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Exploring the Entrepreneurial Intentions of Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University Students and the University’s Role Aligned with Vision 2030

Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16769; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416769

by Nawal A. Al Eid^1,*, Khalid Abdullah Alkhathlan², Mohammad Imdadul Haque³, Tarek Tawfik Yousef Alkhateeb⁴, Doaa H. I. Mahmoud⁵

, Moataz Eliw⁶

and Anass Hamadelneel Adow⁷

Reviewer 1: Anonymous

Reviewer 2:

Zeplin Jiwa Husada Tarigan

Reviewer 3: Anonymous

Reviewer 4: Anonymous

Reviewer 5:

Humberto Ribeiro

Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16769; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416769

Submission received: 20 September 2023 / Revised: 1 December 2023 / Accepted: 3 December 2023 / Published: 12 December 2023

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

Round 1

Reviewer 1 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

Thank you very much for the opportunity to review this paper title: “Exploring The Entrepreneurial Intentions of Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University Students and The University's 3 Role Aligned with Vision 2030”. I have carefully reviewed the manuscript in its current form, the manuscript is not upto the standard for publication in sustainability journal. So, I suggest major revision. I have given below the comprehensive report. Follow these suggestions and improve your study.

Abstract: The abstract of this paper is not written well. I suggest you re-write your abstract and explain the aim of your study, research methods your used in this study, analysis techniques that you used in this study. At the end of the abstract summarize the conclusion of your study.

Introduction: The introduction is not written well. The introduction should be much more focused. The research objectives should be much clearer. Perhaps it could be helpful to explicitly articulate the research question. It is suggested to provide a more rational background of the gap of the study and research questions. As well as explain your research questions in detail, what research you will do? I also suggest to the authors in the last paragraph of the introduction explain the structure of the paper. Below mentioned study will help you to improve your introduction.

· Hussain, M., Rasool, S. F., Xuetong, W., Asghar, M. Z., & Alalshiekh, A. S. A. (2023). Investigating the nexus between critical success factors, supportive leadership, and entrepreneurial success: evidence from the renewable energy projects. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(17), 49255-49269.

Research Model: I suggest the author develop a research model and, in this model, show the independent, dependent variables clearly. It is also suggested that the model will be easy to understand and describe the hypothesis in the research model.

Research Methodology: The research methodology of this study is not explained well.

· Which research approach did the authors use in this study? (Develop sub-heading with the title of Research approach and explain what research approach you used in this study and why you use this research approach specifically in your study.)

· It also suggests that the author provide detailed information about the data collection process, how you design the research questions, and how they pre-test the questions of the questionnaire.

· I also suggest you in the variable measurement sub-section explain the alpha value of each variable, which will prove the validity of your instrument.

· It is also suggesting you create one more heading with the title of the “Respondent Summary or Demographics”. Under this heading explain the detail about the respondents.

Results: The description of the statistical analysis is not enough. I suggest you address the below mentioned concern in the revised version of the manuscript.

· There is no description of how missing data were handled during the analysis of data. Furthermore, the given statistical information is not enough.

· Furthermore, the given statistical information is not enough. I suggest you develop a new table and provide the factor loading, Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability, and average variance extracted of each construct.

· It is also suggested you explain the Multicollinearity through Good fit model and VIF, the goodness of Fit Index, Effect size f-square and R-square.

Discussion: The discussion part of this study is too weak. It is also suggesting the author interlinks the discussion with the supporting theory, revised introduction, revised method

Comments on the Quality of English Language

Need extensive English editing. Paragraphs are extremely long, and I suggest the authors use short sentences. Moreover, academic writing or research language have their own wring styles. In this study, authors used state forward and simple language. Furthermore, writing doesn't mean English or grammar mistakes only. So, it is suggested that the authors use research-oriented language.

Author Response

Review Report Form

Open Review

(x) I would not like to sign my review report
( ) I would like to sign my review report

Quality of English Language

( ) I am not qualified to assess the quality of English in this paper
(x) English very difficult to understand/incomprehensible
( ) Extensive editing of English language required
( ) Moderate editing of English language required
( ) Minor editing of English language required
( ) English language fine. No issues detected

	Yes	Can be improved	Must be improved	Not applicable
Is the content succinctly described and contextualized with respect to previous and present theoretical background and empirical research (if applicable) on the topic?	( )	( )	(x)	( )
Are all the cited references relevant to the research?	( )	( )	(x)	( )
Are the research design, questions, hypotheses and methods clearly stated?	( )	( )	(x)	( )
Are the arguments and discussion of findings coherent, balanced and compelling?	( )	( )	(x)	( )
For empirical research, are the results clearly presented?	( )	( )	(x)	( )
Is the article adequately referenced?	( )	( )	(x)	( )
Are the conclusions thoroughly supported by the results presented in the article or referenced in secondary literature?	( )	( )	(x)	( )

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

Thank you very much for the opportunity to review this paper title: “Exploring the Entrepreneurial Intentions of Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University Students and The University's 3 Role Aligned with Vision 2030”. I have carefully reviewed the manuscript in its current form, the manuscript is not upto the standard for publication in sustainability journal. So, I suggest major revision. I have given below the comprehensive report. Follow these suggestions and improve your study.

Author response:

The abstract of our paper "Exploring the Entrepreneurial Intentions of Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University Students and The University's Role Aligned with Vision 2030" has been carefully revised to address your feedback. The revised abstract now includes:

Aim of the Study: The study aims to explore the entrepreneurial intentions among female students at Princess Nourah University in Saudi Arabia. It seeks to understand how the University's environment and Vision 2030 influence these intentions.
Research Methods: The study employs a quantitative methodology, utilizing a questionnaire based on the Theory of Planned Behavior. This approach effectively captures the attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral controls influencing entrepreneurial intentions among the students.
Analysis Techniques: The analysis involves structural equation modeling (SEM), which allows for a nuanced understanding of the relationships between the theoretical constructs of the study.
Study Conclusion: The findings reveal a substantial interest in entrepreneurship among the students, with over 64% expressing a desire to engage in entrepreneurial activities. However, societal norms and limited university support are identified as barriers, suggesting areas for policy and educational enhancement.

Introduction: The introduction is not written well. The introduction should be much more focused. The research objectives should be much clearer. Perhaps it could be helpful to explicitly articulate the research question. It is suggested to provide a more rational background of the gap of the study and research questions. As well as explain your research questions in detail, what research you will do? I also suggest to the authors in the last paragraph of the introduction explain the structure of the paper. Below mentioned study will help you to improve your introduction.

Hussain, M., Rasool, S. F., Xuetong, W., Asghar, M. Z., & Alalshiekh, A. S. A. (2023). Investigating the nexus between critical success factors, supportive leadership, and entrepreneurial success: evidence from the renewable energy projects. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(17), 49255-49269.

Author response:

The paper explores the entrepreneurial intentions of female students at Princess Nourah University (PNU) in Saudi Arabia within the framework of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The research is structured to assess the influence of personal attitudes, societal norms, and perceived behavioral control on these students' entrepreneurial aspirations, particularly in the context of Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030. This study aims to fill the gap in understanding the specific factors that motivate or hinder female students in Saudi Arabia from pursuing entrepreneurship.

The introduction has been refocused to explicitly articulate these research objectives and questions.

How do female students at PNU perceive entrepreneurship, and what impact does the university's environment have on their entrepreneurial intentions?
How do societal norms and cultural expectations in Saudi Arabia influence these students' inclination toward entrepreneurship?
¿What opportunities and challenges within the university system can shape or hinder the development of entrepreneurial intentions among female students?
In addition, the last paragraph of the introduction now outlines the structure of the paper, guiding readers through the subsequent sections that cover the literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion.

The revised introduction incorporates the research background more rationally, explicitly stating the research questions and objectives. It also draws on the suggested study by Hussain et al. (2023) to strengthen the rationale behind the research approach and aligns more closely with the economic theory underpinning the study. The structure of the paper is clarified at the end of the introduction, providing readers with a roadmap of the study.

Author response:

The following has been added in the text

In the research model, entrepreneurial intention (EI) is the dependent variable, and attitude toward behavior (A), subjective norm (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PCB) are the independent or explanatory variables. Also, these are latent variables that are not directly observed or measured but are inferred from the perceptions of the respondents. Entrepreneurial intentions are inferred from the following statements: I am determined to start a new entrepreneurial venture; I will make all attempts to start an entrepreneurial venture; I would be more than happy to be an entrepreneur in the future; instead of being an employee in a company, I will rather be an entrepreneur. Attitude towards entrepreneurship is inferred from the following statements: I wish to be part of an entrepreneurial venture in the future; It's a matter of satisfaction for me to be an entrepreneur; Entrepreneurship is a prospective livelihood opportunity for me; The disadvantage of an entrepreneurial venture is less than the advantages associated with it; The social norm is inferred from the following statements: My family and friends will agree with my choice to start an entrepreneurial venture; the faculties of my institution will mentor me to be an entrepreneur; people who know me are positive that I will do well as an entrepreneur; and entrepreneurship is socially approved. And perceived behavioral control is inferred from the following statements: I will be able to handle the risks involved in establishing an entrepreneurial venture; I can on my own manage the developments in a new entrepreneurial venture; I know the particulars needed to set up an entrepreneurial venture; and if I start an entrepreneurial venture, I will succeed.

Research Methodology: The research methodology of this study is not explained well.

Which research approach did the authors use in this study? (Develop sub-heading with the title of Research approach and explain what research approach you used in this study and why you use this research approach specifically in your study.)

Author response:

The study, focusing on entrepreneurial intentions among female students at Princess Nourah University, utilizes a quantitative methodology grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). It examines key constructs like attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control to understand entrepreneurial intentions. A TPB-based questionnaire, comprising 20 statements evaluated on a five-point Likert scale, was administered to gather data, including demographic information and insights into entrepreneurship activities in Saudi Arabia. Data analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling (SEM), assessing relationships between the TPB constructs and entrepreneurial intention. The research population consists of female university students, with reliability and validity of the questionnaire established through Cronbach's alpha and other statistical measures. These findings indicate a significant correlation between TPB constructs and entrepreneurial intent, underscoring the influence of attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and societal norms on entrepreneurial aspirations. This methodology section elucidates the research approach, including TPB model selection, questionnaire design, data analysis, sampling, and assessments of reliability and validity, thereby clarifying the research methodology's comprehensiveness and appropriateness.

Also, the observed variables are measured through the perceptions of respondents. The factor loading of each statement leads to defining the constructs of attitude, social norms, perceived behavioral control, and entrepreneurial intentions. Each construct is observed using four statements. The model uses paths to quantify the direct influence of attitude, social norms, and perceived behavioral control on entrepreneurial intention. The model also considers the covariance among the three explanatory variables, namely attitude, social norms, perceived behavioral control, and entrepreneurial intention. The three null hypotheses tested are: attitude towards entrepreneurship does not determine entrepreneurial intentions; social norms do not determine entrepreneurial intentions; and perceived behavioral control does not determine entrepreneurial intentions. Finally, the model is evaluated using model fit indices like root mean square error (RMSEA) and comparative fit index (CFI). The model is estimated using AMOS 20.

It also suggests that the author provide detailed information about the data collection process, how you design the research questions, and how they pre-test the questions of the questionnaire.

Author response:

The data collection process for our study involved the use of a questionnaire based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) framework. We designed a 20-statement questionnaire, including 16 items directly from the TPB model, employing a five-point Likert scale. This questionnaire was specifically tailored for female students at Princess Nourah University. It focuses on TPB components such as attitude (contributing to half the variance in intentions), subjective norm (indicating social pressure), and perceived behavioral control (reflecting self-belief in performing the behavior). In addition to TPB-related questions, the questionnaire also included four statements specifically addressing gender-related entrepreneurial questions and a section for collecting basic demographic information.

Regarding the pre-testing of our questionnaire, we administered it to a sample of 20 students from the study population as well as to students outside of it, to ensure the validity and reliability of the scale for potential future use. The internal consistency and reliability of the questionnaire were measured using Cronbach's alpha, a widely recognized standard for assessing the degree of correlation between items on a scale or test. This method quantifies the internal consistency of a test, with higher alpha values indicating greater reliability. In our study, an alpha value of 0.7 was targeted, considered acceptable for ensuring reliability.

I also suggest you in the variable measurement sub-section explain the alpha value of each variable, which will prove the validity of your instrument.

Author response:

In our study, we meticulously assessed the internal consistency of the statements from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) using the Cronbach's alpha test. This globally recognized measure was employed to evaluate the reliability and validity of our questionnaire. The test outcomes revealed robust Cronbach's alpha values for the two main parts of the questionnaire. Specifically, Part 1 exhibited a Cronbach's alpha of 0.915 and Part 2 showed a Cronbach's alpha of 0.899. These values comfortably exceed the generally accepted threshold of 0.7, indicating a strong correlation among the items in each questionnaire section and suggesting substantial internal consistency. Furthermore, the combined Cronbach's alpha for the entire questionnaire was measured at 0.946, denoting even higher levels of internal consistency and reliability.

Additionally, Table 3 in our paper provides a detailed analysis of the survey responses, including the mean, mode, standard deviation, and Cronbach's alpha for each of the 16 TPB statements. It is noted that the alpha values exceeded 0.87 for each statement, further demonstrating the high reliability of the questionnaire. This detailed breakdown of alpha values for each statement confirms the strength and validity of our research instrument, ensuring that the responses are not biased towards neutrality and are reliably measured.

It is also suggesting you create one more heading with the title of the “Respondent Summary or Demographics”. Under this heading explain the detail about the respondents.

Author response:

In response to your kindly suggestion, we have included a comprehensive summary of our respondents' demographics under the heading "Respondent Summary or Demographics." This section systematically summarizes the demographic and academic profiles of the participants in our study.

Key demographic insights include that a vast majority, 95%, of our respondents are Saudi Arabian nationals, highlighting the localized nature of our survey and its focus on the Saudi Arabian context. Concerning their educational background, a significant 93.58% of the participants are undergraduates, indicating that our sample primarily consists of younger, university-enrolled individuals.

When examining their academic preferences, we observed a diverse range of disciplines. A dominant 60% of respondents are engaged in fields categorized under 'other specializations', encompassing a broad spectrum of disciplines. Humanities are chosen by 30% of the participants, indicating a substantial interest in arts, languages, and social sciences. The remaining participants are divided between scientific studies and applied sciences, representing more specialized or technical domains, with 6 % and 2 % respectively.

In terms of their professional lives, 49% of our respondents are employed in the governmental sector. This reflects the prominent role of government employment among the university population in Saudi Arabia and provides context for their entrepreneurial intentions and aspirations.

Results: The description of the statistical analysis is not enough. I suggest you address the below mentioned concern in the revised version of the manuscript.

There is no description of how missing data were handled during the analysis of data. Furthermore, the given statistical information is not enough.

Author response:

In addressing your concerns about the statistical analysis and the handling of missing data, our manuscript details the various statistical methods used for data analysis. To ensure robustness, a student’s t-test was employed to verify if the average score of the statements was neutral (score of 3). The relationship among variables—attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and entrepreneurial intention—was assessed using a Structural Equation Model (SEM).

The SEM approach allowed for a nuanced analysis of the observed variables, which were measured through the perceptions of respondents. Each construct within the TPB framework was observed using four specific statements. The factor loading of each statement was instrumental in defining the constructs of attitudes, social norms, perceived behavioral control, and entrepreneurial intentions. The model also quantified the direct influence of attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control on entrepreneurial intention, while considering the covariance among these explanatory variables.

"In response to your comment regarding the handling of missing data, we acknowledge that our manuscript does not explicitly detail the method used for managing this aspect." Due to the advanced stage of the research and constraints related to revisiting the dataset, implementing extensive changes was not feasible.

However, we can assure that the impact of missing data on our study was minimal. In our research methodology, we adopted a straightforward approach to address missing data: any questionnaires that were incomplete were excluded from the analysis. This step was taken to maintain the integrity and reliability of the data. Furthermore, all variables used in the data analysis were included in their respective observations, ensuring a comprehensive and complete dataset.

We appreciate the significance of handling missing data transparently and regret the omission of this detail in our manuscript. Going forward, we will ensure to document the methods for managing missing data explicitly, to enhance the clarity and replicability of our research methodology.

Furthermore, the given statistical information is not enough. I suggest you develop a new table and provide the factor loading, Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability, and average variance extracted of each construct.

Author response:

We have added this table and added explanations under this title: Table 1: Variance Estimates for Latent Factors and Error Terms in SEM Analysis

It is also suggested you explain the Multicollinearity through Good fit model and VIF, the goodness of Fit Index, Effect size f-square and R-square.

Author response:

regard to the concerns about Multicollinearity concern, VIF, Good fit model, and other related statistics, our paper provides several key metrics supporting the model’s validity and fit:

Goodness of Fit Index: Our model employs the RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation), with a value of 0.08. This is below the acceptable threshold, indicating a reasonable fit of the model to the data. Additionally, the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) and Incremental Fit Index (IFI) have values of 0.899 and 0.90, respectively. These values, being close to 1, suggest a good fit between the model and the data.

Parsimonious Fit Metrics: The Parsimonious Comparative Fit Index (PCFI) and Parsimonious Normed Fit Index (PNFI) have values of 0.74 and 0.70, respectively. Values above 0.50 are indicative of an acceptable fit of the model, even with a more straightforward structure.

Correlation and Covariance Analysis: The covariances between the three explanatory constructs – attitude, social norms, and perceived behavioral control – are significant. For instance, the coefficient of covariance between attitude and social norms is 0.92, indicating a strong positive association. These figures imply a systematic relationship between these constructs.

Multicollinearity and VIF: While specific VIF values are not detailed in the paper, the significance of the correlations and covariances suggest that multicollinearity was considered. Generally, a VIF value above 5 would be a concern; however, the strong model fit and the significant correlations imply that multicollinearity was not a major issue in our model.

Baseline Comparisons and Fit Indices: The model's baseline comparisons and fit indices, such as NFI, RFI, IFI, TLI, and CFI, further validate the model's robustness. These indices are crucial in evaluating the model's ability to represent the observed data effectively.

While our manuscript provides comprehensive details about the model's fit and validity, we acknowledge that a more explicit discussion on VIF and effect size (f-square) might enhance the understanding of our model's robustness. We will consider these aspects for more detailed inclusion in our future research endeavors. Also, the relevant statistics used to explain the results of SEM are added in the appendix (Table A, B, and C).

Discussion: The discussion part of this study is too weak. It is also suggesting the author interlinks the discussion with the supporting theory, revised introduction, revised method

Author response:

In response to the feedback on the discussion section, we will strengthen its connection with the supporting theory, the revised introduction, and the methodology. Our approach will be the following:

Explicitly link our findings to the Theory of Planned Behavior, highlighting their relevance in the Saudi context.
Ensure that the discussion reflects the objectives outlined in the revised introduction, with a focus on the role of universities in nurturing female entrepreneurship.
Incorporate insights from our revised methodology to underscore how it supports our findings.
Directly connect our recommendations to the research findings, emphasizing practical implications for educational institutions.
Regarding the study limitations and suggestions for future research already incorporated in the original paper before the reference list.
This approach aims to enhance the coherence and depth of the discussion, aligning it more closely with the study's theoretical and methodological framework.

Comments on the Quality of English Language

Author response:

In response to your comments on the quality of English language and writing style, we appreciate your guidance and acknowledge the need for improvements. We will undertake a thorough revision to address the concerns raised.

Shortening Sentences and Paragraphs: We will break down long sentences and paragraphs into shorter, more concise ones to enhance readability and clarity.
Adopting an Academic Writing Style: The language will be revised to better align with academic and research-oriented standards, ensuring it is appropriate for the scholarly context of the study.
Ensuring Language Quality: While focusing on language and grammatical accuracy, we will also pay attention to the nuances of research writing, such as the use of precise terminology, formal tone, and structured argumentation.

Submission Date

20 September 2023

Date of this review

22 Sep 2023 14:01:40

Author Response File: Author Response.pdf

Reviewer 2 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

Abstract

1. Give the total population and sample size and give the response rate.

2. Data analysis is not written well

3. Contributions to theory have not been written well, please add them

Introduction

1. There are very few theoretical phenomena from the results of previous research discussing Entrepreneurship, which can be added, especially those related to Planned Behavior

2. Give citation for this statement (notes are in the pdf paper).

3. Reviews of previous research are very weak in the introduction related to TPB and EO.

Literature Review

The relationship between TPB and EO has been well explained. However, there is no literature review with TPB and EO. My suggestion is to set:

2. Literature Review

2.1. TPB

2.2. E.O

2.3. The relationship between TPB and EO

Does not match the citation format in the journal (notes are in the pdf paper).

Methodology

1. Does not match the formula format in the journal

2. SEM with AMOS needs to be explained in more detail, to make it easier for readers.

Figure 2

a. Please add goodness of fit to the model.

b. Why can the loading factor exceed 1 ?, it needs to be processed again so that it is not more than 1.

c. There are no research hypothesis results, even though the researcher used AMOS SEM

d. The model given in Figure 2, cannot be represented well in the literature review

References

The references provided are very poor, need to be added and at least 60 references for Scopus Q1

Comments for author File: Comments.pdf

Comments on the Quality of English Language

Author Response

Review Report Form

Open Review

( ) I would not like to sign my review report
(x) I would like to sign my review report

Quality of English Language

( ) I am not qualified to assess the quality of English in this paper
( ) English very difficult to understand/incomprehensible
( ) Extensive editing of English language required
(x) Moderate editing of English language required
( ) Minor editing of English language required
( ) English language fine. No issues detected

	Yes	Can be improved	Must be improved	Not applicable
Is the content succinctly described and contextualized with respect to previous and present theoretical background and empirical research (if applicable) on the topic?	( )	( )	(x)	( )
Are all the cited references relevant to the research?	( )	(x)	( )	( )
Are the research design, questions, hypotheses and methods clearly stated?	( )	( )	(x)	( )
Are the arguments and discussion of findings coherent, balanced and compelling?	( )	(x)	( )	( )
For empirical research, are the results clearly presented?	( )	(x)	( )	( )
Is the article adequately referenced?	( )	( )	( )	(x)
Are the conclusions thoroughly supported by the results presented in the article or referenced in secondary literature?	( )	(x)	( )	( )

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

Abstract

Give the total population and sample size and give the response rate.

Author response:

We have added the total population (598 students) and sample size (218 female students), with a response rate of approximately 27 %.

Data analysis is not written well

Author response:

The revision of our methodology section has been completed with a focus on three key aspects. Firstly, we have enhanced the explanation of the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) process, providing detailed insights into how the relationships between attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and entrepreneurial intention were analyzed. Secondly, the presentation of the SEM analysis results has been clarified, ensuring a comprehensive and direct correlation between these findings and our research questions. Lastly, the method section now includes an in-depth justification for the choice of SEM, detailing its suitability for our data and research objectives. We believe these revisions provide a clearer understanding of our methodology and hope that they meet the reviewer's requirements.

Contributions to theory have not been written well, please add them

Author response:

In response to your kindly comment about the need for better articulation of the study's contributions to theory, we propose the following addition to the 'Study Implications' section of our paper:

"The theoretical contribution of this study lies in its application and validation of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) within the specific context of female entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia." By examining how attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control influence entrepreneurial intentions among female university students, the study enriches the existing body of knowledge in entrepreneurial theory. Particularly, it sheds light on the nuanced role of societal norms and personal beliefs in shaping entrepreneurial aspirations in a rapidly changing socio-economic environment. This study also contributes to understanding the impact of university environments on fostering entrepreneurship, thus offering valuable insights for both academic research and policy development. By highlighting the gaps in support and exposure to entrepreneurial activities at universities, it underscores the potential for educational institutions to play a transformative role in empowering future female entrepreneurs.

It's already done, please make sure.

Introduction

There are very few theoretical phenomena from the results of previous research discussing Entrepreneurship, which can be added, especially those related to Planned Behavior

Author response:

In addressing your concern about the scarcity of theoretical phenomena from previous research discussing entrepreneurship in relation to Planned Behavior, we acknowledge this gap. Our study primarily focuses on the entrepreneurial intentions among female students at Princess Nourah University, with an emphasis on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as a foundational framework. This theoretical choice was informed by the unique context of Saudi Arabia and the specific demographic of our study, which has not been extensively explored in existing literature. We believe that our study contributes to the field by providing new insights into the application of TPB in the context of female entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia, which aligns with the nation's Vision 2030 goals. Our findings, particularly the positive attitudes and perceived behavioral control towards entrepreneurship among female students, offer a fresh perspective on entrepreneurship using the TPB framework."

Give citation for this statement (notes are in the pdf paper).

Author response:

The use of TPB in exploring entrepreneurial intentions is well-established in entrepreneurship studies. This can be seen in the work of Shanti & Soepatini (2018) and Agolla et al. (2019), who have applied TPB to investigate entrepreneurial intentions. Our research methodology and application of TPB are grounded in these studies, reflecting a robust theoretical underpinning in our approach

Reviews of previous research are very weak in the introduction related to TPB and EO.

Author response:

We agree that the initial review of previous research could be more comprehensive. Our literature review covers studies conducted between 2020 and 2022, focusing on key findings and identifying areas of consensus and divergence in the field of entrepreneurship. This comparative analysis aims to identify research gaps and formulate the objectives of our current investigation. To address your comment, we will expand this section to include a more detailed analysis of previous research, particularly focusing on TPB and EO in the context of entrepreneurship. This will provide a stronger foundation for our study and demonstrate the evolution and current state of research in this area.

** Please note in the revised introduction: expands the theoretical framing using the Theory of Planned Behavior. New references and concepts related to TPB were incorporated to strengthen the background. Minor edits were made for clarity; DOIs were added, but the original references and content were retained. The changes address the reviewer's suggestion to include more theoretical background related to TPB and entrepreneurial intentions.

Literature Review

The relationship between TPB and EO has been well explained. However, there is no literature review with TPB and EO. My suggestion is to set:

Literature Review

2.1. TPB

2.2. E.O

2.3. The relationship between TPB and EO

Does not match the citation format in the journal (notes are in the pdf paper).

Author response:

The revised literature review, incorporating the reviewer's feedback, involved key changes: expanding the introductory paragraph to clarify purpose and scope, adding thematic organization through sub-sections 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3, and ensuring all details from each cited study were retained. Additional minor edits were made to enhance clarity and consistency, and the citation formatting was adjusted to align with the journal's style. As a result, the revised version retains all original content while reflecting the suggested improvements.

Methodology

Does not match the formula format in the journal

Author response:

I appreciate you noting that the formula format in the paper does not match the journal's requirements. Upon reviewing the journal's guidelines, I see that they specify formulas should be centered and displayed on their own line. I will update the formulas in my paper to align with these guidelines. Thank you for catching this oversight on my part - ensuring my paper follows the proper format will make it more polished and easier for readers to follow

SEM with AMOS needs to be explained in more detail, to make it easier for readers.

Author Response:

the following text has been added to elaborate SEM

In the research model, entrepreneurial intention (EI) is the dependent variable and attitude toward behavior (A), subjective norm (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PCB) are the independent or explanatory variables. Also, these are latent variables which are not directly observed/measured but are inferred from the perception of the respondent. Entrepreneurial intentions are inferred from the following statements: I am determined to start a new entrepreneurial venture; I will make all attempts to start an entrepreneurial venture; I would be more than happy to be an entrepreneur in the future; Instead of being an employee in a company, I will rather be an entrepreneur. Attitude towards entrepreneurship is inferred from the following statements: I wish to be part of an entrepreneurial venture in future; It's a matter of satisfaction for me to be an entrepreneur; Entrepreneurship is a prospective livelihood opportunity for me; The disadvantage of an entrepreneurial venture is less than the advantages associated with it. Social norms are inferred from the following statements: My family and friends will agree with my choice to start an entrepreneurial venture; Faculties of my institution mentor me to be an entrepreneur; People who know me are positive that I will do well as an entrepreneur; Entrepreneurship is socially approved. And perceived behavioral control is inferred from the following statements: I will be able to handle the risks involved in establishing an entrepreneurial venture; I can on my own manage the developments in a new entrepreneurial venture; I know the particulars needed to set up an entrepreneurial venture; If I start an entrepreneurial venture, I will succeed.

The observed variables are measured through the perception of respondents. The factor loading of each statement leads to defining the constructs of attitude, social norms, perceived behavioral control and entrepreneurial intentions. Each construct is observed using four statements. The model uses paths to quantify the direct influence of attitude, social norms, perceived behavioral control and entrepreneurial intention. The model also considers the covariance among the three explanatory variables namely attitude, social norms, perceived behavioral control and entrepreneurial intention. The three null hypotheses tested are: Attitude towards entrepreneurship do not determine entrepreneurial intentions; social norms do not determine entrepreneurial intentions; and perceived behavioral control do not determine entrepreneurial intentions. Finally, the model is evaluated using model fit indices like root mean square error (RMSEA) and comparative fit index (CFI). The model is estimated using AMOS 20.

Figure 2

Please add goodness of fit to the model.

Author response:

The study already includes a comprehensive assessment of the goodness of fit for the structural equation model (SEM). This is evidenced by the use of model fit indices such as the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) and the comparative fit index (CFI), alongside the testing of null hypotheses related to the variables of attitude, social norms, and perceived behavioral control in relation to entrepreneurial intentions. This approach ensures a robust evaluation of the model's accuracy in representing the observed data.

The goodness of fit for the model is detailed in the newly added Appendix Table C. Additionally, a discussion regarding this aspect is included within the main text. The absolute fit index, which is written as CMIN/Df, gives a value of 2.64 in relation to the model's congruency metrics. This means that the theoretical model and the sample data fit well together. [14]. A value below 5 is considered favorable, suggesting that the model adequately represents the observed data. The RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation) stands at 0.08, which is below the acceptable threshold [22]. RMSEA assesses the discrepancy between the observed covariance matrix and the model's predicted covariance matrix. A value of 0.08 or lower indicates a reasonable fit of the model to the data, further supporting the model's validity. The gradual fit indices, CFI (Comparative Fit Index) and IFI (Incremental Fit Index), have values of 0.899 and 0.90, respectively [13]. These values are close to 1, indicating a good fit between the model and the data. CFI and IFI values near 1 suggest that the model provides a good representation of the observed data and fits well. The parsimonious fit metrics, PCFI (Parsimonious Comparative Fit Index) and PNFI (Parsimonious Normed Fit Index), have values of 0.74 and 0.7, respectively [23]. These values above 0.50 suggest an acceptable fit of the model, even with a more straightforward model structure [25].

Why can the loading factor exceed 1?, it needs to be processed again so that it is not more than 1.

Author response:

The factor loadings exceeding one are the unstandardized coefficients. A new table (Appendix table B) has been added showing the standardized coefficients, where in all the coefficients of Attitude (F1), Social norms (F2), Perceived behavioral control (F3), and Entrepreneurial intentions (F5) are less than one

There are no research hypothesis results, even though the researcher used AMOS SEM

Author response

We have added 3 research hypotheses as the following below at the end of the methodology section:

The research hypotheses:

The research hypotheses and their corresponding null hypotheses, along with the benefits of each hypothesis, are as follows:

Original Hypothesis 1: Attitude towards entrepreneurship positively determines entrepreneurial intentions.

Null Hypothesis: Attitude towards entrepreneurship does not determine entrepreneurial intentions.

This hypothesis. Understanding the impact of individual attitudes towards entrepreneurship can help in tailoring educational and policy interventions to enhance positive attitudes, thus fostering entrepreneurial intentions among individuals.

Original Hypothesis 2: Social norms positively impact entrepreneurial intentions.

Null Hypothesis 2: Social norms do not determine entrepreneurial intentions.

This hypothesis explores the role of societal expectations and norms in shaping entrepreneurial aspirations. Recognizing this relationship can aid in developing strategies to create a more supportive social environment for entrepreneurship.

Original Hypothesis 3: Perceived behavioral control positively affects entrepreneurial intentions.

Null Hypothesis: Perceived behavioral control does not determine entrepreneurial intentions.

This Hypothesis Investigating how individuals' perceptions of their ability to perform entrepreneurial activities influence their intentions can inform efforts to enhance entrepreneurial skills and self-efficacy, thereby encouraging more individuals to pursue entrepreneurial ventures.

And we have added the results of testing the research hypothesis.

The model given in Figure 2, cannot be represented well in the literature review

References

Author response

The model depicted in Figure 2 demonstrates a systematic relationship among the three constructs of attitude, social norms, and perceived behavioral control. This relationship is supported by positive covariances, indicating a positive association between these explanatory constructs. Figure 2 is the diagram of path analysis used universally to portray the results of structural equation modelling (SEM). And SEM is a standard technique to assess relationship between constructs and unobserved/observed variables. The same approach of showing relationship in the context of Theory of Planned Behavior has been reported by the studies quoted in the section of literature review, namely in the studies of Al-Mamary et al. (2020), Alrubaishi, (2020), Kulothungan and Anbazhagi (2021), Alshagawi and Ghaleb (2022), Barba-Sánchez et al. (2022), and Haque et al. (2022). The same figure is represented in tabular format in Appendix table B.

The references provided are very poor, need to be added and at least 60 references for Scopus Q1

Author response

Thank you for the feedback on the references. I agree that the current list of cited sources is inadequate and needs significant expansion to meet Scopus Q1 standards. Per your recommendation, I will add a substantial number of relevant references to bring the total almost least 60 citations as soon as possible.

In revising the reference list, I will ensure new additions come from high-quality peer-reviewed journals, especially top publications in this field that would be recognized as impactful by Scopus. The literature review will also be strengthened by incorporating ideas and findings from the new references. Expanding the theoretical grounding and evidence base through high-caliber citations will enhance the scholarly merit of the work.

We have added many papers indexed in Scopus and we added sections in the introduction and literature review and other sections to reach to the maximum number of papers.

Taking in to consideration the European literature in the field of female

entrepreneurship (see: Akter et al., 2019, Idris and Saridakis 2020, Eden and

Wagstaff, 2021 and the European Commission direction to improve gender

balance);

In response to your comment on incorporating European literature in the field of female entrepreneurship, the study acknowledges this aspect. It emphasizes the transformative role of universities in empowering female entrepreneurship, aligning with broader academic discourse. By focusing on comprehensive entrepreneurship education and support structures, the study contributes to fostering a nurturing entrepreneurial culture. This approach resonates with the findings of Mohamad and Hussain (2021), Haque et al. (2022), Alzamel et al. (2022), and Abderrahim et al. (2022), highlighting the need for a supportive environment for female entrepreneurship. The study’s findings on the pivotal roles of attitudes and perceived control in shaping entrepreneurial intentions, along with the impact of personal networks and academic support, offer a promising view of female entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia, despite social norm challenges. This aligns with the European Commission's direction to improve gender balance in entrepreneurship.

In response to your comment in this regard we have added 4 new previous studies (the European Commission's direction to improve gender balance); and that is the reference information.

Haus, I., Steinmetz, H., Isidor, R., & Kabst, R. (2013). Gender Effects on Entrepreneurial Intention: A Meta-Analytical Structural Equation Model. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 130–156. https://doi.org/10.1108/17566261311328828

Liguori, E., Bendickson, J., Solomon, S., & McDowell, W. C. (2018). Development of a multi-dimensional measure for assessing entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 9, 87–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2018.01.001

Liñán, F., & Chen, Y.-W. (2009). Development and Cross-Cultural Application of a Specific Instrument to Measure Entrepreneurial Intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593–617. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x

Pruett, M., Shinnar, R., Toney, B., Llopis, F., & Fox, J. (2009). Explaining entrepreneurial intentions of university students: a cross-cultural study. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 15(6), 571–594. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550910995443

Yurtkoru, E. S., Kuşcu, Z. K., & Doğanay, A. (2014). Exploring the Antecedents of Entrepreneurial Intention on Turkish University Students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150, 841–850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.093

Specifying how women’s enterprise is defined by law in the context of the

analysis (the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia);

Author response

Here are a few key points about how women's enterprise is defined by law in Saudi Arabia based on the information provided:

The paper examines women's entrepreneurship in the unique sociocultural context of Saudi Arabia, with a focus on university students. This reflects the national strategic priorities of promoting entrepreneurship for economic growth and job creation.
Princess Noura University (PNU) is highlighted as an institution playing a vital role in providing entrepreneurial education and support for young Saudi women.
The legal and regulatory environment is shaped by Saudi Arabia's cultural norms regarding gender roles and women's participation in business and public life. There are efforts to expand opportunities for women's enterprise within this context.
Challenges remain for Saudi women entrepreneurs due to legal restrictions and societal attitudes, but progress is being made through initiatives at universities and national policy changes.
The study provides a nuanced perspective on Saudi women's entrepreneurship that considers both the obstacles and the emerging opportunities within the country's specific cultural and legal landscape.

In summary, the paper examines women's enterprise in Saudi Arabia as defined and constrained by a legal and regulatory system influenced by the country's unique sociocultural dynamics regarding gender norms and roles. But it also highlights the opportunities for progress through educational programs and policy reforms.

And already we have added a revised paragraph at the end of an introduction section. Please make sure.

Briefing describe gender gaps in labour market in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

in the last 5 years, focusing on female labour supply and employment comparing to that of men;

Author response

Saudi Arabia has made recent policy changes aimed at expanding women’s employment opportunities, such as allowing women to work in retail and hospitality (AlMunajjed, 2021). However, significant obstacles remain due to restrictive guardianship laws and persistent gender norms (Koyame-Marsh, 2016).

Over the past 5 years, Saudi Arabia has made notable strides in expanding opportunities for women's participation in the workforce and enterprise. However, significant gender gaps remain, particularly in labor force participation and unemployment rates.

According to the latest data from the Saudi General Authority for Statistics (2022), the labor force participation rate for Saudi women aged 15 and above was 31.2% in Q3 2022, compared to 75.3% for Saudi men. The unemployment rate for women was much higher at 22.2%, versus 5.7% for men.

These gaps reflect ongoing cultural and logistic constraints on women's employment, as well as gender segregation in higher education that limits women's access to degrees in fields with high labor market demand (Alsubaie & Jones, 2017). Efforts to increase female educational attainment in STEM and business are beginning to gradually shift these dynamics (Alghamdi & Jones, 2019).

You make an astute observation that more thoroughly examining recent trends in Saudi female labor supply and employment outcomes in relation to males would provide important context. I will expand the literature review and analysis in the paper to directly address gender gaps and their implications, citing the most current data.

References:

AlMunajjed, M. (2021). Women’s Employment in Saudi Arabia: Achievements So Far and Aspiration for the Future. Ideation Center Insight Report. https://doi.org/10.51563/ide.v1i1.54

Alsubaie, A., & Jones, K. (2017). An overview of the current state of women’s leadership in Saudi Arabia and a proposal for future research directions. Administrative Sciences, 7(4), 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci7040036

Alghamdi, A., & Jones, S. (2019). Contextualizing entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia: a conceptual framework. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-12-2018-0097

General Authority for Statistics. (2022). Labor Force Survey Quarter 3, 2022. https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/814

Koyame-Marsh, R. (2016). The Saudi woman challenging assumptions about women's rights. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-36499750

And we have added this part at the end of the introduction section.

discussing the size of women's enterprises and their sectoral concentration;

Author response

The study indicates a favorable shift in the business environment for women's enterprises in Saudi Arabia. About 70% of respondents agree that women have opportunities equivalent to men in starting businesses, and 83% endorse the supportive climate for female-led enterprises. This reflects a positive sentiment among female respondents towards entrepreneurship, suggesting a conducive atmosphere for the growth and development of women's businesses in various sectors. Additionally, 62% of respondents do not see entrepreneurship as presenting gender-specific challenges, highlighting the progress made in addressing gender disparities in the entrepreneurial landscape.

And we have added this information at the end of the results section.

explaining the relationship between job position of the respondents (49%

employed in the governmental sector) and its impact on the perceptions and

intentions of women in initiating businesses in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia;

Author response

The study reveals that 49% of the respondents, who are employed in the governmental sector, exhibit a perspective that aligns with the broader transformations in the entrepreneurial culture of Saudi Arabia. Notably, 80% of these respondents believe that the current business environment is more favorable than before, with about 70% affirming that women now have opportunities equivalent to men in initiating businesses. This indicates that employment in the government sector, which traditionally offers stability and prestige in Saudi Arabia, does not detract from the perception or intention to pursue entrepreneurship. In fact, this employment status may contribute to a more positive view of the entrepreneurial landscape, reflecting the government's efforts to diversify the economy and encourage business initiatives, particularly among women

Also, we have added this information at the end of the results section.

Explaining more in depth in which way the University could align the

programs of courses with Saudi Arabia Vision 2030;

Author response

The University, particularly Princess Noura bint Abdulrahman University (PNU), can align its programs and courses with Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 by focusing on equipping female students with the necessary entrepreneurial skills. This approach is crucial in addressing the gender disparities in the Saudi entrepreneurial sector. By understanding the entrepreneurial aspirations of PNU students, the University can develop effective educational strategies and support mechanisms. Optimizing academic curricula and programs to align with these aspirations and the objectives of Vision 2030 will enable PNU to contribute significantly to the country's reformative agenda. This alignment not only provides valuable insights into students' entrepreneurial intentions but also ensures that university initiatives are in sync with Vision 2030's goals of economic diversification and innovation.

And we have added this information in the recommendation section.

Taking in to account the strong inclination towards the arts, languages, and

social sciences of respondents (humanities studies attract 30%), I would

suggest to add finance and accountability courses to the recommendations

mentioned in the paper.

Author response

Your suggestion to include finance and accounting courses in the curriculum for entrepreneurially-inclined students, particularly those 30% who are focused on humanities and social sciences, is indeed valuable. This addition would significantly enhance their ability to transform entrepreneurial ideas into successful ventures. In light of this, I recommend expanding the current suggestions to explicitly propose the integration of finance, accounting, and business management into the entrepreneurship programs at Princess Nourah University. These courses would not only complement the existing focus on creativity and risk-taking but also provide essential practical skills.

To encapsulate your recommendation, the following text could be added: "To enhance the entrepreneurial capabilities of students interested in humanities and social sciences, it's advised that entrepreneurship training programs should include topics related to finance, accounting, business planning, and strategic management." This integration will furnish these students with vital practical skills necessary for the effective establishment and management of their enterprises.

And we have added this information at the end of the recommendation section.

peer-review-32621591.v1.pdf

Comments on the Quality of English Language

Submission Date

20 September 2023

Date of this review

13 Oct 2023 06:43:30

Bottom of Form

Author Response File: Author Response.pdf

Reviewer 3 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

I would like to thank the authors for the opportunity to read the manuscript "Exploring The Entrepreneurial Intentions of Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University Students and The University's Role Aligned with Vision 2030". The article is interesting and contains timely issues. The presented results and the discussion provided several interesting insights into the understanding of entrepreneurship intention among university students, specifically considering the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). However, some parts of the article need to be modified before it can be published.

The abstract – according to the journal instruction - should be a total of about 200 words maximum (yours is 277).

The literature review cover a range of studies, focusing mainly on entrepreneurial intentions among university students in Saudi Arabia. It brings forth different aspects of entrepreneurial intentions by discussing various determinants like self-efficacy, attitudes, subjective norms, personality traits, and others under different contexts and methodologies. Hovewer, a synthesized understanding or collective insights derived from all the discussed research is not very clear. Elevating the depth of analysis, integrating synthesis, and expanding the thematic scope can significantly enhance its value and contribution to the field.

A more elaborate discussion on the application and limitations of the Theory of Planned Behavior within this specific context might offer a thorough understanding and validate the application of the theory. TPB’s component of subjective norm require a deeper cultural investigation, potentially through qualitative methods, to comprehensively understand social pressures on female entrepreneurial intentions.

The relational assessments between TPB variables and entrepreneurial intentions should be governed by explicit hypotheses. Hypotheses are mentioned in the paper, but they are not clearly written. Establish, formulate clear hypotheses in accordance with the literature review and comment on them in relation to the findings of the research.

There's limited information on how the Structural Equation Model (SEM) was utilized in the data analysis, and considering SEM's complexity, the model's assumptions, fit, and parameter estimates might be further scrutinized for a comprehensive assessment.

60% of participants are categorized under 'other specializations,' which might be too vague or broad, potentially impacting the specificity and relevance of the findings to particular academic or professional domains (Table 2).

Discussion indicates a largely positive view of the entrepreneurial environment for women in Saudi Arabia. It might be worth questioning whether this perception is a generalizable truth across various sectors and regions within the country. A critical aspect to consider is whether the sample is representative of the wider population and if potential biases (like social desirability bias) might have influenced respondents to portray a more optimistic view of gender equality in business environments.

While the findings suggest a positive inclination towards entrepreneurship, a deeper dissection of the data, especially concerning the 32% of respondents who remain undecided, could offer further insights.

The noted contradiction between the positive business environment and the negative influence of societal norms on female students’ entrepreneurial aspirations is curious. A deeper dive into how these societal norms manifest and specifically impede women, despite the positive outlook, would enhance understanding.

In a few places, there's a repetition of information (e.g., the Spearman-Brown coefficient is discussed twice in a similar context), which might be streamlined for reader clarity and coherence. Several points, especially concerning the alignment with previous research and recommendations for university interventions, are reiterated multiple times, which might affect the succinctness and impactfulness of the findings. While it's valuable to underscore significant points, a more concise synthesis and fewer repetitions could enhance readability and engagement.

There appear to be concerns regarding citation practices within the text. Citations must be arranged in accordance with the specified journals.

Comments on the Quality of English Language

Proofread required.

Author Response

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Are all the cited references relevant to the research?	( )	(x)	( )	( )
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Are the arguments and discussion of findings coherent, balanced and compelling?	( )	(x)	( )	( )
For empirical research, are the results clearly presented?	( )	(x)	( )	( )
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Comments and Suggestions for Authors

1.The abstract – according to the journal instruction - should be a total of about 200 words maximum (yours is 277).

Author Response

The abstract has been revised and is now within the specified limit of approximately 197 words.

The literature review covers a range of studies, focusing mainly on entrepreneurial intentions among university students in Saudi Arabia. It brings forth different aspects of entrepreneurial intentions by discussing various determinants like self-efficacy, attitudes, subjective norms, personality traits, and others under different contexts and methodologies. However, a synthesized understanding or collective insights derived from all the discussed research is not very clear. Elevating the depth of analysis, integrating synthesis, and expanding the thematic scope can significantly enhance its value and contribution to the field.

Author Response

The literature review has been revised to provide a more elaborate discussion on the application and limitations of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in the context of Saudi Arabian university students. Special attention is now given to the cultural implications of subjective norms, acknowledging the need for deeper cultural investigation, potentially through qualitative methods, to fully understand social pressures affecting female entrepreneurial intentions. The change is highlighted at the beginning and the end of the literature review.

Additionally, the relational assessments between TPB variables and entrepreneurial intentions have been clearly defined with explicit hypotheses, formulated in accordance with the literature review. These hypotheses are now distinctly articulated and directly commented upon in relation to the research findings. There are three hypotheses that have been addressed in the methodology section.
Explained at the end of the Results section. This enhancement aims to provide a more thorough and comprehensive understanding, strengthening the paper's contribution to the field.

Author response:

The following text has been added:

In the research model, entrepreneurial intention (F4) is the dependent variable and attitude towards behavior (F1), subjective norm (F2), and perceived behavioral control (F3) are the independent or explanatory variables. Also, these are latent variables which are not directly observed/measured but are inferred from the perception of the respondents. Entrepreneurial intentions are inferred form the following statements: I am determined to start a new an entrepreneurial venture (E1); I will make all attempts to start an entrepreneurial venture(E2); I would be more than happy to be an entrepreneur in the future(E3); Instead of being an employee in a company I will rather be an entrepreneur(E4). Attitude towards entrepreneurship is inferred from the following statements(A1): I wish to be part of an entrepreneurial venture in future(A1); It’s a matter of satisfaction for me to be an entrepreneur(A2); Entrepreneurship is a prospective livelihood opportunity for me(A3); The disadvantage of entrepreneurial venture is less than the advantages associated with it(A4). Social norm is inferred from the following statements: My family and friends will agree with my choice to start an entrepreneurial venture(S1); Faculties of my institution mentor me to be an entrepreneur(S2); People who know me are positive that I will do well as an entrepreneur(S3); Entrepreneurship is socially approved(S4). And perceived behavioral control is inferred from the following statements: I will be able to handle the risks involved in establishing an entrepreneurial venture(P1); I can on my own manage the developments in a new an entrepreneurial venture(P2); I know the particulars needed to set up an entrepreneurial venture(P3); If I start an entrepreneurial venture, I will succeed(P4).

Appendix table C has been added. It has model-fit indicators.

Author response:

The categorization of 60% of participants under 'other specializations' has been refined for greater specificity. This group is now divided into more precise academic and professional domains, such as Business and Management Studies, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Information Technology and Computer Sciences, Social Sciences, Arts and Design, and Education. This revision ensures a clearer and more relevant understanding of the findings in relation to specific fields of study.We have added under table (2) this paragraph.

The 218 participants came from diverse academic backgrounds across the university's colleges. The largest share was from the Colleges of Humanities, with 67 students representing 30.73% of the total. The Colleges of Sciences had 15 participants, making up 6.88%. The Applied Colleges had a smaller representation of just 5 students, comprising 2.29% of the sample. The remaining 131 participants, accounting for 60.09%, came from a range of other colleges including Business and Management Studies, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Information Technology and Computer Sciences, Social Sciences, Arts and Design, and Education. This breakdown reflects the wide cross-section of disciplines and fields of study among the survey respondents.

Author response:

Beginning with the acknowledgment of sample limitations in the Discussion section, the paper highlights the demographic specifics and selection process, clarifying the extent to which the sample represents various sectors and regions within Saudi Arabia. This is followed by an examination of potential biases, such as social desirability bias, offering a critical lens through which the data collection methods and respondents' perceptions are viewed. (we have added it as a limitation in the limitations section).

Furthermore, the paper proposes specific directions for future research, suggesting a diversification of the sample to encompass a variety of sectors and regions. This is crucial for expanding the scope and applicability of the research findings. In the subsequent section, there is a reflection on the implications of the study, contemplating how limitations and potential biases may influence the results and their interpretation.

(we have added it as a main point in the future direction).

Finally, the Discussion section concludes with a synthesis of the key findings and their significance, particularly in understanding the entrepreneurial environment for women in Saudi Arabia. This comprehensive approach ensures that the paper not only addresses the immediate concerns raised by the reviewer but also contributes meaningfully to the broader discourse in the field.

And it has been added at the end of result section please check

Author response:

The suggestion to delve deeper into the data concerning the 32% of respondents who remain undecided about entrepreneurship has been duly noted and incorporated into the analysis. This enhanced examination aims to provide further insights into the factors influencing this particular group's ambivalence, thereby enriching the study's overall understanding of entrepreneurial intentions.

We have added the following paragraph in the results and discussion section

"In our study, we identified that a significant portion, 32%, of the respondents were undecided about pursuing entrepreneurship. To gain deeper insights into this group's perspectives, we will further dissect this segment of the data. This detailed analysis will explore the factors contributing to their uncertainty and the potential barriers they perceive in the entrepreneurial landscape. By doing so, we aim to understand better the hesitations and challenges faced by these individuals, which could inform targeted interventions and support mechanisms.

This additional analysis will be crucial in comprehensively understanding the diverse attitudes towards entrepreneurship among our sample and will be included in the 'Results and Discussion' section of our paper."

Author response:

"We appreciate your insightful observation regarding the contradiction noted in our findings. To address this, we have conducted a more focused analysis on how societal norms specifically impede women's entrepreneurial aspirations despite the positive business environment. This expanded examination, included in our Discussion section, delves into the nuances of these societal norms and their direct impact on female students at Princess Nourah University. We draw on additional literature, such as Haque et al. 2022 [17] and Alzamel et al. 2022 [28], to provide a broader context and deeper understanding of this phenomenon. This further analysis aims to clarify the complex relationship between societal attitudes and female entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia, enhancing the overall depth of our study."

This reply and the expanded analysis will incorporate into the 'Discussion' section of the paper. It can be placed immediately after discussing the overall perceptions of the business environment and societal norms, as found in the survey results. This placement will allow for a seamless transition from presenting the findings to addressing the reviewer's concern about the apparent contradiction in the data, thereby enriching the discussion with a deeper exploration of societal influences on female entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia.

In a few places, there's a repetition of information (e.g., the Spearman-Brown coefficient is discussed twice in a similar context), which might be streamlined for reader clarity and coherence. Several points, especially concerning the alignment with previous research and recommendations for university interventions, are reiterated multiple times, which might affect the succinctness and impactful Ness of the findings. While it's valuable to underscore significant points, a more concise synthesis and fewer repetitions could enhance readability and engagement.

Author response:

The feedback regarding repetition of information, such as the Spearman-Brown coefficient, and the reiteration of points about university interventions and alignment with previous research, is well-received. We have revised the text to streamline these sections, eliminating unnecessary repetitions to enhance clarity, succinctness, and impact. This refinement is focused on presenting a more concise synthesis of key points, thereby improving the paper's readability and engagement.

In conclusion, effectively managing the reviewer's feedback on repetition involves a systematic approach: identifying and consolidating repetitive content, revising for conciseness, synthesizing key points for cohesiveness, and enhancing the overall readability and flow of the paper. These steps, applied throughout the paper, particularly in key sections like the Literature Review, Methodology, Results, and Discussion, will ensure the paper is clear, impactful, and free from unnecessary repetition. This process not only addresses the reviewer's concerns but also significantly enhances the overall quality and readability of the paper, making it more concise and engaging for its readers.

Author response:

We have carefully reviewed the paper's citation practices and made the necessary adjustments to ensure they align with the specified journal's guidelines. All citations have been meticulously organized and formatted as per the journal’s requirements to maintain academic integrity and adherence to publication standards.

Comments on the Quality of English Language and Proofread required.

Author response:

The feedback on the English language quality and the necessity for proofreading has been duly noted and addressed

Submission Date

20 September 2023

Date of this review

13 Oct 2023 13:50:47

Author Response File: Author Response.pdf

Reviewer 4 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

The article is interesting, You can find suggestions for improving the clarity of the results in the attached file.

Comments for author File: Comments.pdf

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( ) English very difficult to understand/incomprehensible
( ) Extensive editing of English language required
( ) Moderate editing of English language required
( ) Minor editing of English language required
( ) English language fine. No issues detected

	Yes	Can be improved	Must be improved	Not applicable
Is the content succinctly described and contextualized with respect to previous and present theoretical background and empirical research (if applicable) on the topic?	(x)	( )	( )	( )
Are all the cited references relevant to the research?	(x)	( )	( )	( )
Are the research design, questions, hypotheses and methods clearly stated?	(x)	( )	( )	( )
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For empirical research, are the results clearly presented?	(x)	( )	( )	( )
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Comments and Suggestions for Authors

The article is interesting, You can find suggestions for improving the clarity of the results in the attached file.

peer-review-32658079.v1.pdf

Submission Date

20 September 2023

Date of this review

27 Oct 2023 08:32:01

Author Response File: Author Response.pdf

Reviewer 5 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

Congratulations for your research - very much interesting and relevant.

In terms of corrections and suggestions, nothing special, or particularly relevant.

Nevertheless, do please perform some further readings and polishing to your paper, and try to improve its content and English.

One example of improvement: in keywords, you use "university ecosystem", but you actually refer more in your paper to "entrepreneurial ecosystem".

Another: you actually cite gender literature, but mostly indirectly - there is plenty of literature available on this topic, you could improve dramatically your literature review.

Sometimes you write in some naïve way. For example, in the Results section you wrote "Congratulations for your research - very much interesting and relevant.

In terms of corrections and suggestions, nothing special, or particularly relevant.

Nevertheless, do please perform some further readings and polishing to your paper, and try to improve its content and English.

One example of improvement: in keywords, you use "university ecosystem", but you actually refer more in your paper to "entrepreneurial ecosystem".

Another: you actually cite gender literature, but mostly indirectly - there is plenty of literature available on this topic, you could improve dramatically your literature review.

Sometimes you write in some naïve way. For example, in conclusions you wrote "In this study, meticulous steps were employed to ensure the reliability and validity...". Well, this is your opinion, but readers should make their own assessment of your claims.

Comments on the Quality of English Language

Sometimes your English resembles a mix of different types of strands (mostly US style, but combined with other common forms used, perhaps, in other geographies)

Author Response

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( ) I would not like to sign my review report
(x) I would like to sign my review report

Quality of English Language

( ) I am not qualified to assess the quality of English in this paper
( ) English very difficult to understand/incomprehensible
( ) Extensive editing of English language required
( ) Moderate editing of English language required
(x) Minor editing of English language required
( ) English language fine. No issues detected

	Yes	Can be improved	Must be improved	Not applicable
Is the content succinctly described and contextualized with respect to previous and present theoretical background and empirical research (if applicable) on the topic?	(x)	( )	( )	( )
Are all the cited references relevant to the research?	( )	(x)	( )	( )
Are the research design, questions, hypotheses and methods clearly stated?	(x)	( )	( )	( )
Are the arguments and discussion of findings coherent, balanced and compelling?	(x)	( )	( )	( )
For empirical research, are the results clearly presented?	(x)	( )	( )	( )
Is the article adequately referenced?	( )	(x)	( )	( )
Are the conclusions thoroughly supported by the results presented in the article or referenced in secondary literature?	(x)	( )	( )	( )

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

Congratulations for your research - very much interesting and relevant.

In terms of corrections and suggestions, nothing special, or particularly relevant.

Nevertheless, do please perform some further readings and polishing to your paper, and try to improve its content and English.

Author response:

we have diligently refined the content and language of our paper. Our revisions include a comprehensive review of recent literature, enhancing the theoretical framework with current studies, particularly those focusing on entrepreneurial intentions among university students. We have expanded our discussion on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to provide a more synthesized understanding of its application in predicting entrepreneurial intentions, especially in the unique sociocultural context of Saudi Arabia.

Furthermore, we have improved the clarity and coherence of the paper's language to align with academic and research-oriented standards. Special attention was paid to ensuring the precision of terminology, maintaining a formal tone, and structuring arguments more effectively. We believe these revisions not only strengthen the paper's content but also enhance its readability and adherence to academic writing conventions.

We appreciate the reviewer's guidance in this process and hope that these revisions meet the expectations for a more polished and substantial contribution to the field.

One example of improvement: in keywords, you use "university ecosystem", but you actually refer more in your paper to "entrepreneurial ecosystem".

Author response:

It already has been changed to be "entrepreneurial ecosystem".

Another: you actually cite gender literature, but mostly indirectly - there is plenty of literature available on this topic, you could improve dramatically your literature review.

Author response:

In light of the reviewer's insightful feedback regarding the direct citation and exploration of gender literature, we have expanded our literature review to more robustly and explicitly address gender dynamics. The revised section now includes an in-depth analysis of the latest trends in Saudi female labor supply and employment outcomes, particularly in comparison to their male counterparts. This enhancement not only provides a comprehensive understanding of the gender gaps in employment and higher education but also underscores the cultural and logistic constraints impacting women's participation in the workforce and access to education in fields with high labor market demand.

Notably, we have integrated references such as Alsubaie & Jones (2017) and Alghamdi & Jones (2019), which offer critical insights into the shifting dynamics of female educational attainment in STEM and business sectors. By doing so, our paper now presents a more nuanced and data-driven discussion on the gender-specific challenges and advancements within the Saudi context. This revision aligns with our aim to provide a thorough and contextually relevant analysis, contributing valuably to the discourse on gender and entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia.

Additionally, we have updated the literature review to include new studies related to the European context. This broader perspective enriches our understanding of gender issues in entrepreneurship, allowing for a comparative analysis that highlights both regional similarities and distinctions in gender-related trends and challenges in the entrepreneurial ecosystem.

Sometimes you write in some naïve way. For example, in the Results section you wrote "Congratulations for your research - very much interesting and relevant.

In terms of corrections and suggestions, nothing special, or particularly relevant.

Comments on the Quality of English Language

Sometimes your English resembles a mix of different types of strands (mostly US style, but combined with other common forms used, perhaps, in other geographies)

Author response:

We acknowledge the reviewer's observation regarding the varied stylistic influences in our paper's English language usage. In response, we have conducted a thorough review and revision of the manuscript to ensure a more consistent and standard academic English style, primarily aligning with the US conventions, which are widely recognized in academic writing. This revision includes streamlining sentence structures, standardizing terminology, and ensuring consistency in grammar and punctuation. We believe these changes have significantly improved the clarity and coherence of the paper, making it more accessible to our target academic audience.

Submission Date

20 September 2023

Date of this review

18 Oct 2023 05:00:55

Author Response File: Author Response.pdf

Round 2

Reviewer 2 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

Thank you, you have made the improvements as suggested.

Comments for author File: Comments.pdf

Comments on the Quality of English Language

Author Response

Dear Reviewer,

I want to express my gratitude for your valuable feedback during the second round of review of our paper, "Exploring the Entrepreneurial Intentions of Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University Students and The University's Role Aligned with Vision 2030."

We've diligently addressed all your comments and concerns, significantly improving the manuscript. We've focused on enhancing the paper's flow, clarity, and relevance, ensuring it aligns with academic standards.

We kindly request your consideration for publication in sustainability journal believing that our study offers valuable insights into entrepreneurship within Princess Nourah University and Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030.

Thank you for your dedication to the peer-review process, and we eagerly await your feedback.

Sincerely,

The following includes reviewer comments and the authors' responses as follows.

Reviewer: Is the content succinctly described and contextualized with respect to previous and present theoretical background and empirical research (if applicable) on the topic? No

Author response: We appreciate the reviewer's feedback concerning the flow and coherence of the manuscript. Upon incorporating extensive additions throughout the paper, especially in the literature review and methodology sections, we recognize the need for enhancing linguistic transitions as well.

Accordingly, we have paid closer attention to articulating the flow and connections between the paper's sections. We have added transitional clauses that smoothly guide the reader from one segment to the next. For example, when moving from the literature review to methodology, we state:

"In applying the TPB model, our study expands upon previous research by concentrating on a unique demographic - female students at Princess Nourah University…"

Additionally, we have linked the conclusions back to key sections such as the literature review and methodology to demonstrate continuity. Similarly, the recommendations and implications directly correlate with the study's principal findings.

We believe these improved linguistic bridges now provide a more cohesive and logically flowing structure throughout the paper.

2.. Reviewer: Are all the cited references relevant to the research? No

Author response: The references listed in the document are a collection of academic sources related to the topic of entrepreneurial intentions and factors influencing them, with a specific focus on the context of Saudi Arabia. Here's a brief explanation of some of the references:

Alshrari, A. D., Omer, W. K. H., & Aljaaidi, K. S. (2021): This study examines the impact of Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 on the entrepreneurial intentions of university students in the country, linking national policy and individual entrepreneurial aspirations.
Al-Hanawi, M. K., Khan, S. A., & Al-Borie, H. M. (2019): This review addresses healthcare human resource development challenges and opportunities in Saudi Arabia, which could be relevant in understanding the broader socio-economic context affecting entrepreneurship.
Alshebami, A. S., & Al Marri, S. H. (2022): This research explores the relationship between financial literacy and entrepreneurial intention, emphasizing the mediating role of saving behavior, which is a critical factor in entrepreneurship.
Ajzen, I. (1991): This seminal paper introduces the Theory of Planned Behavior, a foundational theory in understanding how attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control influence intentions, including entrepreneurial intentions.
Kautonen, T., van Gelderen, M., & Fink, M. (2015): This study tests the robustness of the Theory of Planned Behavior in predicting entrepreneurial intentions and actions, which is crucial for understanding the factors driving entrepreneurship.
Karimi, S., et al. (2013): This paper discusses the influence of role models and gender on entrepreneurial intentions among college students, offering insights into social and educational factors affecting entrepreneurship.
Rauch, A., & Hulsink, W. (2015): This article investigates the impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial behavior, emphasizing the importance of education in shaping entrepreneurial intentions.
General Authority for Statistics (2022): This reference to Saudi Arabia's Labor Force Survey provides essential data and insights into the country's labor market, which can be crucial for understanding the environment for entrepreneurship.
Koyame-Marsh, R. (2016): This BBC News article discusses the challenges and assumptions regarding women's rights in Saudi Arabia, relevant to understanding the gender dynamics in entrepreneurship.
AlMunajjed, M. (2021): This report focuses on women's employment in Saudi Arabia, shedding light on the progress and aspirations for the future, which is key to understanding female entrepreneurship in the region.

Each reference provides a unique perspective or data point contributing to a comprehensive understanding of entrepreneurial intentions, particularly in the context of Saudi Arabia's socio-economic environment and Vision 2030.

Reviewer: Are the research design, questions, hypotheses, and methods clearly stated? No

Author response: We appreciate the feedback provided and have revised our paper to ensure the research design, questions, hypotheses, and methods are clearly articulated. Our modifications are as follows:

Enhanced Introduction Section: We have refined the introduction to offer a more detailed overview of the study, emphasizing the role of Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University (PNU) in fostering female entrepreneurship. The section now explicitly states the study's objectives and research questions, aligning these with the broader context and significance of Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030.
Clarity in Objectives and Research Questions: In Section 1, we have elaborated on the study's objectives, providing a clear framework for our investigation. Section 2 now precisely articulates the research questions, ensuring they directly correspond to the stated objectives. This alignment enhances the reader's understanding of our study's focus.
Theoretical Framework Emphasis: We have expanded upon the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in our introduction, detailing how it forms the foundation for examining entrepreneurial intentions and behaviors. This includes a more comprehensive discussion of TPB's relevance and application in the context of our study.

Revised Paper Structure:

Abstract: We have succinctly summarized the main aims, methods, findings, and implications of the study, providing a clear and concise overview.
Introduction: Revised to offer a more detailed overview, clearly state the study's objectives and research questions, and introduce the TPB as the theoretical framework.
Literature Review: Expanded to include a broader range of studies on entrepreneurial intentions and TPB, with a specific focus on female entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia and the identification of gaps this study addresses.
Methodology: We have detailed the quantitative approach, including a comprehensive description of the survey design, sampling strategy, data collection, and analysis methods.
Results: The findings are now presented with a clearer link to the study's objectives and research questions, highlighting key insights.
Discussion: This section interprets the findings within the context of the existing literature and the TPB framework, discussing the implications for understanding female entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia.
Conclusions: We have succinctly summarized the main findings, their significance, and provided targeted recommendations.
References: The reference list has been maintained as per APA guidelines, ensuring all sources cited in the paper are accurately listed.

In addition to:
"We stated the research assumptions immediately following the introduction, which contains the study objectives and study questions. This arrangement benefits the paper by providing a clear and logical flow of information, ensuring that readers understand the foundational assumptions that underpin the study's objectives and questions right from the beginning."

Reviewer: For empirical research, are the results clearly presented. NO

Author response: In response to your feedback, I have thoroughly reviewed the Results section of the manuscript to enhance its clarity and ensure that the empirical findings are presented more effectively. I realized that additional details could help in better understanding the data and its implications. Therefore, I have made the following revisions:

Structured Presentation: I have restructured the Results section to follow a more logical sequence, ensuring that each finding is clearly linked to the research questions and objectives.
Use of Visual Aids: To aid in the clearer presentation of the data, I have incorporated additional tables and figures. These visual aids are designed to succinctly summarize key findings and make complex data more accessible to the readers.
Detailed Explanation of Data: I have provided a more detailed explanation of the results, including how they relate to the research hypotheses. This includes elaborating on any statistical analysis conducted and interpreting these results in the context of the study.
Comparative Analysis: Where applicable, I have included a comparative analysis to highlight significant trends and patterns observed in the data.
Addressing Limitations: I have also included a discussion on the limitations of the data, offering transparency about the scope of the findings.

These revisions are aimed at making the Results section more comprehensive and reader-friendly, ensuring that the empirical findings are communicated effectively.

Reviewer: Is the article adequately referenced

Author response: We have added a section to the results chapter explicitly detailing the key empirical findings. This includes making Table 2's descriptive statistics clearer, going into more detail about the results of the hypotheses tests and structural equation modeling in the text, bringing attention to how important the results are for attitudes and perceived control, and pointing out what the data analysis means in real life. Additional subsections have been incorporated, summarizing the major empirical results related to each hypothesis and objective. Visual statistical representations have also been enhanced in the form of charts and path models to further clarify the insights derived from the study data.

Reviewer: Are the conclusions thoroughly supported by the results presented in the article or referenced in secondary literature?

Author response: We appreciate the reviewer’s feedback regarding thoroughly supporting the conclusions with the results and literature. The conclusion chapter has been expanded to include more explicit links between the data findings and the study implications stated. Each conclusion is now clearly traced back to the specific objective, hypothesis test, or structural equation modeling result that supports it. Additional secondary references have also been incorporated where the conclusions align with previous entrepreneurship research. Comparing the results to previous research on Saudi women's plans to become entrepreneurs from studies like Haque et al., Alzamel et al., and Abderrahim et al. has helped put the conclusions in their proper place within the data and literature. This enrichment with connected results and references further validates the study’s conclusions in Section 6.

Please , Note That :

Yellow Color for round 1

Green Color for round 2

Author Response File: Author Response.pdf

Reviewer 3 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

Dear authors,

The results of the study signify a substantial inclination towards entrepreneurship among participants, with more than 64% indicating the intention to pursue entrepreneurial ventures in the future. The analysis reveals a necessity for enhanced mentorship and support systems to stimulate the entrepreneurial spirit of the ambivalent.

In terms of the questionnaire's reliability and validity, Cronbach's alpha values for several parts of the questionnaire exceed the accepted threshold of 0.7, indicating high internal consistency and reliability.

The paper would benefit from a more explicit and comprehensive outline of the hypotheses testing, particularly in relation to how the results correspond or differ from current literature. This may include a more detailed analysis of the significance of findings for each hypothesis, specifically in instances where the outcomes were unforeseen or contradictory.

The study is situated within the framework of Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030. A more comprehensive explanation of the intersection between this national vision and female entrepreneurship could enhance the study's relevance. This explanation could involve examining specific initiatives under Vision 2030 that have a direct or indirect impact on female entrepreneurship.

Regarding Figure 1, presenting the data in percentage terms would be advantageous. This alteration would enhance the clarity and comprehensibility of the data, particularly when communicating proportions or comparative analyses. The depiction of data in percentages simplifies the reader's comprehension of the relative magnitudes and variances in the data.

Comments on the Quality of English Language

Diversifying the use of transitional phrases could be beneficial. Although transitions such as "Furthermore" and "Moreover" are useful for linking concepts, excessive use may create redundancies. To enhance readability and maintain reader engagement, it would be advisable to use a wider range of transitional words and phrases. Alternatives such as "Additionally," "In addition," "Conversely," "On the other hand," and "Subsequently" can provide variety and improve the flow of the paper. By addressing these aspects, the paper can achieve a more polished and reader-friendly format, enhancing its overall quality and readability.

The writing style needs polishing for clarity and flow in parts. Recommend an editing pass to improve readability.

Author Response

Dear Reviewer,

I wish to express my sincere gratitude for your invaluable feedback during the second round of review of our paper, titled "Exploring the Entrepreneurial Intentions of Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University Students and The University's Role Aligned with Vision 2030."

We have diligently addressed all of your comments and concerns, resulting in a substantial improvement of the manuscript. Our primary focus has been on enhancing the paper's flow, clarity, and overall relevance to ensure it meets the highest academic standards.

We kindly request your favorable consideration for publication in the sustainability journal, as we firmly believe that our study provides valuable insights into entrepreneurship within Princess Nourah University and its alignment with Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030.

We sincerely appreciate your dedicated efforts in the peer-review process and eagerly await your feedback.

Warm regards,

Dear authors,

Reviewer comment: The results of the study signify a substantial inclination towards entrepreneurship among participants, with more than 64% indicating the intention to pursue entrepreneurial ventures in the future. The analysis reveals a necessity for enhanced mentorship and support systems to stimulate the entrepreneurial spirit of the ambivalent.

Authors respond. Based on the earlier conversation with the esteemed reviewer, I have incorporated the suggested improvements into the following draft. Please review it and provide your feedback:

1.Results Section

A subsection has been added clearly outlining the hypotheses testing process and outcomes. The three hypotheses are stated along with whether they were supported or rejected based on the statistical analysis. For each hypothesis, the significance of the result is discussed and compared to relevant existing literature on the topic. Where findings diverge or align with prior studies, this connection is highlighted.

2.Discussion Section

An additional paragraph has been incorporated discussing the linkage between the study's focus on female entrepreneurial intentions and Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 plan. Specific programs from Vision 2030 related to promoting women's economic participation are identified, including reforms allowing women to work in retail/hospitality and supporting SMEs. The paragraph then analyzes how the study's findings can inform future policies and strategies under Vision 2030 to further encouragement female entrepreneurship.

3.Figure 1

The gender difference data shown in Figure 1 has been converted from raw frequencies to percentages to enhance clarity. For example, the prior categories of 48 agree and 33 strongly agree have been changed to 60% agree and 40% strongly agree. This percentage representation enables easier interpretation and comparison.

Additions have also been made in relevant figure-related text to report statistics as percentages rather than raw numbers.

Reviewer comment: Comments on the Quality of English Language

Authors respond:

In the document "sustainability-2588994", and in its current situation, the total occurrences of each specified word are as follows:
"Furthermore": 3 times.
"Moreover": 1 time.
"Additionally,": 2 times.
"In addition,": 2 times.
"Conversely": 2 times.
"On the other hand,": 1 time.
"Subsequently": The search did not yield any results, indicating that the word does not appear in the document.

Therefore, the total count for all the specified words is 11.Top of Form

Reviewer comment: The writing style needs polishing for clarity and flow in parts. Recommend an editing pass to improve readability.

Authors respond:

The writing style has been polished for clarity and flow, and all the suggested improvements have been addressed.

Please , Note That :

Yellow Color for round 1

Green Color for round 2

Submission Date

20 September 2023

Date of this review

22 Nov 2023 09:30:44

Author Response File: Author Response.pdf

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Exploring the Entrepreneurial Intentions of Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University Students and the University’s Role Aligned with Vision 2030

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