Exploring Food Waste from a Segmentation and Intervention Perspective—What Design Cues Matter? A Narrative Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Food Waste Segmentation
3. Food Waste Intervention Delivery Formats
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Description | Food Waste Measures | Segmentation |
---|---|---|
n = 530—Italy [23] | Food waste behaviour and psychological variables | Three segments: (1) proactive; (2) discouraged; and (3) self-indulgent |
n = 848—Denmark [24] | Food waste-related lifestyle dimensions | Five segments: (1) cooking involved and spontaneous; (2) price versus quality-oriented and disliking cooking; (3) very involved and cooking engaged; (4) good food-involved and price-dismissive; and (5) least concerned, normative and social |
n = 4214—Denmark, Germany, Norway, Sweden & Netherlands [25] | Food waste-related lifestyle patterns and self-reported food waste | Five segments: (1) uninvolved young male waster; (2) convenience/price-oriented low income; (3) well-planning cook/frugal food avoider; (4) young foodie; and (5) established |
n = 1115—Poland [26] | Food preparation, buying, frequency, package, storage and discarding | Three segments: (1) saving food; (2) wasting vegetables and fruit; and (3) wasting food |
n = 2803—Australia * [27] | Food waste behaviours (planning, shopping, storage, preparation, reason for non-eaten food, motivation, effort and acquisition) | Three segments: (1) over providers; (2) under planners; and (3) considerate planners |
n = 150—Turkey [28] | Food waste-related practices, attitudes, preferences and self-reported food waste | Four segments: (1) conservers; (2) considerates; (3) reluctants; and (4) prodigals |
n = 681—Switzerland [29] | Planning shopping, price/discount driven, thrift, food stock overview, leftover usage, environment impact, awareness and good providers identity | Six segments: (1) conservative; (2) self-indulgent; (3) short-termist; (4) indifferent; (5) consumerist; and (6) eco-responsible |
n = 213—Italy [30] | Spending/consumption habits, food waste and awareness | Three segments: (1) non-aware; (2) unaware but not wasteful; and (3) conscious |
n = 1001—Lithuania [31] | Food waste-related behaviours, attitudes and knowledge of date labelling | Two segments: (1) low food wasters; and (2) high food wasters |
n = 2062—Ireland [32] | Ethical, environmental, purchasing behaviour, food preparation and expiry dates | Two segments: (1) uncaring and (2) caring |
n = 817—Switzerland [33] | Food choice behaviour, food consumption frequency, food waste management, sharing behaviour and descriptive variables | Six segments: (1) meat and fish eaters; (2) origin-focused food savers; (3) ambiguous; (4) food waste reducing sharers; (5) renouncement aversives; and (6) consequent pro-environmental |
n = 3087—Italy [34] | Eating, shopping and storage behaviours | Seven segments: (1) conscious–fussy; (2) conscious–forgetful type; (3) exaggerating cook; (4) frugal consumer; (5) unskilled cook; (6) confused type; and (7) exaggerated shopper |
n = 1002—Hungry [35] | Pro-environmental/gardening attitude, food discard frequency, property type and composting practice | Four segments: (1) average composters; (2) uninterested urban citizens; (3) helpless apartment residents; and (4) active environmentalists |
n = 301—Italy [36] | Food waste aversion | Five segments: (1) frugal believers; (2) frugal seculars; (3) conscientious individuals; (4) casual females; and (5) casual males |
n = 1086—USA [37] | Household food waste (amount/type), food purchasing, storage, management and preparation skills | Four segments: (1) conscientious conservers; (2) harried profligates; (3) unrepentant drink wasters; and (4) guilty carb wasters |
n = 928—UK [38] | Food waste behaviour and lifestyle factors | Five segments: (1) epicures; (2) traditional consumers; (3) casual consumers; (4) food detached consumers; and (5) kitchen evaders. |
n = 369—Poland [39] | Food waste intention | Three segments: (1) control-conscious young men from urban areas; (2) positive attitude young women from urban areas; and (3) planning seeking young women from rural areas |
n = 3000—Italy & Netherlands [40] | Food waste-related behaviours | Four/five segments: (1) weakly adapting/unconcerned; (2) moderately adapting/unconcerned; (3) moderately adapting/concerned (Italy only); (4) strongly adapting/concerned; and (5) non-adapting/unconcerned (Netherlands only) |
n = 165—Europe * [41] | Food waste levels, intentions and behaviours | Three segments: (1) traditional; (2) time-constrained; and (3) convenience lovers |
n = 12187—Finland * [42] | Food waste emergence | Six segments: (1) no food waste; (2) trust in date labels; (3) safety first; (4) occasional wasters; (5) over purchasers/overprepares; and (6) family first |
n = 939—Australia [43] | Food waste generation and sorting behaviour | Three segments: (1) warriors; (2) strugglers; and (3) slackers |
n = 438—Denmark [44] | Food choice motives | Four segments: (1) familiarity sensitive; (2) unconcerned; (3) food for health/mood; and (4) unfamiliar |
n = 944—Australia [45] | Food waste behaviour and food quality aspects | Four segments: (1) self-centred; (2) uninvolved; (3) concerned; and (4) passionate |
n = 2541—Romanian [46] | Food waste habits and information | Three segments: (1) careless; (2) precautious; and (3) ignorant |
n = 1023—Germany [47] | Emotions, environment/ethic, purchase behaviour, handling food, expiration dates and household food waste | Three segments: (1) guilty food wasters; (2) unwitting food wasters; and (3) careless food wasters |
n = 456 *—Italy [48] | Food waste behaviour and intentions | Three segments: (1) virtuous; (2) moderate; and (3) waster |
n = 376–Portugal [49] | Food waste levels, knowledge, behaviours and motivations | Four segments: (1) impulsive waster; (2) planner; (3) young waster; and (4) fan of leftovers |
n = 2205—Greece [50] | Food waste awareness, behaviour and practices | Seven segments: (1) 20s–40s—food waste fighters; (2) 20–40s—food wasters; (3) unaware consumers—food wasters; (4) total food wasters fighters; (5) typical young female food wasters; (6) aware consumers—food waste fighters; and (7) typical young male food wasters |
n = 983—Italy [51] | Food waste (frequency/quantity), drivers, effects, factors and shopping habits | Three segments: (1) pragmatic consumers; (2) thrifty altruists; and (3) aware wasters |
Summary | Content | Format * | Rationale |
---|---|---|---|
Door-stepping campaign—information strategies (food waste separation behaviour) a [55] | Waste separation and recycling | Visual and oral | Biogas production was introduced in the area |
Effectiveness of messaging (food waste behaviour intentions) a [56] | Environment, taste and cost-based food waste messaging | Visual | Gap in the literature |
Five-week randomised control trial (RCT)—self-reported food waste b [57] | Bonus meal—use up day | Visual, interactive and touch | Focus on recovery behaviours |
Longitudinal field experiment—effectiveness of new curb-side collection and social innovations b [58] | Stimulate environmental changes | Visual, audio, interactive and touch | Experiments were designed based on implementation of curb-side collection |
Coaching: face-to-face (F2F) vs online (avoidable food waste) a [59] | Improving awareness | Visual, interactive, oral and touch | Awareness and self-reflection to improve compliance |
Best messaging strategies for tackling household waste (three studies) b [60] | Quick prompts, food waste consequences and combined messages | Visual | Aimed to test real-life situations |
Three interventions focusing on food waste reduction: (1) information; (2) awareness; and (3) dissonance a [61] | Interventions for reducing food waste | Visual, interactive, oral and touch | Overcome self-reported concerns and behavioural focus |
Measuring food waste via three groups: (1) control; (2) purchase planning; and (3) cooking planning b [62] | Food waste awareness via tips and reminders | Visual, interactive and touch | Role of measurement and modulating food waste over time |
Measure/monitor food waste via four objectives: (1) weight-based monitoring; (2) data profiling; (3) measuring campaign activities; and (4) surveys/focus groups a [63] | Waste prevention | Visual, interactive, oral and touch | Inform next steps, raise awareness, guidance and opportunities for local involvement |
Individually tailored pro-environmental behavioural interventions (RCT) focusing on food waste reduction in normal living conditions b [64] | Food waste reduction | Visual, interactive and oral | Evaluates in-home food waste reduction interventions |
Education intervention (field experiment) improving perceived meal-planning skills a [48] | Tips and advantages of weekly menus | Visual and interactive | Positive focus and easy to implement |
Source separation scheme: (1) short distance to drop-off point and (2) easy access to correct sorting information a [65] | Disposal focus (sorting) | Visual, interactive, oral and touch | Convenience and relevant information |
Intervention strategy: (1) action knowledge; (2) public commitment; and (3) goal-setting technique a [66] | Improve performance of food waste behaviours | Visual and interactive | Improving performance of relevant food waste preventing behaviours |
Three studies: positive emotion in messaging to promote change b [67] | Emotion, framing and food waste | Visual | Pilot study for establishing gratitude types |
Two interventions with three groups (control, treatment: cost and environment) a [68] | Avoidable food waste—economic, cost and environmental impact | Visual | Build on existing recycling patterns |
Effectiveness of stickers as visual prompts to encourage separation collection of household food waste a [69] | Waste separation | Touch | Encourage and remind consumers |
Save more than food campaign (treatment vs. control) b [70] | Strategies for food waste reduction | Visual and touch | Recently launched food waste campaign |
Food waste reduction via three interventions: (1) passive approach; (2) community-engagement; and (3) gamification b [71] | Educational campaigns | Visual, audio, interactive and touch | Raise awareness and change behaviour |
Effectiveness of intervention—curb-side garbage b [72] | Encourage behaviour control to reduce food waste and save money | Visual, interactive and touch | Less research on changes in curb-side food waste disposal |
Two interventions testing effectiveness: tool package + motivational message vs. tool package a [73] | Food waste reduction tool packages and motivation (social norms) | Visual, interactive and touch | Studies typically do not compare intervention types |
Educational approach and role in food waste b [74] | Food waste generation | Visual, audio and interactive | Increase awareness to overcome lack of knowledge |
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Norton, V.; Lignou, S.; Oloyede, O.O.; Vásquez, G.; Arreola, P.A.; Alexi, N. Exploring Food Waste from a Segmentation and Intervention Perspective—What Design Cues Matter? A Narrative Review. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7043. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167043
Norton V, Lignou S, Oloyede OO, Vásquez G, Arreola PA, Alexi N. Exploring Food Waste from a Segmentation and Intervention Perspective—What Design Cues Matter? A Narrative Review. Sustainability. 2024; 16(16):7043. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167043
Chicago/Turabian StyleNorton, Victoria, Stella Lignou, Omobolanle O. Oloyede, Geraldine Vásquez, Paulina Anguiano Arreola, and Niki Alexi. 2024. "Exploring Food Waste from a Segmentation and Intervention Perspective—What Design Cues Matter? A Narrative Review" Sustainability 16, no. 16: 7043. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167043
APA StyleNorton, V., Lignou, S., Oloyede, O. O., Vásquez, G., Arreola, P. A., & Alexi, N. (2024). Exploring Food Waste from a Segmentation and Intervention Perspective—What Design Cues Matter? A Narrative Review. Sustainability, 16(16), 7043. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167043