Functional Traits Mediate the Natural Enemy Response to Land Use at the Local Scale
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Sample and Identification of Natural Enemies
2.3. Landscape-Level Variables
2.4. Farm-Level Variables
2.5. Data Analysis
2.5.1. Functional Diversity Indices
2.5.2. Resilience Indicators
2.5.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Functional Diversity
3.2. Resilience
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Description | Methodology |
---|---|---|
Crops | Berry crops (Rubus sp., Fragaria sp., Ribes., etc): deciduous perennials; hops (Humulus lupulus): large squares in interannual cultivation with soil movement in winter; interannual horticultural crops with frequent rotation | Advanced digitizing |
Fruit farm | Pome or stone fruit trees. Evenly or randomly distributed | Advanced digitizing |
Grassland | Open fields with or without grazing. Natural grassland or sown pasture. | Advanced digitizing |
Urban | At least 50% of the area covered or occupied by construction, streets, or roads | Advanced digitizing, CIEFAP classification, IGN road network route layer |
Natural areas | Exotic and native spontaneous shrub and tree vegetation | CIEFAP classification, Level 1, category “TF” and “OTF; Level 3, category “ArlesEx” and “ArbEx” |
Forestry | Pinaceae forestation | CIEFAP classification, Level 3, category “Forest” |
Ecotone | Mountain rockery, High altitude herbaceous vegetation | Advanced digitizing |
FARM ID | NE RICHNESS | NE SING | NE_SING/NE_RICHNESS |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 29 | 23 | 0.79 |
5 | 18 | 16 | 0.89 |
6 | 23 | 19 | 0.83 |
7 | 10 | 9 | 0.90 |
8 | 12 | 11 | 0.92 |
9 | 20 | 19 | 0.95 |
11 | 22 | 17 | 0.77 |
12 | 14 | 11 | 0.79 |
13 | 27 | 17 | 0.63 |
14 | 23 | 16 | 0.70 |
15 | 23 | 19 | 0.83 |
16 | 21 | 17 | 0.81 |
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Szudruk Pascual, M.N.; Chillo, V.; Garibaldi, L.A.; Amoroso, M.M. Functional Traits Mediate the Natural Enemy Response to Land Use at the Local Scale. Sustainability 2023, 15, 7469. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097469
Szudruk Pascual MN, Chillo V, Garibaldi LA, Amoroso MM. Functional Traits Mediate the Natural Enemy Response to Land Use at the Local Scale. Sustainability. 2023; 15(9):7469. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097469
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzudruk Pascual, María Noel, Verónica Chillo, Lucas A. Garibaldi, and Mariano M. Amoroso. 2023. "Functional Traits Mediate the Natural Enemy Response to Land Use at the Local Scale" Sustainability 15, no. 9: 7469. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097469