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Volume 16
Issue 13
10.3390/su16135764
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Article

Synergistic Effects of Azospirillum brasilense and Nitrogen Doses on Wheat Flour Characteristics and Yields of Reducing Sugars Obtained by Subcritical Water Hydrolysis from Bran

by
Giovani L. Zabot
1,*,
Luciano O. Martins
2,
Carolina E. Demaman Oro
1,
Maicon S. N. dos Santos
1,
João H. Wancura
1,
Renan Pfeifenberg
1,
Tainah da R. Machado
1,
Leonardo Rusch
1,
Larissa Friedrich
1,
Rafaela M. Assunção
1,
Ricardo B. da Rosa
1,
João M. L. Bittencourt
1,
Alberto E. Knies
2,
Francini B. da Silva
3 and
Marcus V. Tres
1,*
1
Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Taufik Germano Rd, 3013, Cachoeira do Sul 96503-205, Brazil
2
Campus of Cachoeira do Sul, State University of Rio Grande do Sul (UERGS), Sete de Setembro St, 1040, Cachoeira do Sul 96508-010, Brazil
3
Moinho Tres Ltda, Pinhal 98345-000, Brazil
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5764; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135764
Submission received: 12 June 2024 / Revised: 29 June 2024 / Accepted: 3 July 2024 / Published: 6 July 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biorefineries for the Valorization of Agricultural By-Products and Waste Streams)
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Abstract

The synergistic interactions between nitrogen doses and microbial inoculation in crops indicate the potential for integrated nutrient management strategies in plant cultivation. Therefore, this study investigated the interactive effects of nitrogen doses and Azospirillum brasilense inoculation on wheat flour characteristics in terms of the falling number and color parameters and yields of reducing sugars obtained by subcritical water hydrolysis (SWH) from wheat bran. The strip-plot experimental design, bifactorial with three replications, was applied. Factor A was three wheat cultivars: ORS Agile (AGI), ORS Feroz (FER), and TSZ Dominadore (DOM). Factor D was five nitrogen doses in the topdressing: 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 kg ha−1. The lowest value of falling number of 332 s was achieved with flour from FER cultivar using a nitrogen dose of 80 kg ha−1 with A. brasilense inoculation. The SWH produced yields of reducing sugars (YRS) from wheat bran of up to 6.74 ± 0.18 g (100 g of wheat bran)−1 for the cultivar DOM when using a nitrogen dose of 60 kg ha−1 associated with A. brasilense inoculation. In this cultivation condition, the falling number was 408 s and the color parameters were L* of 92.49, a* of −0.26, and b* of 11.91. In the other conditions, the YRS ranged from 2.93 ± 0.63 to 6.52 ± 0.04 g (100 g of wheat bran)−1. Both flour and bran are nutritional products with high application potential, and this study indicated SWH as a promising technique to dissociate the lignocellulosic complex of wheat bran without using hazardous solvents.
Keywords: agricultural by-products; bacterial inoculation; subcritical water hydrolysis; sustainable agriculture; wheat bran agricultural by-products; bacterial inoculation; subcritical water hydrolysis; sustainable agriculture; wheat bran

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zabot, G.L.; Martins, L.O.; Oro, C.E.D.; dos Santos, M.S.N.; Wancura, J.H.; Pfeifenberg, R.; Machado, T.d.R.; Rusch, L.; Friedrich, L.; Assunção, R.M.; et al. Synergistic Effects of Azospirillum brasilense and Nitrogen Doses on Wheat Flour Characteristics and Yields of Reducing Sugars Obtained by Subcritical Water Hydrolysis from Bran. Sustainability 2024, 16, 5764. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135764

AMA Style

Zabot GL, Martins LO, Oro CED, dos Santos MSN, Wancura JH, Pfeifenberg R, Machado TdR, Rusch L, Friedrich L, Assunção RM, et al. Synergistic Effects of Azospirillum brasilense and Nitrogen Doses on Wheat Flour Characteristics and Yields of Reducing Sugars Obtained by Subcritical Water Hydrolysis from Bran. Sustainability. 2024; 16(13):5764. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135764

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zabot, Giovani L., Luciano O. Martins, Carolina E. Demaman Oro, Maicon S. N. dos Santos, João H. Wancura, Renan Pfeifenberg, Tainah da R. Machado, Leonardo Rusch, Larissa Friedrich, Rafaela M. Assunção, and et al. 2024. "Synergistic Effects of Azospirillum brasilense and Nitrogen Doses on Wheat Flour Characteristics and Yields of Reducing Sugars Obtained by Subcritical Water Hydrolysis from Bran" Sustainability 16, no. 13: 5764. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135764

APA Style

Zabot, G. L., Martins, L. O., Oro, C. E. D., dos Santos, M. S. N., Wancura, J. H., Pfeifenberg, R., Machado, T. d. R., Rusch, L., Friedrich, L., Assunção, R. M., da Rosa, R. B., Bittencourt, J. M. L., Knies, A. E., da Silva, F. B., & Tres, M. V. (2024). Synergistic Effects of Azospirillum brasilense and Nitrogen Doses on Wheat Flour Characteristics and Yields of Reducing Sugars Obtained by Subcritical Water Hydrolysis from Bran. Sustainability, 16(13), 5764. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135764

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