Waste or Raw Material? Perlite Concrete as Part of a Sustainable Materials Management Process in the Construction Sector
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material
2.1.1. Perlite Concrete
2.1.2. Activated Carbon’s Characteristics
2.1.3. Experimental Soil
2.1.4. Tested Samples
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Research Methodology of Plant Material and Soil
2.2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Various Concentrations of Perlite Concrete Rubble (PPC and PBFC) and Activated Carbon on the Biomass of Festuca rubra L.
3.2. Immobilization Properties of PTEs in Plants and Soil for Various Concentrations of Perlite Concrete Rubble (PPC and PBFC)
3.3. Immobilization Properties of PTEs in Plants and Soil for Various Concentrations of Perlite Concrete Rubble (PPC and PBFC) and Activated Carbon (AC)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The addition of PPC at various concentrations did not significantly impact plant biomass, indicating that PPC alone is neutral in its effect on plant growth. However, combining PPC 10% with AC 10% reduced biomass, suggesting that activated carbon, while effective in adsorbing PTEs, may also hinder plant growth by adsorbing essential nutrients. In contrast, PBFC at 3% and 5% concentrations enhanced plant biomass, implying beneficial properties for soil and plant growth.
- The addition of PPC reduced zinc levels in aboveground parts, with the most significant decrease observed with PPC 5%, reducing the zinc content by 50% compared to the control. Similarly, PBFC also reduced the zinc contents, with the largest reduction observed for PBFC 10%, decreasing the zinc level by 67%. In plant roots, adding PPC increased the zinc content by 48% for PPC 10%, while PBFC decreased the zinc level by 44% for PBFC 10%.
- In the soil, zinc contents increased significantly with the PPC addition, peaking at a 304% increase with PPC 10%. PBFC also raised soil zinc contents, with the highest level for PBFC 10%, increasing by 136%. These results suggest that PPC is more effective at immobilizing zinc in soil.
- Adding PPC increased the copper content in the soil by 88% for PPC 10%. PBFC also elevated the soil copper levels, with an increase of 112% for PBFC 10%. In plant roots, the control group’s copper content was 20.9 mg/kg. PPC increased the copper content by 48% for PPC 10%, whereas PBFC reduced it by 20% with PBFC 10%.
- The addition of activated carbon to perlite concrete rubble offers a potent method for improving the immobilization of toxic elements in soil. The integration of activated carbon into perlite concrete formulations for soil stabilization presents a promising approach for enhancing the immobilization of PTEs. However, it is crucial to balance the benefits of contaminant immobilization with the potential negative impacts on plant growth. Further research is needed to optimize the concentrations and application methods of AC to maximize its benefits.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dzięcioł, J.; Szlachetka, O. Waste or Raw Material? Perlite Concrete as Part of a Sustainable Materials Management Process in the Construction Sector. Sustainability 2024, 16, 6818. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166818
Dzięcioł J, Szlachetka O. Waste or Raw Material? Perlite Concrete as Part of a Sustainable Materials Management Process in the Construction Sector. Sustainability. 2024; 16(16):6818. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166818
Chicago/Turabian StyleDzięcioł, Justyna, and Olga Szlachetka. 2024. "Waste or Raw Material? Perlite Concrete as Part of a Sustainable Materials Management Process in the Construction Sector" Sustainability 16, no. 16: 6818. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166818
APA StyleDzięcioł, J., & Szlachetka, O. (2024). Waste or Raw Material? Perlite Concrete as Part of a Sustainable Materials Management Process in the Construction Sector. Sustainability, 16(16), 6818. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166818