Challenges to and Strategies for the Climate Village Program Plus: A Lesson Learned from Indonesia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Framework
2.2. Study Location
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Key Respondents
2.5. Analysis Methods
3. Results
3.1. The CVP plus and Support from Various Parties
3.1.1. The Climate Village plus Policy and Program
3.1.2. The Climate Change Mitigation Activities Conducted by the Local Government and the Development Partners in East Kalimantan
3.1.3. Commitments of East Kalimantan Provincial Government as Sub-National Entity to Implement the CVP plus as Part of Climate Change Controlling Program
4. Discussion
4.1. The Implementation of the CVP plus in East Kalimantan Province
4.2. Lessons Learnt from the CVP plus Implementation in East Kalimantan
4.2.1. Preparation of 150 Villages Determination
4.2.2. Lessons Learnt from the 10 CVP plus Villages in East Kalimantan
4.3. The Challenges in the CVP plus Implementation
4.4. The Strategies in the CVP plus Implementation
4.5. The Key Findings in Assessing the Challenges and Strategies of the CVP plus
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Institution | Number of Institutions Involved | Program/Activity |
---|---|---|
The regional apparatus organizations (RAOs) | 9 | Determination of Climate Villages; Fire Awareness Community; develop five schemes of Social Forestry; determination of disaster-resilient villages; new and renewable energy; building Village Index Development; Fire Awareness Farmers Group |
Development partner | 14 | Sustainable forest management; community conservation area; sustainable energy; rhinoceros habitat protection and carbon calculation; SIGAP Village; sustainable oil palm plantation development policy; peat social forestry and sustainable peat management and protection; Green growth planning, FCPF-CF support, institutional capacity improvement, planning, and business plan development; Conservation, protection, restoration, and sustainability of forest use; sustainable community oil palm plantation development; Social forestry, conflict management; budget transparency; Forest carbon management; Community training in relation to carbon and conflict resolution; Out-of-forest forest planning and management; Local institutional improvement, mangrove forest restoration, and local conservation; Mangrove forest restoration |
Field of Business | 6 | Fire Awareness Community Farmers Group; Sustainable Palm Oil Estate under Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil Certification (ISPO) and Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO; High Conservation Value (HCV) plantation; High Conservation Value Forest (HCVF); Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR); Post-mining reclamation; Environment impact assessment (Analisis Dampak Lingkungan/AMDAL); environment management plan (Rencana Pengelolaan Lingkungan/RKL); environment monitoring plan (Rencana Pemantauan Lingkungan/RPL); Reduced Impact logging (RIL) and RIL-Carbon (RIL-C); Sustainable forest management (Sustainable Forest Management/SFM); Fire Awareness Community; Guarding against forest and land fires and illegal logging; Sustainable Forest Management certification and Forest Stewardship Council (FCS); Timber Legality Verification System (Sistem Verfifikasi Legalitas Kayu/SVLK |
The regional apparatus organizations (RAOs) | 9 | Determination of Climate Villages; Fire Awareness Community; develop five schemes of Social Forestry; determination of disaster-resilient villages; new and renewable energy; building Village Index Development; Fire Awareness Farmers Group |
Development partner | 14 | Sustainable forest management; community conservation area; sustainable energy; rhinoceros habitat protection and carbon calculation; SIGAP Village; sustainable oil palm plantation development policy; peat social forestry and sustainable peat management and protection; Green growth planning, FCPF-CF support, institutional capacity improvement, planning, and business plan development; Conservation, protection, restoration, and sustainability of forest use; sustainable community oil palm plantation development; Social forestry, conflict management; budget transparency; Forest carbon management; Community training in relation to carbon and conflict resolution; Out-of-forest forest planning and management; Local institutional improvement, mangrove forest restoration, and local conservation; Mangrove forest restoration |
Field of Business | 6 | Fire Awareness Community Farmers Group; Sustainable Palm Oil Estate under Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil Certification (ISPO) and Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO; High Conservation Value (HCV) plantation; High Conservation Value Forest (HCVF); Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR); Post-mining reclamation; Environment impact assessment (Analisis Dampak Lingkungan/AMDAL); environment management plan (Rencana Pengelolaan Lingkungan/RKL); environment monitoring plan (Rencana Pemantauan Lingkungan/RPL); Reduced Impact logging (RIL) and RIL-Carbon (RIL-C); Sustainable forest management (Sustainable Forest Management/SFM); Fire Awareness Community; Guarding against forest and land fires and illegal logging; Sustainable Forest Management certification and Forest Stewardship Council (FCS); Timber Legality Verification System (Sistem Verfifikasi Legalitas Kayu/SVLK |
City/Regency | Number of Villages | Livelihood | Existence of Adat/Custom Communities | Existence of Newcomers |
---|---|---|---|---|
Balikpapan City | 2 | Private employees, farmers, laborers, and professionals | Existant but unacknowledged | Existant |
Paser Regency | 19 | Swidden farmers, plantation farmers, forest gatherers, and private employees | Existant and acknowledged | Non-existant |
Penajam Paser Utara Regency | 3 | Fishermen, Swidden farmers, and private employees | Existant but unacknowledged | Existant |
Kutai Kartanegara Regency | 24 | Swidden farmers, fishermen, plantation farmers, private employees, and forest gatherers | Existant but unacknowledged | Existant |
Kutai Timur Regency | 19 | Swidden farmers, plantation farmers, forest gatherers, and private employees | Existant but unacknowledged | Existant |
Kutai Barat Regency | 22 | Swidden farmers, plantation farmers, forest gatherers, private employees, and fishermen | Existant and acknowledged | Non-existant |
Berau Regency | 38 | Swidden farmers, forest gatherers, plantation farmers, fishermen, and private employees | Existant but unacknowledged | Existant |
Mahakam Ulu Regency | 23 | Swidden farmers, plantation farmers, forest gatherers, fishermen, and swallow farmers | Existant and acknowledged | Non-existant |
Total | 150 |
City/Regency | Forest Type | Number of Villages | Forest Cover Area (ha) | Carbon Stock (Mt) | Proportion of C-Stock (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Balikpapan City | Mangrove forest | 2 | 8450 | 0.002 | 0.15 |
Paser Regency | Highland natural forest, mangrove forest | 19 | 358,806 | 0.054 | 5.39 |
Penajam Paser Utara Regency | Lowland natural forest, mangrove forest | 3 | 23,546 | 0.003 | 0.34 |
Kutai Kartanegara Regency | Highland natural forest, peat swamp forest, mangrove forest | 24 | 707,901 | 0.148 | 14.78 |
Kutai Timur Regency | Highland natural forest, peat swamp forest | 19 | 826,967 | 0.154 | 15.42 |
Kutai Barat Regency | Lowland natural forest, highland natural forest, peat swamp forest | 22 | 390,153 | 0.058 | 5.83 |
Berau Regency | Highland natural forest, lowland natural forest, mangrove forest | 38 | 1,237,928 | 0.243 | 24.32 |
Mahakam Ulu Regency | Highland natural forest, lowland natural forest | 23 | 1,495,791 | 0.338 | 33.76 |
Total | 150 | 5,049,541 | 1.001 | 100.00 |
Regency/Village | Area (km2) * | Population Size (people) * | Number of Families (Families) * | Building Village Index Status ** | Access to the Village *** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kutai Barat Regency | |||||
Sembuan Village | 388.51 | 560 | 276 | Developed village | By rivers and land roads |
Bermai Village | 39.56 | 299 | 97 | Underdeveloped village | By rivers and land roads |
Kutai Timur Regency | |||||
Senyiur Village | 122.395 | 4645 | 1324 | Underdeveloped village | By rivers and land roads |
Melan Village | 447.48 | 563 | 169 | Developing village | By land roads |
Berau Regency | |||||
Merasa Village | 345.99 | 1170 | 265 | Developed village | By land roads |
Long Lanuk Village | 427.11 | 887 | 254 | Developing village | By land roads |
Punan Segah Village | 393.4 | 84 | 30 | Developing village | By rivers and land roads |
Pegat Batumbuk Village | 547.18 | 858 | 236 | Developing village | By rivers and land roads |
Paser Regency | |||||
Swan Slutung Village | 495.78 | 633 | 204 | Developing village | By land roads |
Muara Andeh Village | 148.24 | 289 | 139 | Underdeveloped village | By land roads |
Regency/Village | Forest Cover Area (ha) | Potential Carbon Stock (Mt C) | Forest Type |
---|---|---|---|
Kutai Barat Regency | |||
Sembuan Village | 27,089 | 4.08 | Lowland natural forest |
Bermai Village | 13,473 | 1.98 | Lowland natural forest |
Kutai Timur Regency | |||
Senyiur Village | 19,116 | 3.45 | Peat swamp forest |
Melan Village | 1113 | 0.16 | Highland natural forest |
Berau Regency | |||
Merasa Village | 22,544 | 4.42 | Highland natural forest |
Long Lanuk Village | 23,373 | 3.62 | Highland natural forest |
Punan Segah Village | 35,088 | 8.02 | Lowland natural forest |
Pegat Batumbuk Village | 16,540 | 2.82 | Mangrove forest |
Paser Regency | |||
Swan Slutung Village | 49,135 | 7.95 | Highland natural forest |
Muara Andeh Village | 9545 | 1.41 | Lowland natural forest |
Regency/City | Occupation | Dominant Tribe | Natural Resources Potential | Companies Existing around the Village |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kutai Barat Regency | ||||
Sembuan Village | Swidden farmers, plantation farmers, non-timber forest product gatherers | Dayak Benuaq Tuayaatn | Timber, rattan, non-timber forest products | Timber company |
Bermai Village | Swidden farmers, palm oil plantation company employees, coal mining company employees | Dayak Benuaq Indaatn | Timber, rattan, nature tourism, palm oil | Palm oil company, coal mining company |
Kutai Timur Regency | ||||
Senyiur Village | Swidden farmers, fishermen | Kutai Senyiur | Palm oil plantation, swamp/peat timber, fish | Palm oil company, timber company, coal mining company |
Melan Village | Swidden farmers, palm oil plantation company employees | Dayak Bahau Modang Long Way | Rubber plantation, palm oil, orchard, bamboo forest, aren palm plantation | Palm oil plantation company |
Berau Regency | ||||
Merasa Village | Swidden farmers, palm oil, rubber, and cacao farmers, duck, cow, and goat farmers, vegetable farmers | Dayak Kenyah Uma’ Bakaq, Kayan | Nature tourism, forest, and non-timber forest products, palm oil plantation, rubber, orchard | Coal mining company, timber company |
Long Lanuk Village | Swidden farmers, coal mining company employees, civil servants | Dayak Ga’ai, Dayak Kenyah Uma’ Kulit | Animal, honey, timber, swift’s nest, agarwood, rattan | Coal mining company |
Punan Segah Village | Swidden farmers, gold miners, hunters, fishermen, non-timber forest product gatherers, pig and chicken farmers | Dayak Punan | non-timber forest products, animals, fish, gold | Timber company |
Pegat Batumbuk Village | Fishing fishermen, pond farmers, entrepreneurs, lading farmers | Bugis-Makasar | Mangrove timber, prawn seeds, crabs, fish, prawns | Coal mining company |
Paser Regency | ||||
Swan Slutung Village | Swidden farmers, hunters, non-timber forest product gatherers, plantation farmers | Paser, Muluy | Natural forest, timber, animal, honey | Timber company |
Muara Andeh Village | Swidden farmers, hunters, plantation farmers, honey gatherers | Dayak Paring Sumpit | Natural forest, honey, fruits, timber, clean water | Timber company, energy company |
Regency/Village | Natural Resources Management and Utilization Pattern | Sustainable Forest Resources Management Efforts | Managing Institutions | Supporting Institutions |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kutai Barat Regency | ||||
Sembuan Village | Rattan farming (simpukng We’), Fruit farming (simpukng bua’) | Non-timber forest products utilization under the Village Forest and Adat/Customary Forest schemes | Sebuan Village Forest Management Institution, Jumetn Tuwoyatn Adat/Custom Institution to manage Datai Nirui Adat/Customary Forest | KPHP (Production Forest Management Unit) Damai, Aliansi Masyarakat Adat/Custom Nusantara (AMAN) Kaltim |
Bermai Village | Rattan farming (simpukng we’), Fruit farming (simpukng ruyan/lembo) | Non-timber forest products utilization under the Village Forest scheme | Bermai Village Forest Management Institution, Adat/Custom Institution | KPHP Production Forest Management Unit) Damai |
Kutai Timur Regency | ||||
Senyiur Village | Land utilization as palm oil plantation, peat forest, and kenohan/lake for fishing | Swamp and peat conservation, swamp and peat restoration in Loah Putih, fish protection at Suwi Lake, bekantan protection along Senyiur River, crocodile protection at Suwi Lake | Mesangat Suwi Wetland Essential Ecosystem Estate Forum | Konsorsium Yayasan Konservasi Katulistiwa Indonesia (Yasiwa)-Ulin Foundation |
Melan Village | Land use as palm oil plantation, rubber plantation, orchard, nature and cultural tourism, agarwood farming | Spring conservation, Dengkelih Heritage Forest protection in Dusun Ngelin | Dengkelih Heritage Family, Melan Village Adat/Custom Institution | Yasiwa-Ulin Foundation |
Berau Regency | ||||
Merasa Village | Land use as palm oil plantation, rubber plantation, orchard, nature and cultural tourism, agarwood farming | Tourism village management (natural and cultural tourism) | Merasa Village Government | KPHP (Production Forest Management Unit) Berau Barat Center Orangutan Protection (COP), GIZ Forclime FC, |
Long Lanuk Village | Non-timber forest products utilization (animal hunting, honey, timber, rattan, agarwood, swallow) utilization, orchard farming (stangu) | Long Lanuk Village forest management, agroforestry plot development through Forestry Partnership | Long LanukVillage Forest Management Institution, Leboq Nyapa Indah Forest Farmers Group | KPHP (Production Forest Management Unit) Berau Tengah, Dipterocarps Research and Development Center, GIZ Forclime FC |
Punan Segah Village | Non-timber forest products utilization (animal hunting, fish, gold), fruit tree planting, medicinal herb planting, kelulut farming | Punan Segah Village Forest management | Punan Segah Village Forest Management Institution | KPHP (Production Forest Management Unit) Berau Barat, GIZ Forclime FC |
Pegat Batumbuk Village | Mangrove forest utilization for non-timber forest products (mangrove timber, mangrove fruits, fish, prawn seeds, crabs, and prawns) | Village forest management for social forestry, Batumbuk Watershed rehabilitation | Pegat Batumbuk Village Forest Management Institution | KPHP (Production Forest Management Unit) Berau Utara, Mulawarman Environment Forum (Forum Lingkungan Mulawarman/FLiM) |
Paser Regency | ||||
Swan Slutung Village | Non-timber forest products utilization (timber, animal hunting, honey) and for shifting cultivation (umo), rattan farming (sipukng rotan), fruit farming (sipukng buah) | Communal land conservation, consisting of village, hunting ground, Adat/Customary forest, and field farmers | Kampong Mului Adat/Custom Institution | Padi Foundation |
Muara Andeh Village | Non-timber forest products utilization (honey (tanyut), fruits, timber, clean water), orchard management (sipukng) | Forest (alas/katuan) conservation, communal land conservation for hunting ground, bamboo forest conservation, and Adat/Customary forest protection | Dayak Paring Sumpit Adat/Custom Institution | Padi Foundation |
Challenges | Sustainable Strategies | ||
---|---|---|---|
Strategy 1 | Strategy 2 | Strategy 3 | |
For the institutional aspect, there is a wide range of parties (communities, government, organizations, and development partners) that can be involved in a policy of CVP plus implementation, depending on the level of enactment (from local to national) and the type of policy (from regulation to statute). | Multi stakeholders can help to identify and intensively coordinate resources and support. For example, one of the development partners may coordinate or develop education and communication related to CVP plus activities. | Multi stakeholders can help to provide support for large-scale changes to existing processes of the CVP plus implementation. For example, a partner might help set up a website with information and implementation guidance. | Multi stakeholders can help all villages to establish institutional mechanisms and processes, such as a CVP activities observatory, working groups, and/or CVP co-ordination committees in order to expand the evidence and to promote policy dialogue on CVP issues as well as holding all actors accountable concerning CVP policies and actions initiated. |
For integration into the development plan, the CVP activity has not been included in the Village Medium-Term Development Plan. It is important to acknowledge some of the limitations of this analysis by contextualizing the findings: data collection took place three years after launching the CVP plus, while inter-sectoral CVP plus policy implementation and its development require time. | The CVP plus of villages have set goals for their activities, but a timeframe and related milestones were missing for most commitments. This affected the possibility of systematically assessing and comparing progress in the CVP commitment implementation. | The 150 CVP plus villages are firm in their commitment and primarily focused on implementing the CVP plus policy to encourage retention in rural environments with diverse natural resource ecosystems. | The 150 CVP plus villages should receive support in investing and managing the development of village community activities and building capacity in management, monitoring, and governance. |
There is a lack of capacity and low awareness of the human resources in the implementation of CVP at the village level. This review provided the reference against which, subsequently, the implementation status of the commitments, where available, could be verified. | Development partners (DPs) can be instrumental in developing and implementing the CVP actions in partnership with communities and village governments. | A number of organizations or development partners (DPs) can support, develop (and want to harmonize) the CVP program. The work of these DPs or NGOs is often complementary to that of the government when it comes to training for villagers and village governments. | The 150 CVP plus villages addressed the pathway by diversifying the environment, education, and recruitment of different cadres or volunteers and investing more in the CVP activities at the community and village level. |
The findings and analysis from the CVP commitments implementation indicate that inter-sectoral action, dedicated political support, a partnership approach, and sustained funding are of crucial importance to further advance the CVP development agenda. | The partnerships developed by DPs will create funding and momentum to put in place innovative policies and solutions such as training modules for villagers and community empowerment, etc. | Multi stakeholders can support and plan for policy, programmatic, and fiscal sustainability for the CVP plus implementation. For example, a development partner might create a strategic plan that identifies where funding will come from once initial funds are exhausted. | Village governments can create CVP plus activities by allocating village funds and funds from the private sector in the form of CSR. |
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Wiati, C.B.; Dharmawan, I.W.S.; Sakuntaladewi, N.; Ekawati, S.; Wahyuni, T.; Maharani, R.; Hadiyan, Y.; Naibaho, Y.; Satria, W.I.; Ngatiman, N.; et al. Challenges to and Strategies for the Climate Village Program Plus: A Lesson Learned from Indonesia. Sustainability 2022, 14, 5530. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095530
Wiati CB, Dharmawan IWS, Sakuntaladewi N, Ekawati S, Wahyuni T, Maharani R, Hadiyan Y, Naibaho Y, Satria WI, Ngatiman N, et al. Challenges to and Strategies for the Climate Village Program Plus: A Lesson Learned from Indonesia. Sustainability. 2022; 14(9):5530. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095530
Chicago/Turabian StyleWiati, Catur Budi, I Wayan Susi Dharmawan, Niken Sakuntaladewi, Sulistya Ekawati, Tien Wahyuni, Rizki Maharani, Yayan Hadiyan, Yosua Naibaho, Wahyudi Iman Satria, Ngatiman Ngatiman, and et al. 2022. "Challenges to and Strategies for the Climate Village Program Plus: A Lesson Learned from Indonesia" Sustainability 14, no. 9: 5530. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095530
APA StyleWiati, C. B., Dharmawan, I. W. S., Sakuntaladewi, N., Ekawati, S., Wahyuni, T., Maharani, R., Hadiyan, Y., Naibaho, Y., Satria, W. I., Ngatiman, N., Abdurachman, A., Karmilasanti, K., Laksmita, A. N., Angi, E. M., & Khadka, C. (2022). Challenges to and Strategies for the Climate Village Program Plus: A Lesson Learned from Indonesia. Sustainability, 14(9), 5530. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095530