Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Nigeria: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- How have publications in climate change mitigation or adaptation evolved in Nigeria?
- What are the determinants and commonly adopted CCAS in Nigeria?
- What are the mitigation measures being deployed to reduce GHG emissions in Nigeria?
2. Materials and Methods
- Inclusion of studies carried out or related to Nigeria. This is because our study focuses solely on Nigeria. Accordingly, articles which included Nigeria in its panel data and whose results are pertinent to Nigeria were included.
- Exclusion of studies in other languages other than English (which the authors understand fluently).
- Inclusion of studies published in peer review and suitably indexed journals. Accordingly, conference proceedings, reports, etc., were excluded. Only articles and reviews from suitably indexed journals were included in the study because they have undergone peer-review, thereby promoting quality science.
- Inclusion of studies which include quantitative or qualitative results or both.
- Exclusion of papers with the same results published on different platforms. This is to avoid the inclusion of duplicates of the same paper with the same results and findings.
- Exclusion of studies that focus only on climate change impact or effect. This is because the paper focuses on adaptation and mitigation and not CC impact.
- Inclusion of studies which focus meaningfully on mitigation, adaptation or coping strategies or measures and climate change impact or effect.
3. Result and Discussion
3.1. Publication Evolution
3.2. Determinants and Commonly Adopted CCAS in Nigeria
3.3. Climate Change Mitigation Measures
3.3.1. Energy
3.3.2. Agriculture and Forestry
3.3.3. Waste Management
3.3.4. Other Mitigation Measures
4. Similar Studies (Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation) for Africa
4.1. Climate Change Mitigation in Africa
4.2. Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
5. Practical Implications of the Study
Future Directions
- More research on institutional measures (policies, legal and fiscal instruments) of CCAS in Nigeria is needed to help accelerate adaptive capacity and resilience to CC impacts.
- Policy instruments and actions (socio-cultural, education and economic opportunities) to increase the adaptive capacity of females and female household heads. Our findings show that they faces gendered differentiation (based on socio-cultural and economic opportunities)in building adaptive capacity.
- Policy actions on technological and fiscal issues to support the wide-scale uptake of climate-smart agriculture as a means of mitigating emissions.
- The comprehensive development of Nigerian agroforestry to support its carbon sequestration potential.
- More research development for Nigeria is required in other innovative mitigation technologies such as hydrogen, carbon capture and storage, carbon capture utilization and sequestration to support the country’s pledged NDC.
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Words | |
CCAS | Climate change adaptation strategies |
CCMS | Climate change mitigation strategies |
Mt CO2-eq | Million tonnes of CO2-eq |
MHH | Male household head |
FHH | Female household head |
UIV | Underutilized indigenous vegetables |
Mt | Million tons |
Mt/d | Million tons per day |
Mt/yr | Million tons per year |
SCN | Social Capital Network |
FBO | Farm Base Organization |
CSA | Climate-smart agriculture |
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Sector | Theme | Action | Mitigation Potential | Authors |
---|---|---|---|---|
Energy | CC Litigation | Liberalization of ‘Rule of Standing’ forcing shift from pro-economy to ‘greener’ approach, against poor oil companies’ practices | - | [30] |
Nigeria’s NDC | Low-carbon transition in energy system | 27–77% decrease in MtCO2 emissions by 2050 | [36] | |
RE | Hybridized RE system including common energy resources available in Nigeria (wind, solar, biomass) with energy storage | Reduces between 0.0054 and 0.0059 kgCO2-eq/kWh | [26] | |
RE | Solar PV is crucial to meeting energy demands and mitigating CC | Reduces between 31 and 7456 kgCO2-eq per building | [27] | |
Renewable energy (RE) | Addressing socio-political barriers such as eliminating fossil fuel subsidies, policy actions increasing RE penetration, etc. | - | [1] | |
RE | Reducing emissions via bioenergy production from agro-wastes | - | [28] | |
Natural gas flaring (NG) | Conversion of NG to fuel vehicles (natural gas vehicles, NGV) | 1.42 × 106–3.34 × 107 tCO2-eq p.a. | [29] | |
RE | Conversion of livestock manure to bioenergy | −683,600 tCO2 p.a. | [22] | |
Agriculture | Sustainable production practices | Fiscal support such as payments for ecosystem services | - | [34] |
Agricultural Innovation system (AIS) | Banning bush burning, sustainable tillage practices, tree planting, etc. | - | [35] | |
Climate-smart agriculture | Crop, land and soil fertility management; climate-based services (including intermittent draining of paddy rice fields) | - | [70] | |
Carbon sequestration | Promotion of cocoa-plantation-based agroforestry | - | [24] | |
GHG emission abatement | Mechanization of rice cultivation and harvesting processes | 716–1696 kg CO2-eq per ha | [71] | |
Agricultural and land use GHG | Feeding management to reduce enteric CH4 emission of livestock; alternate wetting and drying (AWD) of rice fields; soil carbon storage and decrease in inorganic fertilizer use; bioenergy production from crop residues | 6426–11,931 GgCO2-eq by 2030 | [15] | |
Soil carbon management | Tillage practices, tree planting (plantation and forestation), proper/reduced use of agrochemicals | 18,988–69,964 kgC per ha | [72] | |
Agricultural practices | Soil carbon conservation practices; afforestation | - | [23] | |
Forestry | Carbon sequestration | Tree above ground biomass (TAGB) and carbon (TAGC); remote sensing and spectral variables | 373 ± 165 t of C per ha | [24] |
Weather variability control | Afforestation using regional climate model to simulate feedbacks between land surface conditions and local climate | _ | [21] | |
Carbon sequestration | Afforestation of wasteland | 16 × 106 t of C p.a | [73] | |
Carbon sequestration | Agroforestry using different plantations | 92.4–355.5 tC/ha | [74] | |
Industry | Low-carbon economy | Green fiscal mechanisms such as carbon taxation, green finance and investment programs | - | [75] |
Emission reduction | Implementation of international schemes such as natural Gas STAR program, Global Methane Initiative to reduce methane emission from oil and gas related activities | [76] | ||
Waste management | Behavioral change | Waste recycling (energy and material recovery) to save emissions from poor waste disposal methods | 90 to 150 tCO2-eq p.a. | [77] |
Others | National sustainability policies | Integration of GHG mitigation into local development strategies and processes, spanning from transport to energy, waste management and agriculture | [78] |
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Okafor, C.C.; Ajaero, C.C.; Madu, C.N.; Nzekwe, C.A.; Otunomo, F.A.; Nixon, N.N. Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Nigeria: A Review. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7048. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167048
Okafor CC, Ajaero CC, Madu CN, Nzekwe CA, Otunomo FA, Nixon NN. Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Nigeria: A Review. Sustainability. 2024; 16(16):7048. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167048
Chicago/Turabian StyleOkafor, Chukwuebuka C., Charles C. Ajaero, Christian N. Madu, Chinelo A. Nzekwe, Festus A. Otunomo, and Nduji N. Nixon. 2024. "Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Nigeria: A Review" Sustainability 16, no. 16: 7048. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167048