Experimental Study on the Mechanical and Acoustic Characteristics of Cemented Backfill with Unclassified Tailings at Different Curing Ages under Uniaxial Compression
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Test Material and Preparation
2.2. Testing Device Equipment
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Backfill Mechanics Characteristics
3.2. Acoustic Signal Ringing Count Characteristics
3.3. Acoustic Signal ib Value Characteristics
3.4. Spectral Evolution Characteristics of Acoustic Signals
- (a)
- Compaction stage (stage I): The original micro-fractures inside the backfill start to be compressed at this stage, and the acoustic emission signal is not generated. The backfill with a cement–sand ratio of 1:4 has a better structural denseness due to the increase of the cementitious agent content, so the FAE does not exist in the compacting stage.
- (b)
- Crack stable growth (stage II): In this stage, the original micro-cracks inside the backfill are basically closed, and new cracks begin to sprout and develop. The total strain energy absorbed by the filler is mainly stored in the form of elastic energy inside the backfill; the acoustic emission signal begins to increase, and FAE begins to appear in the fI, fII or fI, fIII frequency band. In addition, with the prolongation of the curing age and the amount of C-S-H gel, the internal hydration reaction product of the backfill increases, and the internal structure becomes denser. The bonding force between the particles increases, and the crack expansion pattern becomes complex. the number of FAE starts to increase. The backfill with a cement–tailing ratio of 1:8, due to the increase of the tail–sand content, does not have a sufficient hydration reaction in the early curing stage, which makes the acoustic emission signal more complex at this stage, and increases the FAE in the fI band.
- (c)
- Crack unsteady growth (stage III): An accelerated development of the internal cracks in backfill forms at this stage, and the FAE starts to surge. The FAE appears in the three frequency bands of fI, fII, and fIII, and the three frequency bands are connected to each other to form a wider band in some time periods, indicating that the acoustic emission signal mode becomes more complex, and the crack evolution inside the backfill is more intense.
- (d)
- Post-peaking phase (stage IV): At this stage, the internal crack of the backfill expands and penetrates rapidly, which eventually leads to the complete destruction of the backfill, and the FAE appears intensively in all three bands. The backfill with a cement–tailing ratio of 1:8, due to an increase of the tail–sand ratio, displays friction between the particles after destruction is more intense, causing FAE to start to appear in the fIV band.
3.5. Evolution Characteristics of Class A and B Signals in the Failure Process of Backfill
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Under the condition of uniaxial compression, with an increase of the curing age, the slope of the straight section of the stress–strain curve of the backfill increases, and the peak load increases. The peak strength and elastic modulus of the backfill are positively correlated with the curing age.
- (2)
- During the failure process of backfill, the acoustic emission ringing count shows a trend of “stabilizing–rising–falling–rising”, and the infrasound ringing count will show a “multi-peak” phenomenon. The acoustic ib value shows a certain regularity in the process of backfill failure, and the ib value begins to decline in a jumping manner when it is close to failure. With the increase of the curing age, the stress percentage corresponding to ibmax increases.
- (3)
- The dominant frequency ratio of the acoustic emission signal (FAE) during the damage of backfill is mainly distributed between 0~3. The dominant frequency ratio of the infrasound signal (FS) is mainly distributed between 0~6.
- (4)
- The ratio of the number of class A and B signals of the acoustic emission in the damage process of backfill is increases. The class A and B signals of the infrasound show a phenomenon of “decrease–increase–decrease”. The ratio of the number of class A and B of the acoustic emission signal and the infrasound signal in the crack’s unsteady growth will show a surge phenomenon.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhao, K.; Li, W.; Ding, H.; Zeng, P.; Xiang, W.; Zhang, M.; Liu, Z.; Li, Y. Experimental Study on the Mechanical and Acoustic Characteristics of Cemented Backfill with Unclassified Tailings at Different Curing Ages under Uniaxial Compression. Sustainability 2023, 15, 7177. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097177
Zhao K, Li W, Ding H, Zeng P, Xiang W, Zhang M, Liu Z, Li Y. Experimental Study on the Mechanical and Acoustic Characteristics of Cemented Backfill with Unclassified Tailings at Different Curing Ages under Uniaxial Compression. Sustainability. 2023; 15(9):7177. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097177
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Kui, Wenhui Li, Hui Ding, Peng Zeng, Weibin Xiang, Min Zhang, Zhouchao Liu, and Yanda Li. 2023. "Experimental Study on the Mechanical and Acoustic Characteristics of Cemented Backfill with Unclassified Tailings at Different Curing Ages under Uniaxial Compression" Sustainability 15, no. 9: 7177. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097177
APA StyleZhao, K., Li, W., Ding, H., Zeng, P., Xiang, W., Zhang, M., Liu, Z., & Li, Y. (2023). Experimental Study on the Mechanical and Acoustic Characteristics of Cemented Backfill with Unclassified Tailings at Different Curing Ages under Uniaxial Compression. Sustainability, 15(9), 7177. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097177