Tourists’ Intention of Undertaking Environmentally Responsible Behavior in National Forest Trails: A Comparative Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Hypotheses Development
2.1. Rationality and ERB
2.2. Morality and ERB
2.3. Comparison of TPB and NAM in Visitors’ ERB
3. Method
3.1. Research Sites
3.2. Instrument Measure in Survey
3.3. Data Collection
3.4. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Sample Demographics
4.2. Reliability and Validity Test
4.3. Total Sample Test on TPB and NAM Models
4.4. Comparison of TPB and NAM Models between Beginners and Experienced Trail Tourists
5. Conclusions
5.1. Discussion of the Results
5.2. Theoretical and Practical Implications
5.3. Limitations and Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Constructs and Variable Items | Factor Loading | CR | AVE |
---|---|---|---|
Attitude (ATT) Participating in ERB in national forest hiking trails is wise (ATT1) | 0.782 | 0.962 | 0.873 |
Participating in ERB in national forest hiking trails is good (ATT2) | 0.786 | ||
Participating in ERB in national forest hiking trails is worthwhile (ATT3) | 0.807 | ||
Participating in ERB in national forest hiking trails is beneficial (ATT4) | 0.804 | ||
Subjective norm (SN) My friend’s support for my ERB (SN1) | 0.819 | 0.945 | 0.829 |
People who are important to me think I should participate in ERB (SN2) | 0.802 | ||
People who are important to me would want me to participate in ERB (SN3) | 0.734 | ||
Perceived behavioral control (PBC) I have enough physical strength to participate in protecting the environment (PBC1) | 0.819 | 0.968 | 0.869 |
I am confident that I can do something helpful to protect the environment (PBC2) | 0.833 | ||
I have sufficient time to participate in protecting the environment (PBC3) | 0.839 | ||
Awareness of consequences (AC) Trail tourists’ activities have negative impacts on natural environment (AC1) | 0.812 | 0.916 | 0.870 |
Trail tourists’ activities have negative impacts on wild animals and plants (AC2) | 0.815 | ||
Trail tourists’ activities lead to water pollution (AC3) | 0.865 | ||
Ascription of responsibility (AR) I believe that every trail tourist is partially responsible for environmental problems in this trail (AR1) | 0.835 | 0.867 | 0.869 |
I feel that all trail tourists are jointly responsible for environmental problems in this trail (AR2) | 0.869 | ||
Every trail tourist must take responsibility for environmental problems in this trail (AR3) | 0.783 | ||
Personal norm (PN) I feel guilty for not doing ERB (PN1) | 0.771 | 0.874 | 0.857 |
I think ERB is a moral obligation (PN2) | 0.853 | ||
ERB is part of my ethics (PN3) | 0.824 | ||
Behavioral intention (BI) I am willing to participate in ERB (BI1) | 0.764 | 0.952 | 0.783 |
I plan to participate in ERB (BI2) | 0.736 | ||
I am willing to ask my relatives and friends to participate in ERB (BI3) | 0.716 |
TPB Constructs | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | NAM Constructs | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ATT | 0.795 | AC | 0.831 | ||||||
SN | 0.704 ** | 0.786 | AR | 0.481 ** | 0.829 | ||||
PBC | 0.645 ** | 0.697 ** | 0.831 | PN | 0.521 ** | 0.428 ** | 0.816 | ||
BI | 0.695 ** | 0.667 ** | 0.664 ** | 0.739 | BI | 0.393 ** | 0.361 ** | 0.383 ** | 0.739 |
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Zhang, Q.; Popa, A.; Sun, H.; Guo, W.; Meng, F. Tourists’ Intention of Undertaking Environmentally Responsible Behavior in National Forest Trails: A Comparative Study. Sustainability 2022, 14, 5542. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095542
Zhang Q, Popa A, Sun H, Guo W, Meng F. Tourists’ Intention of Undertaking Environmentally Responsible Behavior in National Forest Trails: A Comparative Study. Sustainability. 2022; 14(9):5542. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095542
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Qing, Arporn Popa, Huazhen Sun, Weifeng Guo, and Fang Meng. 2022. "Tourists’ Intention of Undertaking Environmentally Responsible Behavior in National Forest Trails: A Comparative Study" Sustainability 14, no. 9: 5542. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095542