Smart Mobility in German-Speaking Cities and Sarajevo: Differences, Challenges, Opportunities, and Lessons for Implementation Success

Abstract

As urbanization increases, cities face challenges related to sustainability and mobility. This study, conducted through interviews in March and April 2023, investigates the implementation of smart mobility solutions in German-speaking cities (Austria, Germany, and Switzerland) and Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, through a comparative analysis of stakeholder perspectives. Using semi-structured interviews with 25 experts, we explored the opportunities and challenges associated with smart mobility in these distinct socio-economic contexts. The findings reveal significant differences in technological advancement, infrastructural support, and financial resources, providing valuable insights for policymakers and urban planners. This study contributes to the existing literature by bridging the gap between developed and developing regions, offering practical recommendations for achieving sustainable urban transportation systems.

1. Introduction

The achievement of convenient and pleasant urban living will be a challenging task, as the United Nations (UN) estimates that 70% of the worldwide population will likely live in cities by 2050 [1]. Currently, cities generate 80% of the global gross domestic product (GDP), but they also account for the highest greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at 70% globally. Therefore, the UN 2030, with the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), in Goal 11 defines the significance of sustainable cities and communities prioritizing sustainable and expanding urban public transport. By 2030, the UN estimates that the annual passenger traffic will increase by 50%, putting additional pressure on urban infrastructure and public transport. The most recent data from 2020 estimated that of 1510 cities worldwide, only approximately 37% of urban areas have public transport, meaning that 52% of the worldwide urban population is provided with convenient access to public transport [1].

Under such challenging circumstances, smart mobility is becoming a critical component of smart cities, aiming to address urban challenges such as traffic congestion, air pollution, and inefficient resource use. Studies have shown that the integration of smart technologies in urban transport systems can significantly reduce carbon emissions and improve air quality [2,3]. By integrating advanced technologies and innovative strategies, smart mobility seeks to enhance transportation efficiency, reduce environmental impact, and improve the quality of life for city residents. In the European context, the European Union (EU) Green Deal of 2019 prioritized transport as a key policy area. Its goal is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 90% by 2050 to achieve climate neutrality. This ambitious target aligns with initiatives in cities like Vienna, where smart mobility projects aim to enhance sustainability through significant investments in public transportation and electric vehicle infrastructure. The European Commission aims to accelerate the shift to sustainable and smart mobility through investments in multimodal transport, smart traffic management, revisions to the Energy Taxation Directive, installation of one million public charging stations by 2025, and the reduction of pollution, emissions, and urban congestion in city transport [4]. The significance of smart and sustainable transport, particularly urban public transport, has been recognized as a key determinant in achieving sustainability goals worldwide [5,6].

The smart growth movement of the late 1990s called for a shift in urban planning policies [7] and introduced the concept of smart cities [8]. Starting in 2005 and after the global financial crisis of 2008, technology companies began using the term “smart city” to describe the implementation and integration of advanced information systems in the construction and provision of urban infrastructure and services [9]. The key insight that smart cities offer relates to possible benefits and challenges in implementing smart mobility, including addressing alignment with UN sustainable development goals and addressing current limitations in technology [10]. Under such circumstances, smart mobility initiatives in smart cities involve environmental and economic aspects, and information and communications technology (ICT) plays a role in supporting smart mobility actions, influencing citizens’ quality of life and public value creation [11].

The academic research and interest in concepts related to smart cities is vast and includes both social sciences and engineering professions. Real et al. (2021) found a lack of research on the attitudes and perspectives of residents regarding priority areas of smart cities and ethics of smart city projects [8,12,13,14]. Similarly, academic research on the evaluation of best practices and smart, eco-friendly city financing has been increasing but remains scarce. For example, such research for medium-sized cities has already been conducted by Giffinger et al. (2007) and Blanck and Ribeiro (2021) [15,16]. After setting a benchmark in terms of best practices implemented in the EU and worldwide, it is necessary to evaluate the efficiency of the core infrastructure and transport services of every (smart) city [17,18]. Moreover, the applicability of these findings to developing countries, where digital and smart technologies are not uniformly implemented, remains largely unexplored. This research gap presents a critical challenge as cities worldwide grapple with the pressing need to transition towards smart and sustainable transportation systems.

Therefore, the goal of the present study is to investigate and evaluate opportunities and challenges that arise in the implementation of smart mobility in German-speaking cities in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland and in one South-Eastern European city, namely, Sarajevo in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which historically has been under strong German (Austro-Hungarian) influence in terms of the organization of urban public transport. By examining the opportunities, challenges, and success factors of smart mobility implementation through a method of semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, this study seeks to provide insights applicable across diverse urban contexts. Such a comparison is not found in the existing literature and is particularly interesting because Bosnia and Herzegovina is classified as a developing country according to the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) list, in which the spread of digital and smart technologies is not implemented across the country. Based on this, it is expected that there will be significant differences between German-speaking cities and Sarajevo, from which future implications for developing countries can be derived, and best practices from German-speaking cities can be deployed.

This comparative approach, particularly between the developed and developing regions, offers novel perspectives that can inform policy decisions and urban planning strategies worldwide. Additionally, by focusing on stakeholder views, this study bridges the gap between academic research and practical policymaking, thereby facilitating the transition towards sustainable and smart urban transportation systems.

Based on the previous discussions, the following research questions were defined, which are to be answered in the context of the empirical study:

RQ1: What opportunities and challenges arise in the implementation of smart mobility in cities, and how do they differ between German-speaking cities and Sarajevo?

RQ2: Is there a difference in perceived opportunities and challenges in the implementation of smart mobility between German-speaking cities and Sarajevo?

RQ3: What must smart mobility providers consider to be successful in the market, and do the approaches differ between German-speaking cities and Sarajevo?

This article is organized as follows. Section 2 surveys existing research, highlighting the gaps this study aims to address. Section 3 details the qualitative approach in which interviews were conducted to gather in-depth insights. Section 4 is supported by a thematic analysis of the interview data. Section 5 summarizes the main outcomes, discusses the implications and limitations, and recommends directions for future research, providing a cohesive overview of the study’s contributions to the field.

2. Literature Review

Academic interest and the resulting research on topics related to smart cities and smart mobility have been steadily increasing over the past decade. Unsurprisingly, a simple Web of Knowledge topic search regarding smart cities and smart mobility revealed that engineering sciences have contributed the most to the topic, and out of the social sciences, management sciences dominate the list. Therefore, similar to the available academic literature in the social sciences, this study focused on the topic of smart cities and smart mobility, which use qualitative methods in research of the current topic.

The literature lacks a uniform definition of the term “smart city”. Essentially, it is about automating processes and routines (and the resulting information) in a city, which can be monitored, understood, analyzed, and planned to improve the efficiency and quality of life of citizens [19,20]. However, some authors such as Anthopoulos (2017) have defined a smart city as the use of ICT and innovation by cities to sustain economic, social, and environmental well-being and address challenges in six dimensions (people, economy, governance, mobility, environment, and living) [8,9].

Since the concepts and definitions of smart cities and smart mobility are interwoven, the literature suggests that smart mobility is the backbone of any smart city [21]. Efficient urban transport should bring several positive outcomes to local communities worldwide, including issues related to climate change and the accompanying reduction in urban air pollution to provide access to other public goods and services (health, education, and employment) [22]. Although smart mobility is increasingly being researched in the scientific literature, there is no unified definition of the term, and the definitions differ based on the context (developing, emerging, and developed economies) [23]. Smart mobility can be defined by a flexible framework that emphasizes three key elements: (a) services that integrate innovative technologies and business models, (b) are offered by the private sector, and (c) have the potential to transform individual and collective mobility [24]. Another definition of smart mobility by Lopez-Carreiro et al. (2023), derived from qualitative interviews, defines it similarly but adds some relevant elements. Smart mobility involves the integration of all available city mobility services, the intelligent management of the mobility network using real-time data, and the provision of a variety of appealing mobility options that encourage use [25].

A summary definition, which is also used for the term smart mobility in this work, is as follows: Smart mobility is the use of technology to enhance the efficiency, safety, sustainability, and accessibility of transportation systems by integrating various modes such as walking, cycling, public transport, and private vehicles [26,27,28] as well as utilizing real-time data, ensuring interoperability, and focusing on user-centered design to provide seamless, reliable, and personalized transportation services [29,30,31,32].

Bıyık et al. (2021) reviewed the literature on smart mobility adoption by analyzing the meaning of smart mobility in a smart city. They found that “smart mobility” is a vital cornerstone of a smart city that involves deliberate actions backed by sophisticated technologies. The inter-related segments of intelligent transport systems, open data, big data analytics, and citizen engagement play a crucial role in its successful implementation [33].

This makes smart cities modern and intelligent and positions them as important future-oriented concepts that enable the integration of new technologies, social systems, and ecological concerns [20,34]. A prominent example of a successful implementation of a functioning smart city is Barcelona, which is pursuing a smart city strategy to create a framework for promoting cooperation and coupling intelligent network technologies to promote economic growth, support sustainability, and improve the quality of public services [35,36].

Globally, academic interest and research on the acceptance of various smart city concepts have steadily increased. In research associated with the vision of urban transport development in Turkey, Bıyık (2019) provided an exhaustive literature review of cities worldwide that have analyzed different aspects of the application of smart city concepts and transport projects [37]. European cities, which are members of the EU, employ transport city strategies for smart urban futures [38,39]. For example, Barcelona uses technology to reduce energy consumption and redesign the bus network [40]; Lisbon investigates smart mobility options such as shared taxis, one-way car rental, and a novel combination of park-and-ride and school bus facilities [41]; Bristol aims to raise cycling mode share by 40% [42]; and London and several cities in Romania have implemented innovative smart city and transport solutions [43,44,45]. Outside the EU, Kyiv’s smart city utilizes Global Positioning Systems (GPS) trackers for urban transportation management [46]. Regarding Turkish urban transport development, Bıyık (2019) conducted research among the public, experts, and policymakers using an extensive online comprehensive survey, semi-structured interviews, and participatory workshops. The results correspond to the previous worldwide city council projects, particularly in that the public desires scenario formation and examples of changes to typical Turkish urban streets [37].

During the process associated with the adoption of the “smart” prefix for both cities and their mobility, Real et al. (2021) argued that an important factor must be considered during the shift of the focus from technology to the people living in smart cities. Using a survey method in U.S. cities, they found that cities need to design responsible smart city projects that balance citizen engagement, technological applications, and stakeholder needs [8]. Anthopoulos (2017) highlighted the significance of six (6) dimensions (people, economy, governance, mobility, environment, and living) that should be included and considered in the concept of the smart city [9]. Real et al. (2021) also underlined the insufficient research on the attitudes and perspectives of residents regarding priority areas of smart cities and the ethics of smart city projects [8,12,13,14,47].

However, some research using mixed methods of surveys, (semi) structured interviews with experts and focus groups, or face-to-face interviews has most recently been conducted regarding concepts related to smart cities and smart mobilities within certain population groups. For example, using the mixed methods of a general public survey together with qualitative research and semi-structured interviews, Lin et al. (2022) investigated whether an intelligent traffic management system is the key to creating a green leisure tourism environment in the move towards sustainable urban development after the pandemic in Fuzhou City, China [48].

Jittrapirom et al. (2019) investigated the Dutch elderly’s preferences towards a smart demand-responsive transport service using mixed methods [49]. Their results revealed, inter alia, that the elderly prefer features such as a short distance to the access point, short waiting time, and reliability. Research among generation Z in Lubin, Poland, by Wawer et al. (2022) examined how attitudes, behaviors, and involvement in sustainable smart city activities related to their evaluation of smart mobility’s importance and the use of ICT. The results showed that despite expressing eagerness to co-create and engage in decision-making, generation Z’s interest in actively supporting smart city development remains low, indicating a gap between their declarations and actions [50].

In the assessment of the Mobility as a Service (MaaS) concept in Japan, Sato and Hashimoto (2023) used a life-space assessment method together with questionnaire surveys and a face-to-face approach to identify differences between actual participants and participants assumed by local governments to improve mobility services and meet residents’ needs [51]. In academic research, the significance of the efficiency and sources of financing for smart cities and smart mobility is crucial. Once global best practices are established, assessing the efficiency of a city’s transport services, together with sources of financing for smart cities and smart mobility, becomes essential [17,18]. Real et al. (2021) identified financing or funding smart city concepts as the largest barrier to implementation among U.S. cities [8]. The significance of the financial burden and funding of smart cities and mobility has been expressed to a greater extent in other studies worldwide, such as in Turkey by Bıyık (2019) and in Ghana by Peprah et al. (2019), where the authors found that the focus should be on enhancing people’s mobility, information logistic mobility, and information mobility prior to transforming cities into smart mobility environments [26,52].

In the pursuit of smart mobility, akin to many endeavors, a complex interplay of opportunities and challenges has emerged.

Table 1. Opportunities and challenges in the implementation of smart mobility in cities.

Category	Opportunity/Challenge	Description	Source
Opportunities	Autonomous Driving	Autonomous vehicles can reduce environmental pollution and congestion, enhance traffic safety, and decrease travel times and costs.	[53,54]
	Integrated Systems	Integrated ticketing and smart navigation systems promote the use of public and shared transportation modes, contributing to a more sustainable urban mobility.	[53]
	Digitalization and Smart Grids	Explores the use of smart grids and blockchain technology for improved energy management, integration of renewable resources, and enhanced operational efficiency and security.	[20]
	Mobility as a Service	Offers flexible, efficient, and user-centered options for urban travel, potentially reducing the reliance on private vehicles and promoting the use of public and shared transport options.	[55]
	Smart Electromobility	Focuses on developing an ecosystem conducive to electromobility, addressing challenges like technological development, policy frameworks, investment, and public acceptance.	[5]
	Environmental Benefits	Smart mobility contributes to reduced emissions and environmental sustainability through optimized traffic management and promotion of non-motorized transport.	[53]
	Enhanced Accessibility	Improved accessibility for older adults and people with disabilities through technologies like autonomous vehicles, offering greater independence.	[54]
	Economic Efficiency	Smart mobility leads to economic savings by reducing fuel consumption, decreasing parking space needs, and optimizing transportation infrastructures.	[56]
Challenges	Safety Concerns	Safety, especially for autonomous vehicles and new mobility services, remains a significant concern among users. Public perception and trust in the safety of these systems need to be addressed.	[53,54,56]
	Cost	The cost of using new mobility services and technologies could be a barrier, particularly for long-term users sensitive to pricing structures.	[53,57]
	Data Privacy	Concerns over data privacy and the ethical use of mobility data can hinder the acceptance of smart mobility solutions. Users are skeptical about the use of their personal data for mobility purposes.	[53,58]
	Infrastructure	Adequate infrastructure is necessary for the success of smart mobility solutions, including the need for robust digital connectivity and physical infrastructure to support new modes of transport like autonomous vehicles and shared mobility platforms.	[56,59]
	Socioeconomic Factors	Socioeconomic status influences mobility choices and the adoption of smart mobility solutions, with disparities in access and affordability between different community groups.	[53,60]
	Technology Acceptance	Acceptance of new technologies by the public, including automation and data privacy concerns.	[58]
	Infrastructure Investment	Significant investment in infrastructure is needed to support smart mobility, including charging stations for electric vehicles.	[53]
	Equity and Accessibility	Ensuring smart mobility solutions are accessible and affordable to all, including those in low-income areas.	[60]
	Regulatory Frameworks	Developing regulatory frameworks that support smart mobility deployment while ensuring safety and privacy.	[55]
	Integration Challenges	Integrating new mobility solutions with existing transportation systems and ensuring compatibility across services.	[53]

presents a detailed overview of the opportunities and challenges associated with implementing smart mobility solutions in urban environments. The table is structured to categorize these factors into distinct themes, providing a clear framework for understanding the multifaceted nature of smart mobility initiatives.

One of the key opportunities highlighted in Table 1 is the advancement of autonomous driving technologies. Autonomous vehicles have the potential to significantly reduce environmental pollution, alleviate traffic congestion, and enhance road safety by minimizing human error. These vehicles can also decrease travel times and costs, contributing to more efficient urban transportation systems. The table emphasizes the role of integrated systems, such as smart ticketing and navigation, in promoting the use of public and shared transportation modes, thereby supporting sustainable urban mobility.

Additionally, the table identifies digitalization and smart grids as crucial components of modern mobility infrastructure. These elements facilitate improved energy management through the integration of renewable resources and the enhancement of operational efficiency and security. The emergence of MaaS offers flexible, user-centered options for urban travel, potentially reducing reliance on private vehicles and encouraging the adoption of public and shared transport.

Despite these promising opportunities, Table 1 also underscores several significant challenges. Safety concerns remain a prominent issue, particularly regarding the public’s trust in autonomous vehicle systems and the overall safety of new mobility services. The cost associated with deploying these technologies can be a barrier, especially in regions with limited financial resources or where pricing structures may deter long-term users.

Data privacy and infrastructure are additional challenges noted in the table. The increasing reliance on digital technologies necessitates robust cybersecurity measures to protect personal data and ensure the ethical use of mobility information. Furthermore, the success of smart mobility solutions hinges on the availability of adequate infrastructure, including digital connectivity and physical facilities such as charging stations for electric vehicles.

Socioeconomic factors also play a critical role in the adoption of smart mobility solutions. Disparities in access and affordability between different community groups must be addressed to ensure equitable and inclusive urban transportation systems. Regulatory frameworks must evolve to support the deployment of these innovative technologies while safeguarding public safety and privacy.

Overall, Table 1 provides a comprehensive summary of the critical factors that influence the implementation of smart mobility solutions. By identifying both opportunities and challenges, the table serves as a valuable resource for policymakers, urban planners, and stakeholders aiming to develop effective strategies for sustainable and efficient urban transportation.

Hence, in terms of opportunities and challenges, although not exhaustive, several aspects have arisen:

• Reduction of Traffic Congestion and Pollution—Smart mobility solutions, including intelligent transport systems and big data analytics, can significantly reduce traffic jams, commuting times, and road crashes, thereby decreasing air pollution and improving urban sustainability [61,62];
• Technological Integration and Internet of Things (IoT)—The implementation of IoT technologies in both urban and rural areas can address mobility challenges by optimizing route detection and investment planning, benefiting both contexts despite their differences [63,64];
• Cybersecurity and Data Privacy—Deploying cyber-physical systems in smart cities introduces vulnerabilities and risks, necessitating robust cybersecurity measures and privacy protections to ensure safe and secure smart mobility solutions [63,65];
• Public Engagement and Acceptance—Successful smart mobility implementation requires public engagement and acceptance. Surveys indicate varying levels of familiarity and willingness to adopt new mobility technologies, highlighting the need for public education and debate [62];
• Policy and Governance Challenges—Policy and organizational hurdles are significant barriers to smart city implementation. Effective governance frameworks are essential to address these challenges and facilitate the deployment of smart mobility solutions [65];
• Autonomous Vehicles and Urban Planning—Autonomous vehicle technology presents both opportunities and disruptions for urban transport, land use, and infrastructure design. Urban planners need to develop strategies to mitigate these impacts and harness the benefits of autonomous mobility [13].

The implementation of smart mobility in cities offers numerous opportunities, such as reducing traffic congestion and pollution, optimizing transportation through IoT, and enhancing urban sustainability. However, challenges like cybersecurity risks, public acceptance, and policy hurdles must be addressed to realize these benefits fully. Effective governance, public engagement, and strategic urban planning are crucial for the successful adoption of smart mobility solutions. Implementing smart mobility solutions in urban areas is a multifaceted endeavor that encompasses various factors that collectively shape success or failure. To explore the critical success factors for smart mobility, we also reviewed various smart city indices. Six indices were selected based on research conducted by Lai and Cole (2023) to ensure comparability [66]. The Cities in Motion Index (Berrone and Ricart, 2024), developed by the IESE Business School in Spain, encompasses nine dimensions, including Mobility and Transportation, which serve as defined indicators of urban planning that are crucial for the well-being of city inhabitants [67].

These indicators include elements such as bike-sharing systems and bicycle/moped/scooter rentals. The Digital City Index, introduced in 2020, operates within a four-dimensional framework [68]. However, the aspect of smart mobility is addressed through only 2 of the 48 indicators: traffic management and integrated public transportation applications. The Global E-Government Survey 2018–2019, the eighth survey in its longitudinal series, employs 87 scaled criteria to evaluate the utility of municipality websites for residents [69]. However, none of these criteria specifically address smart mobility. The Innovation Cities Index 2022–2023, published since 2007 and assessing the largest number of cities, evaluates smart mobility through indicators such as the availability of protected and designated bicycle facilities, public city transport, smart devices, and transport automation, among its 162 indicators [70]. In the second edition, released in 2021, the top 50 smart city governments identified by the Eden Strategy Institute encompass 10 themes. Among these themes, smart mobility was featured in the category of shared knowledge across cities. Vancouver and Surrey are highlighted as exemplars, showing how their robust start-up ecosystems and mature ICT infrastructures have facilitated collaborative efforts in smart mobility [71]. This collaborative effort in smart mobility was selected as a priority area for both cities. The IMD World Competitiveness Center (2023) gathers citizen perspectives via surveys, capturing data on structures and technologies spanning health and safety, mobility, activities, opportunities, and governance. To assess mobility, it examines traffic congestion levels and public transport satisfaction, considering the impact of car-sharing applications, bicycle rentals, parking space locator applications, online scheduling and ticketing for public transport, and real-time traffic updates provided by mobile phones. Of the six reports reviewed, “smart mobility” is referenced in just one [72].

Although numerous studies have focused on the critical determinants of developing smart cities, research on smart mobility success factors is limited and varies in scope [73,74,75]. A study comparing and identifying the smartness of eight major Australian cities used public transport, accessibility, connectivity, and road networks to measure smart mobility performance [76]. Conversely, research conducted by Chigozie et al. (2023) at the country level revealed the following critical success factors of smart mobility: sustainable, innovative, and safe transportation systems; availability of ICT infrastructure; local accessibility of transportation infrastructure; and availability of transportation infrastructure (bike, cycling, and pedestrian mobility facilities) [77]. Furthermore, Munhoz et al. (2020) categorized the primary drivers of enhancing urban mobility intelligence into three domains: city governance, technical solutions, and technological resources. City governance focuses on urban mobility plans and policies, whereas technical solutions include multimodal integration and accessibility enhancement. Technological resources include data collection systems, cybersecurity, real-time information access, and smart traffic management [78].

3. Methodology

The selection of sample countries that supported this research, including German-speaking countries (Austria, Germany, and Switzerland) and Sarajevo, was influenced by the bilateral scientific cooperation project between Austria and Bosnia and Herzegovina. These regions were chosen due to their contrasting socio-economic and technological contexts, providing a comparative perspective on smart mobility solutions. German-speaking countries are recognized for their leadership in smart city initiatives and technological integration, while Sarajevo offers insights from a developing urban context with unique challenges and opportunities.

Owing to the lack of research in the subject area, a qualitative approach was selected, using empirical data collected through semi-structured interviews. This approach allows for in-depth exploration of the nuanced perspectives of experts. They were selected based on their significant contributions to smart mobility projects. These experts held various positions, such as Chief Executive Officer (CEO), project leaders, and department heads, and are thus confronted daily with questions regarding the opportunities and challenges of implementation. A description of the experts can be found in

Table A1. Description of the surveyed experts from the German-speaking cities and Sarajevo.

Expert	Country/City	Position
E1	Austria	Chief Technology Officer (CTO) Mobility Provider
E2	Austria	Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Mobility Provider
E3	Austria	Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Mobility Provider
E4	Austria	Project Manager Mobility Provider
E5	Austria	Division Head Mobility
E6	Austria	Board of Mobility Planning
E7	Austria	Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
E8	Austria	Consultant for Urban Development and Urban Planning
E9	Germany	Smart City Coordinator
E10	Germany	Smart City Coordinator
E11	Germany	Head of Traffic Management in the Traffic Planning Department
E12	Switzerland	Head of Mobility Strategy
E13	Switzerland	Head of Civil Engineering Office, Traffic and Urban Space
E14	Switzerland	Chief Digital Officer (CDO)
E15	Sarajevo	Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
E16	Sarajevo	Assistant Minister, Ministry of Traffic
E17	Sarajevo	Assistant Minister for Safety, Technical Regulation of Traffic, and Parking, Ministry of Traffic
E18	Sarajevo	Assistant Mayor for Sustainable Development at the City of Sarajevo
E19	Sarajevo	Member of the advisory board of Ministry of Traffic
E20	Sarajevo	Full Professor and an external expert to Ministry of Traffic, Sarajevo Canton
E21	Sarajevo	Assistant Professor and an external expert to Ministry of Traffic, Sarajevo Canton
E22	Sarajevo	International Consultant for Urban Development and Urban Planning
E23	Sarajevo	International Consultant for Urban Development and Urban Planning
E24	Sarajevo	NGO representative
E25	Sarajevo	Project Manager, Bicycle-sharing service

in the Appendix A. Therefore, they also had experience related to success factors for the implementation of smart cities and mobility projects. Owing to the demonstrably existing expertise of the respondents, their statements allowed meaningful and action-guiding conclusions in answering the research questions [79,80].

In total, 25 experts were interviewed (14 from German-speaking cities in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland; 11 from Bosnia and Herzegovina, specifically Sarajevo). The guidelines used for the interviews were developed based on a literature review [80,81]. According to Flick (2018), the interview guide is divided into four main categories that were deductively defined from the literature (background information of experts, opportunities in the implementation of smart mobility in cities, challenges in the implementation of smart mobility in cities, and aspects of the successful implementation of smart mobility in cities), serving as a basis for the data coding and analysis structure [80].

Cities and experts were strategically selected to ensure a broad yet focused examination of smart mobility solutions within diverse urban settings. German-speaking cities (Austria, Germany, and Switzerland) were chosen because of their recognized leadership in implementing smart city initiatives, including advanced mobility solutions. These regions represent developed urban contexts with high degrees of technological integration and policy support for sustainable urban mobility. This similarity in technological readiness and governance models aligns them with other advanced cities globally. However, what sets German-speaking cities apart is their strong emphasis on sustainability and citizen engagement, reflecting unique socio-cultural values and robust public sector involvement in smart mobility initiatives. These distinctive characteristics provide a compelling contrast to other global cities, where private sector-driven approaches may be more prevalent.

By contrast, Sarajevo was selected to provide a perspective from a developing urban context, where challenges such as limited infrastructure investment and technological adoption present unique obstacles and opportunities for smart mobility. This comparison highlights how economic stability and political support in German-speaking cities facilitate more advanced smart mobility integration, whereas Sarajevo’s context emphasizes the need for strategic partnerships and targeted investments to overcome developmental hurdles. Through this comparative analysis, the study aims to uncover both shared and unique pathways towards achieving smart city objectives, offering valuable insights for cities at varying stages of smart mobility development.

The semi-structured interview questions in this study were derived from several established studies conducted in diverse global contexts, ensuring that these questions were grounded in a robust academic foundation. These questions were then modified to accommodate the specific socio-economic and cultural characteristics of the countries involved in this research, particularly focusing on the unique aspects of Sarajevo compared to the German-speaking cities. Despite these modifications, the core set of questions remained consistent across all locations, reflecting the methodology’s adaptability and ensuring that it was both relevant and applicable in diverse settings. This uniformity in questioning across different contexts indicates the potential for the methodology to be effectively applied in other regions, making it a versatile tool for comparative analyses in smart mobility and urban planning research.

To ensure the content validity and completeness of the guidelines, pre-tests with four selected experts were conducted, and their feedback was incorporated accordingly [82,83]. To avoid potential linguistic misunderstandings, the guidelines and interview protocols were translated into German (for use in German-speaking countries), English, and the local languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina. After the interviews were conducted, the transcripts were translated back into English to ensure a comprehensive qualitative content analysis could be conducted across all countries. This might represent a limitation of the results, as it could lead to response and recall biases.

This limitation was mitigated by having several researchers process and interpret the data both in parallel and in sequence [79]. The number of experts interviewed was sufficient to answer the research questions and obtain valid results. According to Gioia et al. (2013), the adequacy of the sample size should not be determined based on the number of experts but rather by their ability to provide meaningful and rich insights. From the analysis, it was evident that the results showed saturation such that no further relevant insights could be found with additional interviews [84]. An overview of the research process as a flow chart is presented in Figure 1.

4. Results

The results of the qualitative analysis revealed different dimensions of smart mobility in cities, as articulated by expert participants. Through Gioia-style data analysis, insights from semi-structured interviews were organized into a coherent framework, shedding light on the opportunities, challenges, and key elements for the successfully implementing smart mobility projects. This approach ensured a systematic and robust analysis, providing a comprehensive understanding of the various factors influencing smart mobility implementation.

Table 2. Smart mobility in cities: A Gioia-style analysis.

Deductive Category	First-Order Concepts (Examples)	Second-Order Themes	Aggregate Dimensions
Opportunities in the implementation of smart mobility in cities	“Residents appreciate the reduced travel times.”	Improved Efficiency and Accessibility	Strategic Awareness and Risk Perception
	“The city has seen a 20% decrease in carbon emissions.”	Environmental Impact	Environmental Sustainability
	“Local businesses have thrived with increased foot traffic.”	Economic Benefits	Economic Growth
Challenges in the implementation of smart mobility in cities	“Upfront costs for smart infrastructure are substantial.”	Financial Constraints	Infrastructure and Investment Needs
	“There is hesitation among older populations to adopt new technologies.”	Cultural and Technological Adoption Barriers	Social and Cultural Barriers
	“Navigating through regulatory approvals is time-consuming.”	Regulatory Complexity	Regulatory and Policy Hurdles
Aspects of successful implementation of smart mobility in cities	“Integration with existing public transport was key to our success.”	System Integration and Compatibility	Technological Innovation and Integration
	“Engaging with the community early on shaped our project’s direction.”	Community Involvement and Support	Public and Stakeholder Engagement
	“Adapting our services based on user feedback has improved satisfaction.”	Responsiveness to Feedback	Adaptive and Flexible Solutions

presents the foundation of these findings by arranging the empirical data into three principal categories: opportunities for implementing smart mobility, challenges encountered, and aspects crucial for successful projects.

The organization of the table into deductive categories based on the literature, first-order concepts identified from the data, second-order themes that amalgamate these concepts, and aggregate dimensions summarizing the core insights facilitate a deep understanding of the intricate dynamics of smart mobility. This highlights the interaction between strategic awareness, environmental sustainability, economic growth, and the numerous obstacles and facilitators affecting innovation and integration in urban settings. This analytical approach provides actionable insights and a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of smart mobility in cities, reflecting the experiences and viewpoints of expert contributors.

Drawing on Gioia et al. (2013), this study examined the opportunities and challenges in the implementation of smart mobility in cities for German-speaking countries and Sarajevo and also the aspects of a successful implementation [84]. The structured analysis provides a clear pathway to understanding the critical success factors and barriers in smart mobility implementation.

4.1. Opportunities and Challenges in the Implementation of Smart Mobility in Cities

The qualitative analysis revealed several dimensions of smart mobility in cities, as articulated by the expert participants. Through Gioia-style data analysis, insights from semi-structured interviews were organized into a coherent framework, shedding light on the opportunities, challenges, and essential elements for the successful implementation of smart mobility projects. Regardless of the region, all the respondents stated that they saw a transformative potential in smart mobility solutions for improving urban life. A major aspect includes significant environmental benefits, with smart mobility initiatives directly contributing to the reduction of carbon emissions and improvement of air quality. The shift towards environmentally friendly and sustainable transportation options underpins smart mobility initiatives. One interviewee from Switzerland elaborated on this as follows:

“The introduction of electric buses and the promotion of cycling have led to a 30% reduction in our city’s carbon emissions within five years.”

Such changes are crucial for cities that aim to counteract the effects of climate change. Among the respondents, there was also a consensus regarding the critical role of smart mobility in addressing pressing urban challenges, such as congestion and pollution, which could improve the quality of life for city residents. Smart mobility offers the potential to optimize urban traffic and significantly reduce congestion. An interviewee from Germany described this as follows:

“The integration of real-time traffic management systems can reduce commuting times by up to 20%.”

This reflects the tangible benefits of adopting technology-driven solutions to improve traffic flow. The introduction of smart mobility in urban settings presents a promising path for achieving sustainable and efficient living in cities. Economic incentives and progress are also evident, with the proliferation of new technologies promoting job creation, stimulating innovation, and increasing urban efficiency. In addition to the environmental and efficiency gains outlined above, smart mobility fosters economic growth through job creation and innovation. An interviewee from Austria stated the following:

“The development of smart mobility apps has fostered a new technology ecosystem and created over 500 jobs in the region.”

Despite these opportunities, the respondents encountered several ubiquitous challenges faced by cities when implementing smart mobility solutions. Infrastructure and investment requirements pose significant barriers, particularly in regions where financial resources are limited or where the existing infrastructure is inadequate. However, all interviewees agreed that substantial infrastructure upgrades are among the biggest obstacles to the transition to smart mobility. An interviewee from Sarajevo elaborated as follows:

“Setting up the necessary [electric vehicle] EV charging stations and digital networks requires significant investment and coordination.”

The integration of new technologies into existing systems further complicates the scenario. Data protection and security concerns are of utmost importance, as the increasing reliance on digital technologies and data-driven decisions in smart mobility solutions requires robust cybersecurity measures. Another interviewee from Germany explained the issue as follows:

“While smart mobility solutions offer convenience, they also pose risks to the security of personal data, necessitating robust protective measures.”

In addition, social and cultural barriers or resistance to adopting new mobility solutions are observable, underscoring the need for effective communication strategies and guidelines that promote behavioral change. Another interviewee from Austria elaborated as follows:

“Changing long-standing habits regarding the use of public transport is challenging but essential for the success of smart mobility.”

Interviewees in German-speaking cities highlighted a proactive approach to integrating smart mobility, supported by strong infrastructural and political foundations. Despite the broad and strong interest in sustainable urban mobility solutions, Sarajevo’s path to smart mobility is significantly limited by financial and infrastructural constraints. Consequently, the development of smart mobility in German-speaking cities is much more advanced than in Sarajevo.

One of the most striking differences lies in the institutional and economic foundations of these countries. Austria, Germany, and Switzerland benefit from stable political environments, high levels of public and private investments in infrastructure, and societal willingness to adopt new technologies. For example, Switzerland’s commitment to sustainability is reflected in its extensive investments in public transportation and electric vehicle infrastructure, demonstrating a holistic approach to smart mobility. Sarajevo, however, struggles with post-war recovery challenges, postponed investments in public infrastructure, and limited sources of financing for such large-scale public investment projects. These factors contribute to the slow pace of smart mobility integration. The following statement by a Sarajevo interviewee expresses this impressively:

“We recognize the importance of smart mobility for our future, but funding and infrastructure deficits significantly hinder progress.”

German-speaking cities demonstrate a forward-thinking political environment that actively supports smart mobility through incentives, research and development funding, and advanced regulations. These policies promote innovation and facilitate public–private partnerships, which are crucial for developing comprehensive smart mobility solutions. In contrast, Sarajevo’s political landscape regarding smart mobility is still in its infancy, although most recently, several strategic documents have been introduced to accelerate this process (for example, the Green Cantonal Action Plan for Sarajevo, Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan, and Low Emission Zone in Sarajevo). Enhancing Sarajevo’s policy framework to actively support smart mobility initiatives can serve as a catalyst for development. Based on statements from Sarajevo interviewees, Bosnia can consider several strategies to bridge the gap in the adoption of smart mobility:

• Leveraging international partnerships and EU funding: Engaging in partnerships with international organizations and EU bodies could provide Sarajevo with the necessary financial and technical support to initiate smart mobility projects;
• Encouraging public–private partnerships: Creating a conducive environment for public–private partnerships can attract investment and expertise in the development of smart mobility infrastructure and services;
• Implementing pilot projects: The implementation of smart mobility pilot projects can demonstrate the benefits of such initiatives to the public and potential investors, creating momentum for broader adoption;

In summary, the findings suggest that smart mobility occurs at the intersection of technology, sustainability, and urban development. Successful implementation depends on addressing opportunities and challenges using a balanced communicative approach. The results revealed the diverse ways in which smart mobility is pursued across Europe. Although German-speaking countries lead innovation and implementation, Sarajevo, with its targeted support and strategic initiatives, has the potential to transform its transport landscape into a more sustainable and efficient system. To further clarify the differences and similarities in opportunities and challenges between German-speaking countries and Bosnia,

Table 3. Comparison of opportunities and challenges in smart mobility implementation between German-speaking countries and Sarajevo.

Category	Second-Order Themes	German-Speaking Countries	Sarajevo
Opportunities	Improved Efficiency and Accessibility	Advanced technological integration	Potential for international partnerships and funding
		Established public transport infrastructure
	Environmental Impact	Strong policy support and incentives	Emerging strategic documents for smart mobility
	Economic Benefits	High public and private investments	Growing interest in sustainable urban mobility
Challenges	Financial Constraints	High upfront costs for infrastructure upgrades	Significant financial and infrastructural constraints
			Limited sources of financing
	Cultural and Technological Adoption Barriers	Social and cultural resistance to new technologies	Post-war recovery challenges
	Regulatory Complexity	Data protection and cybersecurity concerns
		Navigating regulatory complexities	Political landscape in its infancy
Strategic approaches	System Integration and Compatibility	Promoting public–private partnerships	Leveraging international partnerships and EU funding
	Community Involvement and Support	Comprehensive policy frameworks	Encouraging public-private partnerships
	Responsiveness to Feedback	Investment in R&D and innovation	Implementing pilot projects

summarizes these aspects.

4.2. Aspects for the Successful Implementation of Smart Mobility in Cities

From the results presented above, one can infer that the implementation of smart mobility in cities has been hampered by certain hurdles and restrictions. For this reason, interviewees were asked to mention approaches that could increase the likelihood of the successful implementation of smart mobility in cities. The evolving landscape of smart mobility presents providers who are looking to significantly impact the market with a unique set of opportunities and challenges. Success depends on a multifaceted approach, which includes technological innovation, market sensitivity, and strategic partnerships. Overall, the transcripts showed a consensus on the importance of aligning smart mobility solutions with the needs of users and the goals of environmental compatibility. Emphasis on reliability, user experience, and seamless integration into existing transportation infrastructure is crucial for gaining user trust and acceptance.

Approach I—Understanding market needs and user preferences:

A primary approach is to understand market requirements and user preferences. Smart mobility providers must comprehend precisely the specific needs, preferences, and pain points in their target markets. This includes the recognition of various user requirements for convenience, speed, safety, and environmental compatibility. For example, users in urban areas may value speed and convenience, whereas those in rural areas may prioritize reliability and coverage. This aspect is derived from the following statement of a Swiss interviewee:

“Understanding local commuting patterns and preferences was key to tailoring our services, and ensuring that they provide real added value to our users.”

Approach II—Technological innovation and reliability:

Another approach involves selecting the appropriate technological innovations and ensuring the reliability of smart mobility. The backbone of smart mobility involves the use of cutting-edge technologies to offer reliable, efficient, and user-friendly services. Providers should focus on developing robust platforms that integrate seamlessly into the existing urban infrastructure and other modes of transport. Emphasizing real-time data analysis, IoT, and AI can improve operational efficiency and user experience.

Approach III—Sustainable and eco-friendly solutions:

The next approach is for the general population to perceive solutions as sustainable and environmentally friendly. Given growing environmental concerns, smart mobility providers must prioritize sustainability in their service offerings. An Austrian interviewee elaborated as follows:

“Our commitment to reducing urban emissions drives our investments in electric mobility solutions, which have been warmly received by the public.”

This underscores the value placed on environment friendly initiatives in German-speaking cities. This could include the deployment of electric vehicles, promotion of shared mobility to reduce congestion and emissions, and the implementation of energy-efficient operational processes. Offering environmentally friendly options can also serve as a significant market differentiator.

Approach IV—Regulatory compliance and collaboration:

The interviewees suggested that before implementation, regulatory and legal regulations should be assessed and considered, and cooperation with the government and regulatory authorities should be sought. Navigating a complex regulatory landscape is crucial for smart mobility providers. Market success requires compliance with local and international regulations, including safety standards, data protection laws, and environmental guidelines. Collaborating with government and regulatory authorities can facilitate smoother market entry and expansion.

Approach V—Competitive pricing and value proposition:

Another approach mentioned by experts is that the pricing for smart mobility must be competitive, and a value proposition must be created. Pricing strategies that balance affordability and value creation are essential for attracting and retaining users. Smart mobility providers should offer clear value propositions that demonstrate how their services provide superior convenience, efficiency, and sustainability compared with traditional modes of transport.

Approach VI—Community engagement and stakeholder collaboration:

The sixth approach, which is often cited in the literature, includes public engagement and collaboration with various stakeholders. Building strong relationships with communities and stakeholders, including local governments, transport authorities, and businesses, is crucial. Engagement initiatives can help in understanding local needs, fostering public support, and identifying partnership opportunities for integrated mobility solutions.

Approach VII—Flexibility and scalability:

Finally, interviewees mentioned the flexibility and scalability of smart mobility. The ability to adapt and scale services in response to changing market dynamics, technological advancements, and user feedback is critical. Providers should maintain a flexible approach to service design, deployment, and operations to respond quickly to new opportunities and challenges. In German-speaking cities, there is a remarkable emphasis on leveraging advanced technology and innovation to advance smart mobility solutions. Providers in these countries benefit from a robust infrastructure, governmental support, and a highly environmentally conscious consumer base, which facilitates the adoption of green and efficient mobility solutions. For example, an interviewee from Germany highlighted the following:

“The integration of [Artificial Intelligence] AI and IoT into our mobility solutions has not only improved operational efficiency but also significantly enhanced the user experience.”

By contrast, Sarajevo faces specific challenges that affect the market dynamics of smart mobility providers. Primary concerns include limited infrastructure development and the need for substantial investments to modernize transportation systems. An interviewee from Sarajevo elaborated as follows:

“To successfully introduce smart mobility here, providers must navigate infrastructural constraints and focus on cost-effective solutions.”

The success of smart mobility providers in German-speaking cities and Sarajevo depends on a nuanced understanding of local market conditions, user preferences, and regulatory landscapes. Although technological prowess and sustainability initiatives set the tone in German-speaking regions, the focus in Sarajevo must shift to overcoming infrastructural and economic challenges to pave the way for smart mobility. Providers capable of navigating these complex environments with innovative, user-centered, and flexible solutions are poised for significant breakthroughs in transforming urban mobility. In conclusion, the success of smart mobility providers requires a comprehensive approach that considers technological innovation, market and user requirements, regulatory compliance, sustainability, and community collaboration. By focusing on these key factors, providers can enhance their competitiveness and contribute to the overarching goal of creating more livable, efficient, and sustainable urban environments.

5. Discussion, Limitations, and Recommendations for Future Research

5.1. Summary of the Main Results and Implications

This study aims to provide a general and comparative analysis of the opportunities and risks associated with implementing smart mobility solutions in German-speaking cities (Austria, Germany, and Switzerland) and Sarajevo. Through qualitative research involving semi-structured interviews with 25 experts in smart cities and smart mobility, this study explored key challenges and success factors in smart mobility implementation, offering a novel comparative perspective between developed regions and developing countries. This study identified the transformative potential of smart mobility solutions for improving urban life, significantly contributing to the environmental, economic, and social sustainability of urban areas, with distinct paths and challenges highlighted in the different regions studied.

The first research question we sought to answer was the following: What opportunities and challenges arise in the implementation of smart mobility in cities, and how do these differ between German-speaking cities and Sarajevo? This study highlights the significant opportunities offered by smart mobility solutions in terms of environmental benefits, such as reduced carbon emissions and improved air quality, which are consistent with the sustainable and smart transport objectives outlined in the literature [5,6,53]. However, the identified challenges, including substantial infrastructure and investment requirements, align with concerns regarding the integration of new technologies and data protection [20,30,56]. The comparative analysis revealed that although German-speaking cities exhibit a proactive approach towards smart mobility characterized by strong infrastructural and political support, Sarajevo faces hurdles related to financial and infrastructural constraints, highlighting a distinct dichotomy in the path towards smart mobility adoption. For instance, cities like Vienna have implemented comprehensive smart mobility frameworks that include public–private partnerships and extensive government support, which are critical for overcoming financial barriers [9,19,56].

The second question is as follows: Is there a difference in perceived opportunities and challenges in the implementation of smart mobility between German-speaking cities and Sarajevo? This study finds notable differences in perceived opportunities and challenges. In German-speaking cities, opportunities such as advanced technological integration, high public and private investments, and strong policy support are prevalent. Challenges include high upfront costs for infrastructure upgrades, data protection concerns, and regulatory complexities. In contrast, Sarajevo’s opportunities revolve around potential international partnerships and emerging strategic documents, while challenges include significant financial constraints, post-war recovery issues, and a nascent political landscape regarding smart mobility. These findings illustrate the disparity in readiness and capacity for smart mobility implementation between developed and developing urban contexts.

The third question we sought to answer is as follows: What must smart mobility providers consider to be successful in the market, and do the approaches differ between German-speaking cities and Sarajevo? Success factors for smart mobility providers underscore the importance of understanding market requirements, technological innovation, regulatory compliance, and community engagement [85]. These findings resonate with the literature, emphasizing the critical role of aligning smart mobility initiatives with user needs and environmental goals [48,49,55]. This study indicates that although providers in German-speaking cities benefit from a supportive ecosystem that fosters innovation and sustainability, in Sarajevo, the focus must be on overcoming infrastructural limitations and leveraging strategic partnerships to successfully navigate the market.

This study significantly enriches the existing literature on smart mobility by delivering a distinctive comparative analysis of stakeholder perceptions and implementation strategies in German-speaking cities (Austria, Germany, and Switzerland) and Sarajevo. Prior research has predominantly focused on the technological, infrastructural, and economic dimensions of smart mobility in developed urban environments [9,19]. By incorporating perspectives from a developing country, this study bridges a notable gap by offering comprehensive insights into the multifaceted challenges and opportunities of smart mobility across various socioeconomic backdrops. This highlights the contrast between the well-supported proactive approaches in German-speaking cities and the constrained yet ambitious efforts in Sarajevo, thereby revealing the intricate dynamics of smart mobility adoption [5,35].

The inclusion of Sarajevo offers a fresh and unique perspective, illustrating how different historical, cultural, and economic factors influence the adoption of smart mobility solutions. This comparative analysis highlights the contrast between the well-supported proactive strategies found in German-speaking cities and the constrained yet ambitious efforts observed in Sarajevo. By examining these divergent contexts, the study reveals the intricate dynamics of smart mobility adoption, offering valuable lessons on how adaptable strategies can be developed to accommodate varying levels of technological and infrastructural readiness. This approach not only enhances our understanding of smart mobility in different urban settings but also contributes actionable insights for global policymakers and practitioners working to implement sustainable urban transportation systems.

While this study presents a broad spectrum of potential smart mobility solutions applicable to various urban settings, it is crucial to recognize that each city has its unique characteristics and challenges. The successful implementation of these solutions requires a careful analysis of the specific needs and conditions of each locality, including its infrastructure, demographic trends, and existing transportation networks. Therefore, cities must employ detailed traffic studies, Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs), and demographic and impact assessments to select and adapt the most suitable solutions from the approaches identified in this research. This tailored approach ensures that smart mobility initiatives are effectively aligned with local priorities and resources, ultimately enhancing their impact and sustainability.

This comparative perspective delves into infrastructural, financial, and policy-related hurdles and underscores the importance of contextual, cultural, and regional nuances in the design and execution of smart mobility solutions. The inclusion of stakeholder views from Sarajevo introduces an innovative angle to the smart mobility dialogue, advocating for adaptable and scalable urban transportation models that consider diverse urban planning strategies and levels of technological adoption [6,52]. Hence, this study significantly advances the discourse by proposing a more inclusive, contextually aware framework for analyzing the complex ecosystem of smart urban mobility, filling a critical void in comparative international research within this domain.

The study indicates that while language is an element of cultural identity, it is not a primary driver of smart city success. Instead, it reflects deeper socio-economic and governance contexts that influence smart mobility strategies. In German-speaking countries, integrated policies and economic stability support advanced mobility initiatives. Sarajevo’s development path is informed by its distinct historical and economic realities. Understanding these contextual factors is essential for crafting effective smart mobility policies tailored to each city’s unique needs. The analysis illustrates that the underlying success factors for smart city initiatives are largely universal, with economic stability and political support playing central roles. While developed cities face similar challenges and opportunities regardless of their linguistic region, emerging markets encounter specific obstacles that require flexible and context-sensitive solutions. These insights highlight the importance of developing tailored strategies for the successful implementation of smart city technologies in different global contexts.

For policymakers and urban planners, the findings advocate for a strategic emphasis on creating enabling environments for public–private partnerships, prioritizing investments in infrastructure modernization, and promoting sustainable mobility solutions. It is recommended that cities, particularly in developing regions, explore innovative funding mechanisms and leverage international collaborations to address financial and technological barriers [8,52,60]. Furthermore, engaging communities in the co-creation and collaboration of smart mobility solutions can enhance acceptance and foster a sustainable urban mobility culture [86,87,88]. Adopting a holistic and inclusive approach to smart mobility grounded in the principles of environmental sustainability, economic viability, and social equity is paramount for achieving the transformative potential of smart cities.

In conclusion, this study provides pivotal insights and actionable strategies for advancing smart mobility solutions, underscoring the critical role of cross-sectoral collaboration, innovation, and adaptive policy frameworks in navigating the complexities of urban transportation systems. The theoretical contributions and practical implications of this study offer a valuable roadmap for cities aiming to transition towards more sustainable, efficient, and inclusive mobility paradigms.

5.2. Limitations and Recommendations for Future Research

This study provides a framework for understanding smart mobility solutions that can be adapted to other European and non-European contexts. The use of semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders offers a flexible methodological approach that can be replicated by adjusting to local challenges and priorities. While the findings emphasize universal principles such as technological integration and stakeholder collaboration, it is crucial to adapt these to the specific socio-economic and regulatory environments of different regions. Future research should explore comparative analyses across various cities to assess the generalizability of success factors, considering differences in infrastructure and governance. By documenting the methodology and findings transparently, this study supports replicability and encourages international collaboration in developing sustainable smart mobility solutions.

Although this study provides valuable insights into implementing smart mobility solutions across different socioeconomic contexts, it is not without its limitations. The primary limitation was the sample size and composition of the participants. With interviews conducted with 25 experts from German-speaking cities and Sarajevo, the study offers a snapshot of opinions and experiences that may not fully represent the broader range of stakeholders involved in smart mobility projects. This selection could affect the generalizability and representativeness of the findings, as it may not encompass the full diversity of perspectives, particularly from underrepresented groups or regions not included in the study.

Another limitation is the qualitative research approach. Although this methodology facilitates an in-depth understanding of participants’ views and experiences, it inherently lacks the quantitative data necessary to validate the findings across larger populations. The reliance on qualitative insights implies that the results are interpretive and may not capture the measurable impact of smart mobility solutions on urban development, environmental sustainability, and social equity.

Additionally, the study is limited by its geographic focus on German-speaking cities and Sarajevo. While this provides a useful comparative framework, it may not fully account for the diverse socioeconomic, cultural, and political factors present in other regions or cities globally. As such, the findings may not be directly applicable to contexts with significantly different infrastructural or governance challenges. The scope of the study also focuses primarily on the perspectives of experts rather than including other key stakeholders, such as policymakers, residents, and end-users of smart mobility solutions. This may lead to a narrower understanding of the implementation challenges and opportunities faced by those directly affected by smart city initiatives.

Moreover, the rapidly evolving nature of technology and urban development means that the findings might soon become outdated as new smart mobility solutions and policies emerge. This temporal limitation suggests that continuous research and updates are necessary. These are needed to keep pace with changes in technology and urban planning practices. Lastly, the study does not extensively explore the financial aspects of implementing smart mobility solutions, such as funding models and cost–benefit analyses, which are crucial for assessing the feasibility and sustainability of these initiatives in diverse economic contexts.

Given these limitations, two key recommendations emerge for future research. First, expanding the study to include a larger and more diverse pool of participants would enhance the representativeness of the results. Future studies should involve a broader array of stakeholders, including residents, policymakers, and mobility service users from a wider range of cities and countries. This provides a more comprehensive understanding of global challenges and opportunities in smart mobility, reflecting the richer diversity of urban contexts and experiences.

Second, incorporating quantitative methodologies along with qualitative research could offer a more balanced view of the effectiveness and impact of smart mobility. Future research could benefit from employing mixed-methods approaches and integrating statistical analyses of smart mobility adoption rates, environmental benefits, and socioeconomic impacts. This would validate the qualitative findings and provide a more robust framework for comparing smart mobility initiatives across different urban settings. These recommendations aim to build on the contributions of this study by broadening the scope of inquiry and deepening the understanding of how smart mobility solutions can be effectively implemented and scaled across global urban landscapes.