Blockchain and Smart Cities for Inclusive and Sustainable Communities: A Bibliometric and Systematic Literature Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology and Design
- Assembling: The authors conducted a preliminary review of the most significant literature on smart cities and blockchain technology to commence the process. They also brainstormed to determine the most accurate combination of keywords representing the knowledge body in this field [6]. One of the most comprehensive bibliometric databases of high-quality peer-reviewed journals, the Web of Science (WoS), was selected as the research engine. This database captures missed references and involves most scientific articles in the field [15,20,24,25]. To conduct the article search, we used the following combinations of keywords (“TS” corresponds to the title, keywords, and abstract in the WoS Core Collection) and Boolean operators (“AND/OR”): ((((TS=(“SMART CIT*”) AND TS=(BLOCKCHAIN*)) OR (TS=(“SMART CIT*”) AND TS=(BCT)) OR (TS=(“SMART CIT*”) AND TS=(DLT)) OR (TS=(“SMART CIT*”) AND TS=(“DISTRIBUTED LEDGER TECHNOLOG*”)))).
- Arranging: In this stage, we applied WoS cleaning filters to limit the sample selection to articles written in English and to include, following Paul et al. [18], only articles and review articles. This filtering process was conducted to ensure the final sample’s quality from a committed scientific perspective, since proceeding articles and book chapters may not require peer review. Then, we refined the research by selecting only articles published in the WoS categories of telecommunications, transportation science, urban studies, management, business, business finance, economics, environmental sciences, and multidisciplinary sciences to exclude more technical contributions related to blockchain technology applications in other scientific fields, such as engineering or computer sciences. In this way, we identified research related to the role of blockchain technology in the construction of innovative, inclusive, and sustainable smart cities. After this stage, the final sample consisted of 359 articles.
- Assessing: To assess the final sample of 359 articles resulting from the arranging stage, this study adopted a bibliometric analysis approach that consisted of the following: (i) performance analysis in which we described the sample characteristics and the most influential authors, journals, and documents in the field; (ii) co-authorship analysis; (iii) co-citation analysis of cited references; and (iv) co-occurrence analysis of the most popular keywords [13].
3. Results
3.1. Results of the Bibliometric Analysis
3.1.1. Information about the Sample and Performance Analysis
Description | Results |
---|---|
Sources (journals) | 94 |
Authors | 1278 |
Documents | 359 |
References | 19,966 |
Average years from publication | 2.53 |
Average citations per document | 34.14 |
Average citations per year per doc | 8.021 |
Documents per author | 0.281 |
Authors per document | 3.56 |
Co-authors per document | 4.27 |
Collaboration index | 3.73 |
Source | h_index | g_index | m_index | TCs | No. of Articles Published | PY_start | Impact Factor ** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IEEE Access | 22 | 39 | 3.14 | 1996 | 39 | 2018 | 3.9 |
IEEE Internet of Things Journal | 21 | 38 | 3.50 | 1490 | 41 | 2019 | 10.6 |
Sustainable Cities and Society | 13 | 13 | 1.86 | 1291 | 13 | 2018 | 11.7 |
IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials | 6 | 6 | 1.00 | 1212 | 6 | 2019 | 35.6 |
Sustainability | 14 | 23 | 2.00 | 632 | 37 | 2018 | 3.9 |
Cities | 5 | 5 | 0.83 | 610 | 5 | 2019 | 6.7 |
IEEE Network | 7 | 8 | 1.40 | 335 | 8 | 2020 | 10.294 |
Computer Communications | 5 | 7 | 1.00 | 301 | 7 | 2020 | 6 |
Financial Innovation | 1 | 1 | 0.11 | 279 | 1 | 2016 | 8.4 |
Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies | 7 | 10 | 1.75 | 260 | 10 | 2021 | 3.6 |
Author(s) (Year) [Ref. Number] | Title | Journal | Local Citations | Total Citations | TCs per Year | LC/TC Ratio (%) | Normalized TCs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fuller et al. (2020) [26] | Digital Twin: Enabling Technologies, Challenges and Open Research | IEEE Access | 1 | 630 | 126.000 | 0.16 | 103.753 |
Allam and Dhunny (2019) [28] | On big data, artificial intelligence, and smart cities | Cities | 11 | 409 | 68.167 | 2.69 | 36.441 |
Dagher et al. (2018) [29] | Ancile: Privacy-preserving framework for access control and interoperability of electronic health records using blockchain technology | Sustainable Cities and Society | 7 | 373 | 53.286 | 1.88 | 26.559 |
Xie et al. (2019) [27] | A Survey of Blockchain Technology Applied to Smart Cities: Research Issues and Challenges | IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials | 40 | 355 | 59.167 | 11.27 | 31.630 |
Nguyen et al. (2021) [30] | Federated Learning for Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey | IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials | 1 | 346 | 86.500 | 0.29 | 100.907 |
Stoyanova et al. (2020) [31] | A Survey on the Internet of Things (IoT) Forensics: Challenges, Approaches, and Open Issues | IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials | 6 | 331 | 66.200 | 1.81 | 54.511 |
Sun et al. (2016) [32] | Blockchain-based sharing services: What blockchain technology can contribute to smart cities | Financial Innovation | 30 | 279 | 31.000 | 10.75 | 10.000 |
Shen et al. (2019) [33] | Privacy-Preserving Support Vector Machine Training Over Blockchain-Based Encrypted IoT Data in Smart Cities | IEEE Internet of Things Journal | 13 | 240 | 40.000 | 5.42 | 21.384 |
Banerjee et al. (2018) [34] | A blockchain future for internet of things security: a position paper | Digital Communications and Networks | 11 | 240 | 34.286 | 4.58 | 17.089 |
Guan et al. (2018) [35] | Privacy-Preserving and Efficient Aggregation Based on Blockchain for Power Grid Communications in Smart Communities | IEEE Communications Magazine | 2 | 232 | 33.143 | 0.86 | 16.519 |
3.1.2. Co-Authorship Analysis
3.1.3. Co-Citation Analysis
3.1.4. Co-Occurrence Analysis
3.2. Systematic Analysis: WoS Business, Finance, Economics, and Management
4. Further Discussion of the Results
5. Conclusions and Further Research
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Author Disclaimer
References
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Author(s) (Year) | Title | Journal | TCs | TCpY | Cluster |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yu F. Richard [27] | A survey of blockchain technology applied to smart cities: research issues and challenges | IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials | 355 | 59.167 | - |
Nguyen Dihn C. [30] | Federated learning for Internet of Things: a comprehensive survey | IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials | 346 | 86.500 | - |
Guizani Mohsen [33] | Privacy-preserving support vector machine training over blockchain-based encrypted IoT data in smart cities | IEEE Internet of Things Journal | 240 | 40.000 | 2 |
Choo Kim-Kwang Raymond [34] | A blockchain future for internet of things security: a position paper | Digital Communications and Networks | 240 | 34.286 | 3 |
Du Xiaojang [33] | Privacy-preserving support vector machine training over blockchain-based encrypted IoT data in smart cities | IEEE Internet of Things Journal | 240 | 40.000 | 2 |
Du Xiaojang [35] | Privacy-preserving and efficient aggregation based on blockchain for power grid communications in smart communities | IEEE Internet of Things Journal | 232 | 33.143 | 2 |
Guizani Mohsen [38] | Blockchain and IoT-based cognitive edge framework for sharing economy services in a smart city | IEEE Access | 169 | 28.167 | 2 |
Hossain M. Shamim [38] | Blockchain and IoT-based cognitive edge framework for sharing economy services in a smart city | IEEE Access | 169 | 28.167 | 1 |
Rahman Md. Abdur [38] | Blockchain and IoT-based cognitive edge framework for sharing economy services in a smart city | IEEE Access | 169 | 28.167 | 1 |
Author | h_index | g_index | m_index | TCs | NP | PY_start |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tanwar Sudeep | 8 | 10 | 1.600 | 647 | 10 | 2020 |
Barlow Chris | 1 | 1 | 0.200 | 630 | 1 | 2020 |
Day Charles | 1 | 1 | 0.200 | 630 | 1 | 2020 |
Fan Zhong | 1 | 1 | 0.200 | 630 | 1 | 2020 |
Fuller Aidan | 1 | 1 | 0.200 | 630 | 1 | 2020 |
Guizani Mohsen | 6 | 6 | 1.000 | 622 | 6 | 2019 |
Nguyen Dihn C. | 4 | 4 | 0.800 | 535 | 4 | 2020 |
Du Xiaojang | 4 | 4 | 0.571 | 505 | 4 | 2018 |
Pathirana Pubudu N. | 3 | 3 | 0.600 | 505 | 3 | 2020 |
Yu F. Richard | 4 | 4 | 0.667 | 483 | 4 | 2019 |
Author(s) (Year) [ref. Number] | Citations | Total Link Strength | Cluster |
---|---|---|---|
Xie et al. (2019) [27] | 40 | 122 | Green |
Nakamoto (2008) [40] | 33 | 82 | Green/Red |
Biswas et al. (2016) [41] | 30 | 150 | Blue |
Sun et al. (2016) [32] | 30 | 114 | Green |
Khan and Salah (2018) [42] | 28 | 46 | Green |
Sharma and Park (2018) [43] | 28 | 105 | Red |
Christidis and Devetsikiotis (2016) [44] | 27 | 83 | Red |
Novo et al. (2018) [45] | 26 | 68 | Red |
Zheng et al. (2017) [46] | 23 | 77 | Red |
Bushan et al. (2020) [47] | 22 | 46 | Red |
Keywords | Occurrences | Total Link Strength | Cluster |
---|---|---|---|
Blockchain | 267 | 1574 | Blue |
Smart cities | 124 | 844 | Blue |
Security | 103 | 823 | Blue |
Internet | 108 | 798 | Red |
Internet of Things | 80 | 611 | Green |
IoT | 66 | 490 | Yellow |
Smart city | 86 | 487 | Red |
Challenges | 56 | 451 | Light blue |
Privacy | 49 | 393 | Blue |
Management | 46 | 392 | Purple |
Topic | Article Aims | Main Findings | Reference [Number] |
---|---|---|---|
Blockchain, governance, and infrastructure | Systematic review and meta-analysis on the application of blockchain technology and smart contracts in decentralized governance systems. |
| Balcerzak et al. (2022) [50] |
Create a new searchable 3D city model to help managers improve their decision making. | The digitization of data and integration of new technologies into various management processes have made it possible to interconnect city systems. While numerous 3D city models are available, none identified in this research can be queried for multiple sectors. | Lafioune and St-Jacques (2019) [51] | |
Examine the current implementation of strategic smart city agendas and the methods used to measure and present their performance. It proposes a new approach involving blockchain technology to create a more inclusive and collaborative platform known as the People’s Smart City Dashboard (PSCD). | The People’s Smart City Dashboard (PSCD) uses blockchain technology to empower and collaboratively reimagine smart city agendas and performance measurement, achieving citizen-centric governance. | Marsal-Llacuna (2020) [52] | |
Propose the Digital Twin City model, a systematic review of advanced technologies applied in DTC, research directions, and a new framework. | Digital Twin Cities (DTCs) offer great potential in transforming urban governance paradigms towards smart cities by combining digital twins, IoT, blockchain, and AI technologies. | Deng et al. (2021) [53] | |
Definitions and key components | Review of definitions and components of current smart cities. |
| Bohloul (2020) [54] |
Blockchain implementation and performance indicators | Review and study the use of performance indicators to evaluate blockchain implementation projects in smart cities using the Delphi method. | According to the Delphi method, the experts proposed eight additional performance indicators: user base growth over time, environmental sustainability, risk density, policy revision based on the implementation of new data, ease of access, data integrity, resiliency, and number of transactions executed. | Ivanisevic et al. (2023) [55] |
Smart city development financing | Identify modern investment processes in developing smart technologies for the world’s smart cities amidst large-scale digitization. | Investment in the development of smart cities involves using advanced technologies and innovations to improve the lives of residents, optimize resources, and increase the efficiency of the urban economy. This investment can take various forms, including direct investment, venture capital, corporate investment, corporate partnerships, state and local funds, crowdfunding, bonds and municipal bonds, fintech, blockchain, and more. | Kalenyuk et al. (2023) [56] |
Robotic services | Describe different methods of organizing robotic services for smart cities using secure, encrypted decentralized technologies and market mechanisms. |
| Kapitonov et al. (2019) [57] |
Blockchain applications in smart city development | Show how blockchain networks will disrupt the urban context, similar to what is happening in the fintech and insurtech industries, among other emerging applications. | Blockchain networks will disrupt urban networks, similar to other network fevers such as Cybernetics, Ekistics, and IoT, and serve as the enabling network for cities. | Marsal-Llacuna (2018) [58] |
Investigate the applicability of blockchain in the governance process in autopoietic smart cities. |
| Migliorini et al. (2021) [59] | |
Security of IoT devices, resilience to cyber-attacks, flexibility, and rapidity of system development. | A DLT-based attestation system provides decentralized security for IoT devices, ensuring connectivity and correct functioning in smart cities. | Moro and Duke (2020) [60] | |
Propose a framework to identify the features of smart cities from the angle of the sharing economy. | Blockchain-based sharing services can contribute to smart cities by enhancing the sharing economy’s human, technology, and organizational factors. | Sun et al. (2016) [32] | |
Transport and logistic systems | Review smart city transport and logistic systems. |
| Savin et al. (2021) [61] |
Big data | Systematic review of big data in smart cities. |
| Tiwari et al. (2019) [62] |
Blockchain and sustainability of electric vehicle performance | Test the readiness of electric vehicles (EVs) in the UAE, the role of EVs as a mediator to sustainability, and the role of blockchain as a moderator. |
| Sundakarani et al. (2023) [63] |
Off-topic * | [64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74] |
Research Area | Further Research Issues |
---|---|
Payment services in smart city transactions |
|
CBDC and application for the cities of the future |
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Blockchain for the smart city real estate market |
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Smart contracts and urban services |
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Blockchain and data storage, security, and privacy |
|
Smart city governance and integration with other systems |
|
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Biasin, M.; Delle Foglie, A. Blockchain and Smart Cities for Inclusive and Sustainable Communities: A Bibliometric and Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability 2024, 16, 6669. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156669
Biasin M, Delle Foglie A. Blockchain and Smart Cities for Inclusive and Sustainable Communities: A Bibliometric and Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability. 2024; 16(15):6669. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156669
Chicago/Turabian StyleBiasin, Massimo, and Andrea Delle Foglie. 2024. "Blockchain and Smart Cities for Inclusive and Sustainable Communities: A Bibliometric and Systematic Literature Review" Sustainability 16, no. 15: 6669. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156669
APA StyleBiasin, M., & Delle Foglie, A. (2024). Blockchain and Smart Cities for Inclusive and Sustainable Communities: A Bibliometric and Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability, 16(15), 6669. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156669