21 August 2024
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Abstract

:
Waste management, one of the fundamental problems of today, is at the center of sustainability discussions. The failure to adopt a holistic and participatory approach in traditional waste management highlights the need to develop new approaches. The main purpose of this research is to present the basic components of a Web-GIS-based platform design for sustainable waste governance. The presented framework emphasizes that waste management is not a problem of local or central government and that holistic sustainable waste governance can be achieved with the participation of all relevant stakeholders. The Kadikoy district of Istanbul, a metropolitan city, was selected as the study area. Information was collected from the study area with quantitative and qualitative analysis methods. The results obtained with fieldwork and survey data show that there is a need for a location-based platform that allows relevant stakeholders to see the current waste management workflow, enter data themselves, and provide feedback. The Web-GIS-based platform proposed in this article to meet this need is an important step in ensuring sustainable waste governance. In the article, a Web-GIS-based platform has been developed to ensure the sustainable waste governance of commercial enterprises for local governments.

1. Introduction

Cities worldwide are confronting unprecedented sustainability difficulties [1]. The rise in waste associated with industrialization and urbanization poses a significant challenge to environmental conservation and health risk prevention [2]. Waste management difficulties persist due to a lack of high-resolution data, particularly in developing nations [3]. The globe produces 2.01 billion tons of urban solid trash per year. The global average for waste production per person per day is 0.74 kilos. A total of 38% of waste is composed of recyclable items (plastic, paper, cardboard, metal, and glass) [4].
In 2025, daily trash output is expected to reach 6,069,703 tons, up from 3,532,252 tons, and daily waste production per capita would rise from 1.2 kg to 1.4 kg, according to World Bank estimates. The globe is predicted to generate 2.59 billion tons of trash annually by 2030. A total of 70% of people on Earth are expected to live in cities by 2050 due to recent urban expansion [5]. By 2050, global waste output is predicted to total 3.40 billion tons. If no improvements are made in the industry, emissions from solid waste are predicted to rise to the equivalent of 2.6 billion tons of CO2e per year by 2050 [4]. Research conducted by Zero Waste Europe showed that the European Union (EU) could save 200 million tons of greenhouse gas emissions per year by 2030 through improved waste management techniques [6].
Solid waste management in Türkiye, which has been carried out by the Ministry of Health under the term ‘cleaning services’ since the early years of the republic, has evolved into a more ‘environment-oriented’ approach throughout the years [7]. However, the majority of rubbish collected in cities continues to be disposed of in landfills. Although there are successful waste management strategies on a worldwide basis, Türkiye has significant challenges in separating even recyclable waste. In Türkiye, the average person generates 1.1 kg of waste per day [4]. Many things can impact recycling habits. Some of these aspects include public engagement, recycling habits and attitudes, and the function of regulatory institutions [8,9,10,11,12,13].
Solid waste management is inextricably linked to its environmental and economic consequences. Inefficiencies in waste collection at local and regional levels, improper disposal, and inappropriate siting of facilities have negative impacts on the environment and public health. Increased waste output has serious consequences for the environment, health, and welfare, and immediate action is necessary. The necessity to conduct research that can reduce or avoid the rising trash output that coincides with population expansion becomes apparent. Landfilling and incineration of waste are popular methods of disposal. Poor waste management planning leads to a variety of issues, most notably public health and environmental damage. Toxins and airborne particulate matter emitted when waste is burnt can cause respiratory, neurological, and other disorders [14,15,16]. Local policy and planning rely heavily on waste management statistics. Research found that just 4% of studies focused on reduction and reuse, the two priorities of the waste hierarchy [17]. Understanding the amount and types of waste created, particularly as a result of fast urbanization and population increase, enables local governments to plan and select effective treatment solutions in response to future demand. With reliable data, governments may realistically distribute budgetary assistance, analyze relevant technology, and select strategic service delivery partners such as the business sector or civil society groups. While the European Union works to develop a Zero Waste policy framework, the United States’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 2030 provide a road map for all states on a global scale. There are 17 SDGs in all, with 169 targets. Target 11.6 of SDG 11, ‘Sustainable Cities and Communities’, and targets 12.4 and 12.5 of SDG 12, ‘Responsible Production and Consumption’, concern waste management [18]. In addition to studies that create a broad conceptual framework for sustainable development and the social, environmental, and economic dimensions of sustainability, there are articles that combine business strategy and public policy perspectives to analyze the effects of artificial intelligence on sustainable development [19,20,21].
The primary goal of this article is to create an innovative, data-driven, and comprehensive waste governance framework for local governments in the information age, where the role moves to that of a ‘maestro’ rather than just a service provider. The main research question of this study is ‘How can digital service design for local governments be?’ The hypothesis developed for this question is as follows: ‘The new-generation waste governance platform design for local governments should be based on up-to-date data, location-based, and have feedback mechanism’. The framework was created for the Kadikoy district of Istanbul, where waste per capita exceeds the city’s average.
Methodology of this study involves a Web-GIS-based interactive platform capable of collecting and managing data across four dimensions: political, organizational, behavioral, and technical. These are the fundamental dimensions that come to the fore, especially through literature review and case studies. The reasons for selecting Kadikoy district are that there is a target in the Strategic Plan to support the zero-waste project, it is one of Istanbul’s most densely populated districts, the amount of waste per capita is higher than in Istanbul in general, and there is a willingness for innovative waste management practices. Using data obtained in the Kadikoy, a proposal for a sustainable waste governance model for commercial firms was created for the municipality, which is a more effective waste management system built using a participative framework based on GIS and a web platform. A Web-GIS database enables multiple stakeholders to enter data directly, create regulations, and learn about waste behavior. Incorporating the perspectives of several stakeholders into the planning process is an important step. When developing a sustainable waste governance system, participatory approaches and local governments must include technology. The model developed in this study allows the real-time transfer of waste behavior, requests, and demands from commercial enterprises to a platform used by local governments, while also ensuring that the data are easily accessible, user-friendly, and anonymous to the relevant stakeholders. This study was supported by a 100/2000 YÖK doctoral scholarship.
In Section 1 of this study, the reason for addressing the relevant topic, the hypothesis, and basic information about this study area is included. In Section 2, a literature summary is presented, including the use of technologies such as Web-GIS, which are suggested for sustainable waste governance. In Section 3, the components of the Web-GIS platform design for sustainable waste governance for local governments and the analyses performed are detailed. In Section 4, information is provided about the results obtained from the field study and the analysis studies performed. The result includes the Web-GIS design framework. In Section 5, a discussion of this study and suggestions for further studies are developed.

2. Literature Review

Globally, solid waste management was initially organized within different departments of both central and local governments in the 1930s. Solid waste management services typically include the collection of waste and transport from a collection point or transfer station to a final disposal site, treatment, and disposal of waste [4]. Some studies seem to emphasize the need to present potential innovative solutions by conducting field studies to ensure an efficient circular economy in sustainable waste management. In this context, the articles examine Industry 4.0 designs, the use of “ReWaste 4.0” for waste recycling and recovery, digitalization in waste management and the use of robotic technologies [22,23,24,25,26]. In another article, a study was conducted to determine the critical success factors for the management of construction and demolition wastes, which have increased in China in recent years [27]. There are also articles dealing with the ‘3R (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle)’ approach in solid waste management systems for institutions, which aims to reduce the operating cost of systems for effective and efficient waste management and analyses and to minimize the solid waste generated [28,29].
Recent studies focus on the scientific principles underpinning the use of GIS and present an analytical methodology using a combination of GIS techniques, as well as statistical and numerical optimization methods, to assess solid waste generation in large urban areas and create a GIS database [30,31,32,33]. GIS is an information system used to analyze location-based data and present them to users. There is also a study that determines the composition and amount of waste generation in the city, as well as the amount of distribution of active waste banks, and develops a generation map for paper, plastic, and metal waste from the active waste banks of the city [34]. The inclusion of recyclable waste in the circular economy is an important step in waste management. Efforts to transition to a circular economy are gaining momentum, especially in Europe. This approach is expected to provide efficient economic growth while minimizing environmental impacts [35]. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can contextualize survey data and location-based environmental data, providing a common denominator for a future relationship study [36]. This concept was first proposed by Marans [37], who underlined the possibilities of analysis for planning and policymaking. Several studies using GIS have examined the statistical relationships of objective and subjective indicators mapped to spatial units [38,39,40,41,42]. Similar findings have examined the statistical relationships of objective and subjective indicators at the scale of regions, districts, and cities [43,44,45,46].
Sustainable development is described as ‘development that meets the needs of the present without compromising future generations’ ability to meet their own needs’ [47,48]. Cities are increasingly recognizing their critical role in achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) [49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56]. SDG11. Sustainable Cities and Communities and SDG 12. Responsible Production and Consumption are directly linked to waste [18].
Several objectives are set within the UN Sustainable Development Goals’ targets for waste management. There is no Sustainable Development Goal specifically connected to sustainable management. Today, waste is one of the most pressing issues facing municipal governments, and it is growing in tandem with population growth. As a result, one of the most essential goals for development is to establish sustainable waste management practices. In addition to waste minimization, providing sufficient incentives to promote recycling, integrating all important stakeholders in the process, and establishing a holistic model are examples of targets that can be included. The main sustainable waste governance framework proposed by this study is to keep all the collected data spatially in a database, to provide feedback to relevant stakeholders in the database, and to create a Web-GIS platform to show how local governments are working in line with the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Research Design and Procedures

In this research, recyclable packaging waste in commercial enterprises, which has been studied relatively less among waste types and stands out within the framework of environmental policies followed today, is examined. Packaging waste can be defined as a group consisting of recyclable waste such as glass, metal, and plastic. Since sufficient information cannot be obtained about the current status of these wastes, especially in commercial enterprises operating in the field of food and beverage, it is essential to reveal the current situation by analyzing the selected area. The holistic waste governance plan is created for the selected area with objective and subjective indicators. In this framework, this study employs a hybrid approach that combines both quantitative and qualitative research methods. In this context, sustainable waste governance is planned for the packaging waste of commercial enterprises operating in the food and beverage sector in the Kadikoy district. The steps within the methodological framework are the selection of the case study area and data collection on a web-based platform.
As a result of the current studies obtained through the literature review, review of waste-related policy documents, interviews, and focus meetings, it emerged that it is necessary to develop a waste governance model proposal for waste management in accordance with national legislation, in which various stakeholders are involved in a coordinated manner, using technology and data-based systems, and adaptable to the waste behavior of enterprises. Based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis, preliminary research/analysis following the sustainable model is proposed. The steps followed for the sustainable waste governance framework with qualitative analysis are as follows:
-
Literature Review: Databases such as Web of Science (WoS) and ScienceDirect were searched, and 106 studies were analyzed between 1987 and 2024 using the keywords ‘waste management,’ ‘waste governance,’ ‘sustainability and waste,’ ‘GIS,’ and ‘waste GIS and waste management.
-
Interviews and Focus Group Meetings: In order to understand the waste management and stakeholder engagement processes of the Kadikoy Municipality, in-depth interviews and focus group meetings were conducted with individuals with backgrounds in urban planning, environmental engineering, and related fields. The interviews were conducted between April 2022 and December 2023.
-
Questionnaire: Thirty questionnaires were completed via the Kadikoy case study.
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Data Analysis: Data on land use maps, locations, numbers, types, current practices, etc., of waste bins were collected for the Kadikoy district.
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Sustainable Waste Governance Framework via Web-GIS: Sustainable Waste Governance Framework via Web-GIS: A Web-GIS model based on a sustainable waste governance framework with indicators in both subjective and objective waste governance dimensions was designed.
The Kadikoy district was selected as the pilot study site, and four interviews, two site inspections, and three focus meetings were conducted in Kadikoy. The Kadikoy Municipality Directorate of Cleaning Affairs and the Kadikoy Municipality Climate Change and Zero Trash Directorate conducted focus groups and interviews that yielded comprehensive information on the programs implemented in Kadikoy and the amount of waste collected. One focus meeting with the Kadikoy Municipality Climate Change and Zero Waste Directorate was attended by four representatives of the municipality. Additionally, one site visit and one interview took place. At the meeting, the following information was discovered:
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Gathering the waste and transporting it to the Waste Collection Center; afterward, moving it to the appropriate Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality disposal sites.
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The Kadikoy area is home to the ‘Waste-Free Living Street’, ‘Waste-Free Living Shop’, and ‘Less Waste, More Coffee’ programs.
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The concept for the Karakolhane Street ‘Waste-Free Life’ initiative in the Rasimpasa neighborhood.
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The readiness of the local government to enhance waste management.
Three representatives from the municipality participated in two focus meetings with the Kadikoy Municipality Directorate of Cleaning Affairs. One site visit and three interviews were carried out. The following details were learned at the meeting:
-
The collected waste is sent to the appropriate Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality disposal facility.
-
Daily waste collection is carried out from waste containers on every street in Kadikoy; engineers visit the site every two days to inspect the waste collection vehicles.
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The mobile application tracks the routes of the vehicles collection vehicles.

3.2. Design of Components of Sustainable Waste Governance via Web-GIS Platform

This study aims to introduce a Web-GIS-based waste governance and participatory framework where real-time citizen waste behavior and urban and local policy data are collected, monitored, and integrated through a smart sustainable analytics perspective. The framework has been developed for the Kadikoy district of the Istanbul Metropolitan Area in Türkiye.
Web-GIS is a basic model for implementing advanced GIS. The advantages of Web-GIS are as follows [57,58]:
  • Access to multiple users simultaneously and from anywhere in the world.
  • Infrastructure compatible with many processors.
  • User friendly.
  • Lower cost and simpler interface than desktop software.
The general purpose of Web-GIS is to enable users to dynamically access, share, and update spatial data on the platform. Figure 1 shows the general structure of Web-GIS. According to the figure, the collected data are stored on a cloud-based platform and can be displayed on desktops, mobile applications, and web portals. The data stored in the portal are collected by field workers and processed by analysts, and the software background is developed by software developers.
The data collecting methodology for the political, organizational, behavioral, and technical elements of waste governance described in this study was detailed within the parameters of this study, which is the sustainable waste governance model of local governments for commercial enterprises. Web-GIS platform applications designed to analyze the sustainable waste governance performance of commercial enterprises for local governments are shown below (Figure 2).
ESRI’s ArcGIS application was used within the scope of this study. It is planned to present the status of local governments in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals regarding waste through ArcGIS StoryMaps on the Web-GIS platform designed for the political dimension of waste governance. In this way, the implementation of an SDG-compliant waste policy become more clearly visible. In the phase of designing the organizational dimension of waste governance with the Web-GIS platform, it is planned to develop an ArcGIS StoryMaps that allows local governments and other waste-related stakeholders (central government, commercial enterprises, NGOs, private companies, etc.) to view data on a common platform and provide location-specific solutions and optimize waste collection routes. During the design phase of Web-GIS for the behavioral dimension of waste governance, it is planned to collect data from commercial enterprises in the study area by conducting a survey through the ArcGIS Survey123 application and to receive feedback from the enterprises and their customers through ArcGIS Hub. A questionnaire was prepared and applied in this study to analyze dimensions of waste governance in commercial enterprises. Using the questionnaire conducted at the pilot site, data were conducted at on the demographic information of commercial enterprise owners, physical characteristics of the commercial enterprises, customer profile, working days, busy days, waste generation behavior, and viewpoints on waste data collecting using technology. The subheadings of the sustainable waste governance survey questions for commercial enterprises for local governments are as follows:
  • Owner of commercial enterprises (age, gender, education, income, job).
  • Information about commercial enterprises (establish, area, number of employees, customer profile, and open days and busy days of commercial enterprises).
  • Political dimension (e.g., adequacy of incentive policies, deposit system).
  • Organizational dimension (e.g., cooperation, initiatives currently involved).
  • Behavioral dimension (e.g., types of waste and waste behavior).
  • Technological dimension (e.g., location-based data).
In the phase related to Web-GIS design regarding the technology dimension of waste governance, it is planned to collect spatial data through ArcGIS Field Maps and develop the ArcGIS Hub platform in order to collect all applications in the dimensions mentioned in other sections on a single platform and to easily integrate other waste-related studies of local governments into the platform. In Web-GIS-based platform design, it is necessary to pay attention to a structure that will enable easy analysis of the collected data. Within the scope of this study, the implementation of SDG in the political dimension of sustainable waste governance of commercial enterprises for local governments can be analyzed with ArcGIS StoryMaps. For example, in line with SDG 12.5, ‘Significantly reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recovery and reuse by 2030’, if an enterprise has carried out a study or supported an initiative, it is possible to show with a pie chart what percentage of the SDGs related to waste have been achieved by this enterprise. In this way, SDGs can be monitored. For the organizational dimension, the ArcGIS Story-Maps application can be used for the routes of different types of vehicles collecting waste and for waste stakeholders to access data from a common platform. For example, information such as the number of vehicles collecting waste, their types, and their capacities can be entered into the application, as well as how many trips which vehicle types make per day, and the types and numbers of vehicles in neighborhoods where waste is concentrated. Thus, it is also possible to make operational decisions, such as sending additional vehicles to the field when needed. For the behavioral dimension, data can be obtained from commercial enterprises in the study area by conducting surveys. The surveys are collected through the ArcGIS Survey123 application to learn the waste behavior of local governments and businesses and the expectations of customers from businesses regarding waste. For the technological dimension, the data collected from the other dimensions mentioned above and spatial information such as building functions directly from the field can be processed on the map with the ArcGIS Field Maps application and various analyses can easily be performed.

3.3. Selection of Case Study: Kadikoy

In this study, 39 districts of Istanbul, which is a metropolitan city in Türkiye, were examined, and a case study area was selected. While selecting the study area, criteria such as waste amount, number of waste containers, waste collection frequencies, and strategic goals, apart from the demographic characteristics of the district located in the metropolitan city, were taken into consideration. In this context, five districts in Istanbul came to the fore; Bayrampaşa, Beyoğlu, Fatih, Kadikoy, and Zeytinburnu. When the waste collection frequencies in the five prominent districts are examined, it is seen that in Bayrampaşa, packaging waste is collected six times a week, glass waste is collected once every two weeks, and textile waste is collected twice a week. It is reported that in Beyoğlu, all waste is collected three times a day. In Fatih, packaging and textile waste are collected six times a week, glass twice a week, and oil and electronic waste once a week. It seems that all waste in Kadikoy is collected once a week. In the Zeytinburnu district, it is stated that packaging waste is collected four times a week, glass waste is collected once a week, and textile waste is collected every day of the week [59]. When we look at the population growth rates of the districts of Istanbul, it is seen that among the five districts that stand out as a result of the analysis, only Kadikoy experienced a population increase of 6.6%, while the other four districts lost population (Bayrampaşa −1.2%, Zeytinburnu −1.5%, Fatih appears to be at −5%, and Beyoğlu −5.2%). As a result of the analyses, waste governance comes to the fore in districts with population growth due to the increase in waste production as the population increases. In this study, since it is more meaningful to obtain data by designing a waste governance plan specifically on a district scale, it was deemed appropriate to choose the Kadikoy district as the study area, and detailed analyses were planned to be carried out within the scope of the specified district. The reasons for the selection of the Kadikoy district are that there is a target to support the zero-waste project in the Strategic Plan, it is one of the most densely populated districts of Istanbul, the amount of waste per capita is higher than Istanbul in general, and there is a willingness for innovative practices related to waste management.
Kadikoy is a district of Istanbul with 21 neighborhoods located in the southwestern part of the Kocaeli Peninsula in the Anatolia Region (Figure 3). According to TURKSTAT data, the population was 467,919 in 2023 [60]. Despite limited production activities, today, Kadikoy has become one of the most important metropolitan subcenters of Istanbul as a result of a concentration in trade and service sectors [61].
The table below shows the waste-related 2030 projection of Kadikoy (Table 1). According to the table, the population of Kadikoy, the number of workplaces, daily waste generated from workplaces, and recyclable waste are projected to increase by 46% in 2030 compared with 2022. The population will increase from 483,064 (2022) to 706,000 (2030). The number of enterprises is projected to increase from 22,363 to 32,684. It is projected that the daily amount of waste in enterprises will increase from 49.67 kg to 72.59 kg, the daily amount of recyclable waste in enterprises will increase from 17.88% to 26.13%, and the annual amount of recyclable waste in enterprises will increase from 145,945,411 kg to 311,738,541 kg. [62].
Detailed information about the projects carried out and the amount of waste collected in Kadikoy district, which was determined as the study area, was obtained as a result of preliminary research and interviews with Kadikoy Municipality Climate Change and Zero Waste Directorate and Kadikoy Municipality Cleaning Affairs Directorate. In the study, an interview was conducted with the commercial enterprises located on Asım Us Street, which was determined as the pilot street of the ‘Waste-Free Life Street’ project in the Kadikoy district. In the interview held with the Kadikoy Municipality Climate Change and Zero Waste Directorate, it was revealed that waste-related data were generally kept in Excel format, that waste collection was carried out by visiting each business on certain days, especially for packaging waste, and that there were qualitatively different data collected in 2008–2012 for the purpose of informing households. According to the information obtained from the focus meeting, packaging waste from commercial enterprises is delivered to the Waste Collection Center, where it is sorted and transferred to the recycling or storage facility. Due to the fact that logistics of waste collection is carrier out through for one vehicle more than one neighborhood, accurate data at neighborhood scale cannot be obtained. Therefore, one of the contributions of this study is to collect location-based accurate data through the Web-GIS platform and to send this data to local government decision-makers at specific intervals through the platform, with the aim of providing more efficient waste management.
Kadikoy Municipality has waste-related projects such as ‘Environmental Monitoring System’ ‘Zero-Waste’, ‘Waste-Free Life Shop’, ‘Waste-Free Life Street’. As a result of the meeting with Kadikoy Municipality Climate Change and Zero Waste Directorate, upon the information that the second Waste-Free Life Street project will be held on Karakolhane Street in Rasimpasa neighborhood, interviews were held with the commercial enterprises on this street. The map was prepared using ESRI ArcGIS Pro 2.9.1 [63]. In the study conducted in the study area of Karakolhane Street in the Rasimpasa neighborhood, it appears that there are predominantly mixed-use commercial enterprises and relatively fewer residences. With the questionnaire conducted during the field study within the scope of this study, the components of sustainable waste governance in commercial enterprises have become more evident.

4. Results

Academic studies generally address issues such as route optimization for waste management and landfill site selection. The current system is not sustainable, especially for developing countries. Therefore, it is important to plan sustainable waste governance for local governments, especially from a holistic perspective. In many metropolitan areas, including Türkiye, waste governance is becoming more challenging with population growth. It is understood that there is a need for sustainable, participatory, and empowered waste governance that incorporates new technologies. Ensuring the participation of all stakeholders, user-friendliness, and anonymization have an important place in the model developed for waste governance. This study draws a framework for sustainable waste governance. This framework is supported by data obtained from a case study. It is important to ensure coordination between units by creating a waste governance plan for commercial enterprises in the Kadikoy district, which was determined as the study area.
In this section, a Web-GIS-based sustainable waste governance framework for local governments is developed with the analyses conducted by literature review and case studies (questionnaire, interviews, focus meetings, land use and commercial business density analysis, packaging waste bins, etc.). One of the contributions of this study is to collect location-based accurate data through the Web-GIS platform and to send this data to local government decision-makers at specific intervals via the platform, with the aim of achieving more efficient waste management. The framework ensures the creation of a holistic and participatory governance model, especially by ensuring the active participation of relevant stakeholders in waste governance. Important information has been obtained regarding the sustainable waste governance that can be achieved with the developed Web-GIS platform through the case study.

4.1. Web-GIS Platform for the Political Dimension of Sustainable Waste Governance

The level of achievement of waste-related policies can be analyzed in the political dimension of sustainable waste governance for local governments. In this study, the level of achievement of SDGs of local government was tested. There are some projects developed for the Kadikoy district to reduce waste generation. The Waste-Free Life Movement is an important step in this regard. Figure 4 shows the ArcGIS StoryMaps page displaying how current implementations are meeting the SDGs.

4.2. Web-GIS Platform for the Organizational Dimension of Sustainable Waste Governance

In the organizational dimension of sustainable waste governance for local governments and commercial enterprises, the types, numbers, and routes of vehicles collecting waste can be shown on the map. In addition, the platform can indicate which vehicle will collect waste and when. The figure below shows the types of vehicles collecting waste in the study area (Figure 5). This demonstration was made via ArcGIS StoryMaps.

4.3. Web-GIS Platform for the Behavioral Dimension of Sustainable Waste Governance

In the behavioral dimension of sustainable waste governance for commercial enterprises for local governments, survey questions were prepared through the ArcGIS Survey123 application to understand the waste behavior of enterprises. By analyzing the collected survey data, information was obtained about the opinions of enterprises on issues such as awareness of waste management and level of openness to cooperation. In addition, other findings about businesses can also be analyzed. One of these is the profile information of visitors to businesses. A sample of a questionnaire result is shown in Figure 6.

4.4. Web-GIS Platform for the Technological Dimension of Sustainable Waste Governance

In the technological dimension of the sustainable waste governance for commercial enterprises for local governments, information on the regions where the enterprises are concentrated, as well as the number, types, and adequacy of waste bins, can be collected from the field with the ArcGIS Field Maps application, and the layers can be overlaid on ArcGIS Online. Thus, it can be seen more clearly where local governments should concentrate on waste. In addition, other information collected from the field can be integrated into ArcGIS Hub, allowing all waste-related data to be analyzed holistically from a single platform and to quickly and easily intervene in any problems that may arise. According to Figure 7, the blue-colored points indicate the recyclable bins, and the heat map shows where the commercial enterprises are distributed. The density of commercial enterprises increases as one moves toward red on the color scale (Figure 7).
By use of mobile waste collection stations, Kadikoy Municipality facilitates the simple collection of recyclable waste. However, due to extraordinary situations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an increase in packaging waste. For hygiene reasons, the packaging of products has increased, resulting in waste generation. In such cases, it is important to prepare local government waste governance directives, as well as regulatory decisions to be implemented, to accommodate site-specific dynamics where necessary. It is expected to contribute to identifying which neighborhoods or areas should be worked on to reduce landfilling and to design a location-specific waste governance system. In order to determine and manage waste types and quantities spatially, waste governance must be implemented efficiently. In this context, local governments can collect this information from businesses through a common database or platform and see both the potential waste generation amounts and the distribution of waste types, thus developing suggestions for site-specific solutions. According to the information obtained by examining current articles, the use of technology in waste management is inevitable. More efficient systems, reducing waste amounts, the importance of waste governance in extraordinary situations such as pandemics, and the management of waste production behaviors through various tax and incentive mechanisms of local and central governments come to the fore.
In sustainable waste governance, the use of technology and data collection especially provides faster data analysis. Nowadays, the use of technology has become a necessity. When the literature is examined, it appears that studies on data obtained using technology are increasing. The field study conducted for this article also emphasizes that this issue should be addressed seriously, especially in order to eliminate the lack of data. The findings show that a Web-GIS platform’s capacity to make waste collection-related data easily accessible and available is essential to a participatory governance framework. Furthermore, a local government may need to comprehend and examine knowledge and collaboration among commercial firms as some important aspects of trash behavior.

5. Discussion

The political, organizational, behavioral, and technological dimensions of sustainable waste governance are discussed in detail in this research, along with their present status in the literature. In the political dimension, it becomes clear that both literature review and fieldwork are required to identify the fundamental ideas and processes of incentives for more effective waste governance. As a result, it is critical to create a model that will allow the information gathered to gauge the attitudes of both national and local governments against waste, as well as the desire of businesses to address this issue, to be shared with the appropriate parties. Particularly in European nations, there are several laws governing the supply of incentive systems. Government incentives and guidance improve the effectiveness of waste governance. This study area’s development with respect to current policies is visible with the help of the sustainable waste governance model. It is crucial that all stakeholders participate actively in the process and are included at the organizational level. Developing location-specific stakeholder engagement techniques is necessary in this respect. The right kind and quantity of vehicles may be dispatched to a certain area, for instance, if the cars are weighed and the collected waste and vehicle capacity are integrated into a real-time system. The issue of waste is not limited to national or local governments; it is crucial that all parties involved in the process actively participate. Understanding the degree of collaboration that businesses have with other waste-related stakeholders and the present status of waste management in their businesses is made possible by sustainable waste governance. Particularly, in the behavioral dimension, the target group’s strategy is crucial for waste governance. Specifically, very little research has been conducted on the behavior of trash formation. It becomes clear that in-depth interviews and focus groups are necessary to elucidate waste behavior.
Waste governance can be more successful if feedback channels are created for the target audience. More data on waste behavior in enterprises are made available by sustainable waste governance, which also helps local governments create and execute more sensible waste legislation. Technologically speaking, the creation of web-based platforms enables a variety of studies. Thanks to technology, data and information have now become accessible. This makes it evident that the substrates created, particularly with the use of GIS enable real time storage of waste data and rapid evaluation of collected data. Real-time visibility of waste-related data on a single platform and faster intervention when a significant problem is detected can be achieved by integrating other analyses, such as air pollution data, waste vehicle route data, waste collection center, and landfill location information, conducted by the local or federal government, into the designed sustainable waste governance model.
Based on literature reviews and case studies, a Web-GIS-based framework for sustainable waste governance for local governments is being developed (surveys, interviews, focus groups, land use and commercial firm density analysis, waste bin packing, etc.). The framework will ensure that a thorough and inclusive governance model is developed, especially with the active participation of key players in waste governance. The case study included crucial details on how the developed Web-GIS technology may be used to accomplish sustainable waste governance. An analysis of the literature to date reveals a deficiency in platform designs that use technology to integrate stakeholders in waste regulation from a comprehensive standpoint. This shortcoming is addressed by the article’s suggested Web-GIS-based platform.
To further develop this study, information from a visitor survey and other pilot sites could be added to the Web-GIS platform. In this specific context, it would be useful to include in the visitor questionnaire the expectations of the visitors regarding the products they consume and the eco-friendliness of the products in the commercial enterprises. Another suggestion is to conduct a comprehensive stakeholder analysis to identify key players in waste management. This study highlights the importance of creating a comprehensive waste governance system that includes local governments, universities, civil society organizations and commercial enterprises. By incorporating artificial intelligence, machine learning and forecasting into the proposed sustainable waste governance model, it will contribute to understanding which regions will have more waste issues and how to address the issue holistically in the future. As a result, when there is a waste issue, the proposed Web-GIS based platform contributes to local governments in developing solutions with a sustainable and holistic approach.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.K. and B.A.Ö.A.; methodology, M.K. and B.A.Ö.A.; formal analysis, M.K.; investigation, M.K.; resources, M.K. and B.A.Ö.A.; data curation, M.K. and B.A.Ö.A.; writing—original draft preparation, M.K.; writing—review and editing, B.A.Ö.A.; visualization, M.K. and B.A.Ö.A.; supervision, M.K. and B.A.Ö.A.; project administration, M.K. and B.A.Ö.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Ethical review and approval were waived for this study due to the fact that the study was conducted with commercial enterprises with signed consent form. The study did not involve any humans and did not collect any personal or private data.

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

The data in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to ethical constraints and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) provisions of both the EU and Türkiye.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Aynur Şule Sümer, who is from the Kalikow Municipality Climate Change and Zero Waste Directorate, and Bülent Özay, who is from the Kadikoy Municipality Cleaning Affairs Directorate, for their valuable feedback throughout this study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Figure 1. General structure of Web-GIS.
Figure 1. General structure of Web-GIS.
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Figure 2. Web-GIS platform on sustainable waste governance of commercial enterprises for local government.
Figure 2. Web-GIS platform on sustainable waste governance of commercial enterprises for local government.
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Figure 3. Kadikoy district and its neighborhoods.
Figure 3. Kadikoy district and its neighborhoods.
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Figure 4. SDG scorecard of waste governance for Kadikoy Municipality.
Figure 4. SDG scorecard of waste governance for Kadikoy Municipality.
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Figure 5. Types of waste-collecting vehicles in Kadikoy via Web-GIS.
Figure 5. Types of waste-collecting vehicles in Kadikoy via Web-GIS.
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Figure 6. Results sample of questionnaire via Web-GIS.
Figure 6. Results sample of questionnaire via Web-GIS.
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Figure 7. Distribution of recyclable bins and commercial enterprises in Kadikoy via Web-GIS.
Figure 7. Distribution of recyclable bins and commercial enterprises in Kadikoy via Web-GIS.
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Table 1. Recyclable waste projection in Kadikoy (2030).
Table 1. Recyclable waste projection in Kadikoy (2030).
Circular Waste ProjectionUnit20222030
Populationunit483,064706,000
Number of commercial enterprisesunit22,36332,684
Average daily amount of waste from a commercial enterprisekg49.6772.59
Average daily amount of recyclable waste from a commercial enterpriseunit17.8826.13
Annual amount of recyclable waste from commercial enterprisesunit145,945,411311,738,541
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Karademir, M.; Özbakır Acımert, B.A. Sustainable Waste Governance Framework via Web-GIS: Kadikoy Case. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7171. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167171

AMA Style

Karademir M, Özbakır Acımert BA. Sustainable Waste Governance Framework via Web-GIS: Kadikoy Case. Sustainability. 2024; 16(16):7171. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167171

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karademir, Melda, and Buket Ayşegül Özbakır Acımert. 2024. "Sustainable Waste Governance Framework via Web-GIS: Kadikoy Case" Sustainability 16, no. 16: 7171. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167171

APA Style

Karademir, M., & Özbakır Acımert, B. A. (2024). Sustainable Waste Governance Framework via Web-GIS: Kadikoy Case. Sustainability, 16(16), 7171. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167171

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