Work-Life Balance and Employee Satisfaction during COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Work-Life Balance
2.2. The Relationship between WLB and Job Satisfaction
3. Research Methodology
4. Results
5. Discussion
5.1. Theoretical Implications
5.2. Practical Implications
5.3. Limitations and Future Research
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Answer Options | Frequencies (Percentage) | |
---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 41.0 |
Female | 59.0 | |
Age | 20–30 years | 10.1 |
31–45 years old | 43.3 | |
46–55 years old | 34.7 | |
Over 55 years | 11.9 | |
Education level | High school | 18.3 |
Bachelor | 35.1 | |
Master | 39.6 | |
PhD | 7.1 | |
Position | Managerial | 16.4 |
Execution | 83.6 |
Latent Variable | Code | Observable Variable | Scale |
---|---|---|---|
Work-life equilibrium | WLB1 | I am satisfied with the way I perform my tasks at work. | Never, rarely, neutral, often, always |
WLB4 | I have time each week for personal/family activities. | ||
WLB6 | When I finish my work schedule, I stop thinking about tasks. | ||
WLB7 | I prioritize my work tasks at work. | ||
WLB8 | I prioritize the events I have to attend in private. | ||
Work-life disequilibrium | WLB2 | During the pandemic, I exceeded my work schedule. | |
WLB3 | When I had difficult tasks or pressing deadlines at work, I also worked in my free time. | ||
WLB5 | My supervisor contacts me in my spare time for work-related matters. | ||
WLB9 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, I sacrificed my sleep to spend more time with my family. | ||
WLB10 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, we worked harder than before. | ||
WLB11 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, I sacrificed my sleep to fulfill my duties at work. | ||
WLB12 | During this time, I felt increased pressure/stress at work. | ||
WLB13 | During this period, I requested more days off than before the pandemic. | ||
Work satisfaction | SAN1 | I am happy to go to work. | Total disagreement, partial disagreement, neutral, partial agreement, total agreement |
SAN2 | I feel fulfilled at work. | ||
SAN3 | Work contributes to my overall happiness. | ||
SAN4 | At work, I feel inspired and creative. | ||
Personal satisfaction | SAN5 | I am happy with my family. | |
SAN6 | I am satisfied with my personal life. | ||
Motivation | SAN7 | How do you assess your level of motivation at work for the period 1 March 2020 so far? | Very demotivated, demotivated, neutral, motivated, very motivated |
SAN8 | How do you assess your performance at work for 1 March 2020 so far, compared to the previous period? | Dropped a lot, lower, same level, slightly better, excellent | |
Employees’ turnover intention | SAN9 | You are considering leaving the organization for a career or a better salary. | Constant, often, sometimes, rarely, never |
SAN10 | Would you recommend the organization you work for to others looking for a job? | No, yes |
Cronbach’s Alpha | Composite Reliability | Average Variance Extracted (AVE) | |
---|---|---|---|
Employee turnover | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Motivation | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Personal satisfaction | 0.822 | 0.918 | 0.849 |
WLD | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
WLE | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Work satisfaction | 0.887 | 0.922 | 0.749 |
Original Sample (O) | t-Statistics | p-Values | F-Squared | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Motivation –> Employee turnover (H3) | −0.183 | 2.585 | 0.010 | 0.044 |
WLD –> Employee turnover (H3) | 0.173 | 3.767 | 0.000 | 0.080 |
WLD –> Personal satisfaction (H1) | −0.111 | 2.340 | 0.020 | 0.000 |
WLD –> Work satisfaction (H1) | −0.201 | 3.549 | 0.000 | 0.056 |
WLE –> Motivation (H2) | 0.139 | 2.401 | 0.017 | 0.054 |
WLE –> Personal satisfaction (H1) | 0.483 | 9.076 | 0.000 | 0.432 |
WLE –> Work satisfaction (H1) | 0.327 | 5.700 | 0.000 | 0.327 |
Work satisfaction –> Employee turnover (H3) | −0.397 | 5.664 | 0.000 | 0.163 |
Work satisfaction –> Motivation (H3) | 0.638 | 9.485 | 0.000 | 0.432 |
Original Sample (O) | t-Statistics | p-Values | |
---|---|---|---|
WLE –> Work satisfaction –> Motivation –> Employee turnover (H3) | −0.038 | 2.308 | 0.021 |
WLD –> Work satisfaction –> Motivation | −0.128 | 3.002 | 0.003 |
WLE –> Work satisfaction –> Motivation | 0.209 | 4.679 | 0.000 |
WLD –> Work satisfaction –> Employee turnover | 0.080 | 3.248 | 0.001 |
WLE –> Work satisfaction –> Employee turnover (H3) | −0.130 | 3.716 | 0.000 |
WLE –> Motivation –> Employee turnover (H3) | −0.026 | 1.673 | 0.095 |
Work satisfaction –> Motivation –> Employee turnover | −0.117 | 2.513 | 0.012 |
WLD –> Work satisfaction –> Motivation –> Employee turnover | 0.024 | 1.854 | 0.064 |
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Bocean, C.G.; Popescu, L.; Varzaru, A.A.; Avram, C.D.; Iancu, A. Work-Life Balance and Employee Satisfaction during COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability 2023, 15, 11631. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511631
Bocean CG, Popescu L, Varzaru AA, Avram CD, Iancu A. Work-Life Balance and Employee Satisfaction during COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability. 2023; 15(15):11631. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511631
Chicago/Turabian StyleBocean, Claudiu George, Luminita Popescu, Anca Antoaneta Varzaru, Costin Daniel Avram, and Anica Iancu. 2023. "Work-Life Balance and Employee Satisfaction during COVID-19 Pandemic" Sustainability 15, no. 15: 11631. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511631
APA StyleBocean, C. G., Popescu, L., Varzaru, A. A., Avram, C. D., & Iancu, A. (2023). Work-Life Balance and Employee Satisfaction during COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability, 15(15), 11631. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511631