Combined Investigation of Indoor Environmental Conditions and Energy Performance of an Aquatic Center
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Premises
2.2. Experimental Setup
2.3. Thermal Comfort Methods
2.4. Simulation Analysis Setup and Assumptions
3. Results
3.1. Thermal Comfort Assessment
3.2. Energy Analysis
3.2.1. Present Situation
3.2.2. Air-Conditioning System Scenario
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- -
- The operative temperature exceeds the limits of the respective standards for most monitoring days;
- -
- PMV values are far greater than the limit value of +0.5 (or +0.7) for most days and all categories of users (athletes, spectators, staff);
- -
- PMV values of athletes exceed those of spectators and staff in most cases due to their high metabolic rate and the fact that the clothing level of other categories is also low during summertime;
- -
- Indoor air and radiant temperature constitute the main factors affecting thermal comfort;
- -
- Ventilation rate, as demonstrated by the CO2 concentration values, can be increased, contributing to the improvement of thermal comfort, through relative humidity regulation, and IAQ.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
α | Constant of adaptive model (-) |
Θrm | Mean outdoor temperature (°C) |
Ai | Area of different surface (m2) |
PMV | Predicted mean vote (-) |
PPD | Predicted percentage of dissatisfied (%) |
RH | Relative humidity (%) |
Te(d − i) | Mean daily outdoor temperature for the before day and so on (°C) |
T | Air temperature (°C) |
Ti | Surface temperature (°C) |
Tmpa(out) | Mean outdoor temperature (°C) |
Tmrt | Mean radiant temperature (°C) |
U | Thermal parameter values (W/m2 K) |
AC | Air-conditioning system |
ASHRAE/ANSI | American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers |
CFD | Computational fluid dynamics |
CEN | European committee for standardization |
IAQ | Indoor air quality |
IEQ | Indoor environmental quality |
ISO | International organization for standardization |
PCM | Phase change materials |
TSV | Thermal sensation vote |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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International Standards | Limits of Fanger Model | Limits of Adaptive Model | Measurement Campaign Protocol |
---|---|---|---|
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55 [4] | −0.5 ≤ PMV ≤ +0.5 | Upper 80% acceptability Limit = 0.31 + 21.3 Lower 80% acceptability Limit = 0.31 + 14.3 | √ |
ISO 7730 [5] | Category A: −0.2 ≤ PMV ≤ +0.2 Category B: −0.5 ≤ PMV ≤ +0.5 Category C: −0.7 ≤ PMV ≤ +0.7 | - | - |
EN 15251 [6] | Category I: −0.2 ≤ PMV ≤ +0.2 Category II: −0.5 ≤ PMV ≤ +0.5 Category III: −0.7 ≤ PMV ≤ +0.7 Category IV: PMV < −0.7 or +0.7 < PMV | Category I: Upper limit: 0.33 Θrm + 18.8 + 2 Lower limit: 0.33 Θrm + 18.8 − 2 Category II: Upper limit: 0.33 Θrm + 18.8 + 3 Lower limit: 0.33 Θrm + 18.8 − 3 Category III: Upper limit: 0.33 Θrm + 18.8 + 4 Lower limit: 0.33 Θrm + 18.8 − 4 | - |
EN 16798-2 [7] | Category I: −0.2 ≤ PMV ≤ +0.2 Category II: −0.5 ≤ PMV ≤ +0.5 Category III: −0.7 ≤ PMV ≤ +0.7 Category IV: −1.0 ≤ PMV ≤ +1.0 | Category I: Upper limit: 0.33 Θrm + 18.8 + 2 Lower limit: 0.33 Θrm + 18.8 − 3 Category II: Upper limit: 0.33 Θrm + 18.8 + 3 Lower limit: 0.33 Θrm + 18.8 − 4 Category III: Upper limit: 0.33 Θrm + 18.8 + 4 Lower limit: 0.33 Θrm + 18.8 − 5 | - |
ISO 7726 [8] | - | - | √ |
Position Indication | Measuring Quantity/Instrument Type | Measuring Characteristics |
---|---|---|
1, 3, 5, 7 | T-RH-CCO2/Telaire 7001, Hobo ONSET U12-012 1 | Accuracy: ±0.5 °C (T) 2, ±5% (RH) 2, ±5% or ±50 ppm (CCO2) Range: −20–70 °C (T), 5–95% (RH), 0–2500 ppm 3 (CCO2) |
2 | T-RH/Testo 174 H | Accuracy: ±0.5 °C (T), ±3% (RH) Range: −20–70 °C (T), 0–100% (RH) |
4, 6, 8 | T-RH/Hobo ONSET H08-003-02 | Accuracy: ±0.5 °C (Τ) 2, ± 5% (RH) 2 Range: −20–70 °C (T), 25–95% (RH) |
10a,b,c | Wind Speed (Gill Instruments 3D anemometer) | Accuracy: ±1.5% RMS Range: 0–50 m/s |
11 | Meteorological Station (Delta Ohm Hygrotransmitter HD9009TR, Thies CLIMA 4.3515.30.000) | Accuracy: ±0.5 °C (T) 2, ±5% (RH) 2, ±0.5 m/s (u) Range: −40–80 °C (T), 0–100% (RH), 0.5–40 m/s (u) |
Component | Thermal Parameter Value | |
---|---|---|
Existing Situation | Air-Conditioning Scenario | |
Polyurethane panels | U = 0.9 W/m2 K | U = 0.6 W/m2 K |
Polyurethane panels (roof) | U = 0.9 W/m2 K | U = 0.55 W/m2 K |
Concrete walls | U = 2.7 W/m2 K | U = 0.6 W/m2 K |
Concrete roof | U = 3.05 W/m2 K | U = 0.55 W/m2 K |
Ground wall | U = 3.1 W/m2 K | U = 2.5 W/m2 K |
Metallic door | U = 2.6 W/m2 K | U = 2.6 W/m2 K |
Polycarbonic opening | U = 3.84 W/m2 K | U = 2.6 W/m2 K |
Aluminum opening | U = 6.1 W/m2 K | U = 2.6 W/m2 K |
District heating heat exchanger | ηgen = 0.97 (thermal performance) | ηgen = 0.97 (thermal performance) |
Oil boiler | ηgen = 0.635 (thermal performance) | ηgen = 0.93 (thermal performance) |
Lighting power | Installed power: 40 kW | 13.3 kW |
Air-conditioning unit | - | COP = 3 |
Air exchange rate | 0.7 h−1 (natural ventilation) | 4 h−1 (forced) |
Swimming pool cover | No | Yes |
Indoor Space | Outdoor Area | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | Mean | Min | Max | Mean | Min | Max |
Air temperature (°C) | 30.8 | 23.4 | 37.4 | 30.3 | 18.6 | 36.3 |
RH (%) | 49.85 | 32.3 | 77.0 | 42.7 | 16.7 | 100 |
Radiant temperature (°C) | 31.96 | 23.37 | 36.87 | - | - | - |
CO2 (ppm) | 539.6 | 364.3 | 925.5 | - | - | - |
Wind speed (m/s) | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.30 | 0.84 | 0.40 | 1.28 |
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Papadopoulos, G.; Tolis, E.I.; Panaras, G. Combined Investigation of Indoor Environmental Conditions and Energy Performance of an Aquatic Center. Sustainability 2023, 15, 1318. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021318
Papadopoulos G, Tolis EI, Panaras G. Combined Investigation of Indoor Environmental Conditions and Energy Performance of an Aquatic Center. Sustainability. 2023; 15(2):1318. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021318
Chicago/Turabian StylePapadopoulos, Giannis, Evangelos I. Tolis, and Giorgos Panaras. 2023. "Combined Investigation of Indoor Environmental Conditions and Energy Performance of an Aquatic Center" Sustainability 15, no. 2: 1318. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021318
APA StylePapadopoulos, G., Tolis, E. I., & Panaras, G. (2023). Combined Investigation of Indoor Environmental Conditions and Energy Performance of an Aquatic Center. Sustainability, 15(2), 1318. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021318