Nuclear Accident Emergency Response System: Radiation Field Estimation and Evacuation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- 1.
- Design a nuclear accident emergency response system consisting of radiation field estimation and evacuation. Based on UAV and bus collaboration, it can provide efficient, reliable and safe nuclear emergency response strategy for the decision-maker;
- 2.
- Analyze the optimal measurement coordinates considering the mobility of UAV. The CRLB-based coordinates optimization combined with UAV routing is formulated as an MINLP problem, and then solved by a two-stage solution procedure;
- 3.
- Improve the bus evacuation MILP model proposed by Bolia [16], in which both the evacuation time and the radiation exposure to evacuees are taken into consideration. The optimal evacuation route for buses can be directly obtained by commercial solvers.
2. Literature Review
3. UAV-Based Nuclear Radiation Field Estimation
3.1. Radiation Measurement Model
3.2. CRLB-Based Metric
3.3. Coordinates Optimization Problem Formulation
3.4. Two-Stage Solution Procedure
Algorithm 1 Two-stage solution procedure. |
Require:; ; ; v; the initial model parameters ; the initial UAV depots Ensure:;
|
Algorithm 2 UAV-based nuclear radiation field estimation. |
Require:; ; ; v; ; ; the time interval Ensure: The time-varying parameters of diffusion model
|
4. Bus-Based Nuclear Emergency Evacuation
4.1. Assumption and Description
- 1.
- People arrive at the nearest pickup point in advance to wait for evacuation, and the transfer time and radiation exposure are ignored;
- 2.
- The loading and unloading time of buses for pickup points and shelters are ignored;
- 3.
- The capacities of buses at different depots and the demands of different pickup points are known;
- 4.
- The locations of the depots, pickup points, and shelters are known and the travel time between them are constant;
- 5.
- Each pickup point has a particular shelter, i.e., a bus only takes evacuees from a pickup point to the assigned shelter during one trip, even if not fully loaded;
- 6.
- The shelter can accommodate all evacuees from the corresponding pickup points;
- 7.
- The radiation dose per second of each route and each pickup point are constant and known during one trip.
4.2. Mathematical Formulation
5. Simulation Results
- 1.
- More information can be obtained from more measurements, resulting in smaller parameter RMS error;
- 2.
- Based on the optimal measurement coordinates, even smaller parameter RMS error can be achieved with fewer measurements.
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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UAVs | x (m) | y (m) | z (m) | t (s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 173.027 | 244.802 | 26.545 | 608.697 |
300.989 | 184.739 | 121.332 | 616.847 | |
303.188 | 180.700 | 125.570 | 618.166 | |
318.715 | 174.929 | 120.500 | 619.946 | |
2 | −109.613 | −141.109 | 49.005 | 613.547 |
−65.560 | −156.113 | 63.143 | 616.615 | |
−39.174 | −159.356 | 69.787 | 618.815 | |
−41.453 | −158.657 | 70.184 | 619.958 | |
3 | 299.851 | 247.711 | 4.064 | 615.587 |
256.180 | 284.296 | 56.412 | 619.909 |
Instance | Depots | Pickups | Shelters | Buses | Capacity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 20 | 25 |
2 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 25 | 20 |
3 | 2 | 10 | 3 | 8, 12 | 25 |
4 | 2 | 10 | 3 | 5, 10 | 25, 30 |
5 | 2 | 10 | 3 | 10, 10 | 25, 30 |
Instance | Gap | Compt Time (t) | Evac Time (t) | Radiation |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0% | 22.77 | 611.48 | |
2 | 0% | 35.80 | 611.48 | |
3 | 0% | 144.98 | 453.32 | |
4 | 0% | 231.73 | 473.42 | |
5 | 0.65% | time limit | 449.09 |
Bus | Trips | Evac Time | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
1 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 4 | 373.82 |
2 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 5 | 351.21 |
3 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 5 | 355.96 |
4 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 5 | 355.96 |
5 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 5 | 351.37 |
6 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 473.42 |
7 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 472.14 |
8 | 3 | 99.22 | |||
9 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 465.18 |
10 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 465.18 |
11 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 5 | 441.09 |
12 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 449.09 |
13 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 469.59 |
14 | 3 | 99.22 | |||
15 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 465.18 |
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Chen, B.; Li, Z.; Yang, Z. Nuclear Accident Emergency Response System: Radiation Field Estimation and Evacuation. Sustainability 2022, 14, 5663. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095663
Chen B, Li Z, Yang Z. Nuclear Accident Emergency Response System: Radiation Field Estimation and Evacuation. Sustainability. 2022; 14(9):5663. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095663
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Bo, Zhicheng Li, and Zaiyue Yang. 2022. "Nuclear Accident Emergency Response System: Radiation Field Estimation and Evacuation" Sustainability 14, no. 9: 5663. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095663