Hydroecology of Argyroneta aquatica’s Habitat in Hantangang River Geopark, South Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Field Survey and Hydrochemical Analysis Method
3.2. Microbial Analysis Method
3.3. Correlation Analysis Method
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Hydrochemical Properties
4.2. Phylum-Level Analysis
4.3. Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) and Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA)
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Average Temperature (°C) | Average Precipitation (mm) |
---|---|---|
United Kingdom | 9.3 | 1466.4 |
Ireland | 10.0 | 1306.6 |
Netherland | 10.8 | 913.5 |
Germany | 10.0 | 688.9 |
Norway | 7.0 | 8.7 |
Japan | 16.5 | 1658.9 |
Australia | 0.9 | 473.0 |
Parameter | Temperature (°C) | pH | EC (μS/cm) | DO (mg/L) | ORP (mV) | Turbidity (NTU) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EDW1 | Max | 37.7 | 9.1 | 93.3 | 9.5 | 111.2 | 40.2 |
Min | 19.2 | 7.4 | 86.3 | 7.4 | 21.4 | 26.9 | |
Mean | 29.0 | 8.3 | 88.9 | 8.7 | 53.2 | 31.4 | |
SD * | 9.3 | 0.8 | 3.8 | 1.1 | 27.6 | 7.6 | |
CV ** | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.2 | |
EDW2 | Max | 36.9 | 9.2 | 77.4 | 9.1 | 72.1 | 21.4 |
Min | 19.9 | 7.2 | 66.5 | 7.7 | 24.2 | 17.2 | |
Mean | 28.8 | 8.4 | 73.6 | 8.6 | 47.7 | 19.0 | |
SD * | 8.5 | 1.1 | 6.2 | 0.8 | 24.0 | 2.2 | |
CV ** | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | |
EDW3 | Max | 30.2 | 7.9 | 56.6 | 11.0 | 85.9 | 48.2 |
Min | 20.6 | 7.6 | 44.6 | 8.7 | 58.7 | 27.5 | |
Mean | 25.4 | 7.7 | 50.6 | 9.8 | 72.3 | 37.9 | |
SD * | 6.8 | 0.2 | 8.5 | 1.6 | 19.2 | 14.6 | |
CV ** | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | |
EDS1 | Max | 30.7 | 8.6 | 281.5 | 9.9 | 70.5 | 10.0 |
Min | 16.7 | 7.7 | 212.8 | 8.3 | 45.1 | 6.6 | |
Mean | 25.2 | 8.3 | 247.7 | 9.1 | 59.4 | 8.3 | |
SD * | 7.4 | 0.5 | 34.4 | 0.8 | 13.0 | 1.7 | |
CV ** | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
EDS2 | Max | 31.8 | 8.6 | 388.9 | 9.5 | 90.6 | 15.0 |
Min | 17.3 | 7.7 | 242.0 | 7.1 | 54.8 | 9.4 | |
Mean | 25.0 | 8.1 | 328.6 | 8.5 | 73.6 | 11.7 | |
SD * | 7.3 | 0.5 | 76.9 | 1.2 | 18.0 | 2.9 | |
CV ** | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | |
EDG1 | Max | 19.1 | 7.5 | 284.7 | 7.5 | 105.7 | 16.1 |
Min | 14.2 | 6.6 | 257.5 | 6.6 | 89.0 | 0.4 | |
Mean | 16.3 | 7.1 | 269.7 | 7.0 | 98.2 | 6.3 | |
SD * | 2.5 | 0.5 | 13.8 | 0.5 | 8.5 | 8.6 | |
CV ** | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.4 | |
EDG2 | Max | 20.1 | 6.7 | 550.0 | 5.0 | 112.8 | 21.9 |
Min | 14.1 | 6.6 | 525.0 | 4.5 | 76.8 | 9.0 | |
Mean | 17.0 | 6.7 | 540.0 | 4.8 | 98.9 | 14.4 | |
SD * | 3.0 | 0.1 | 13.2 | 0.3 | 19.4 | 6.6 | |
CV ** | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | |
EDG3 | Max | 19.1 | 8.1 | 245.6 | 3.5 | 71.1 | 0.7 |
Min | 14.4 | 8.0 | 235.4 | 2.8 | −3.3 | 0.3 | |
Mean | 16.8 | 8.0 | 240.3 | 3.1 | 27.3 | 0.5 | |
SD * | 2.4 | 0.1 | 5.1 | 0.4 | 38.9 | 0.2 | |
CV ** | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.4 | |
EDG4 | Max | 18.2 | 9.7 | 284.1 | 3.6 | 1.4 | 1.0 |
Min | 16.6 | 9.7 | 280.3 | 2.1 | −0.3 | 0.5 | |
Mean | 17.4 | 9.7 | 282.2 | 2.8 | 0.6 | 0.8 | |
SD * | 1.1 | 0.0 | 2.7 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 0.3 | |
CV ** | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 2.2 | 0.4 |
Sample | NO3− (mg/L) | Sample | NO3− (mg/L) | Sample | NO3− (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EDW1 May | non-detection | EDW1 June | non-detection | EDW1 July | non-detection |
EDW2 May | non-detection | EDW2 June | non-detection | EDW2 July | non-detection |
EDW3 May | non-detection | EDW3 June | non-detection | ||
EDS1 May | 17.74 | EDS1 June | 9.42 | EDS1 July | 6.99 |
EDS2 May | 15.38 | EDS2 June | 10.86 | EDS2 July | 10.29 |
EDG1 May | 12.09 | EDG1 June | 12.03 | EDG1 July | 11.87 |
EDG2 May | 7.3 | EDG2 June | 9.19 | EDG2 July | 8.57 |
EDG3 May | 0.87 | EDG3 June | 1.19 | EDG3 July | non-detection |
EDG4 June | 0.72 | EDG4 July | 0.63 |
Sample | OTUs | Chao1 | Shannon | Inverse Simpson | Good’s Coverage of Library (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EDW1 May | 158 | 181.21 | 6.03 | 0.97 | 99.05 |
EDW2 May | 139 | 155.15 | 5.80 | 0.97 | 99.23 |
EDW3 May | 137 | 147.12 | 5.48 | 0.96 | 99.16 |
EDS1 May | 143 | 158.00 | 5.34 | 0.92 | 99.09 |
EDS2 May | 117 | 119.40 | 5.37 | 0.95 | 99.67 |
EDG1 May | 260 | 278.50 | 6.55 | 0.97 | 98.61 |
EDG2 May | 111 | 118.58 | 4.63 | 0.86 | 99.49 |
EDG3 May | 111 | 111.14 | 5.15 | 0.94 | 99.89 |
EDW1 June | 310 | 384.38 | 6.63 | 0.97 | 96.90 |
EDW2 June | 152 | 159.16 | 5.68 | 0.95 | 99.38 |
EDW3 June | 58 | 62.50 | 3.50 | 0.85 | 99.67 |
EDS1 June | 151 | 153.37 | 5.85 | 0.95 | 99.63 |
EDS2 June | 108 | 110.15 | 5.28 | 0.94 | 99.70 |
EDG1 June | 186 | 207.14 | 5.86 | 0.96 | 98.87 |
EDG2 June | 54 | 55.00 | 4.62 | 0.95 | 99.89 |
EDG3 June | 150 | 161.00 | 4.95 | 0.90 | 99.2 |
EDG4 June | 168 | 190.96 | 4.74 | 0.88 | 98.8 |
EDW1 July | 146 | 154.00 | 5.91 | 0.96 | 99.38 |
EDW2 July | 196 | 207.32 | 6.17 | 0.97 | 99.01 |
EDS1 July | 236 | 283.28 | 6.04 | 0.95 | 97.74 |
EDS2 July | 275 | 330.86 | 6.32 | 0.95 | 97.49 |
EDG1 July | 204 | 205.49 | 6.60 | 0.98 | 99.6 |
EDG2 July | 54 | 54.00 | 4.63 | 0.94 | 100 |
EDG3 July | 229 | 278.52 | 5.66 | 0.95 | 97.52 |
EDG4 July | 308 | 364.84 | 6.44 | 0.96 | 97.05 |
Vectors | NMDS1 | NMDS1 | r2 | Pr (>r) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature | 0.75617 | 0.65437 | 0.2559 | 0.046 * |
pH | −0.20040 | 0.97971 | 0.1408 | 0.187 |
EC | −0.63930 | −0.76896 | 0.2134 | 0.063 |
DO | 0.89139 | 0.45323 | 0.6665 | 0.001 *** |
TDS | −0.66705 | −0.74502 | 0.2058 | 0.070 |
NTU | 0.99896 | −0.04559 | 0.2723 | 0.030 * |
Ca2+ | −0.35112 | −0.93633 | 0.1172 | 0.236 |
K+ | 0.74672 | 0.66514 | 0.3178 | 0.012 * |
Mg2+ | −0.35251 | −0.93581 | 0.3222 | 0.008 ** |
Na+ | −0.99727 | −0.07383 | 0.2950 | 0.023 * |
Si | −0.85498 | −0.51866 | 0.6455 | 0.001 *** |
Cl− | −0.01334 | −0.99991 | 0.0258 | 0.756 |
NO3− | 0.87322 | 0.48732 | 0.0269 | 0.747 |
SO42− | 0.74050 | −0.67206 | 0.1351 | 0.193 |
HCO3− | −0.72161 | −0.69230 | 0.4545 | 0.003 ** |
CO32− | −0.27701 | −0.96087 | 0.2095 | 0.049 * |
OH− | −0.99994 | −0.01062 | 0.0282 | 0.792 |
Vectors | Df | ChiSquare | F | Pr (>F) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature | 1 | 0.132 | 7.32 | 0.001 *** |
pH | 1 | 0.145 | 8.02 | 0.001 *** |
EC | 1 | 0.075 | 4.17 | 0.005 ** |
DO | 1 | 0.095 | 5.28 | 0.001 *** |
TDS | 1 | 0.009 | 0.49 | 0.834 |
NTU | 1 | 0.027 | 1.48 | 0.199 |
Ca2+ | 1 | 0.022 | 1.21 | 0.318 |
K+ | 1 | 0.087 | 4.83 | 0.004 ** |
Mg2+ | 1 | 0.065 | 3.63 | 0.004 ** |
Na+ | 1 | 0.034 | 1.87 | 0.115 |
Si | 1 | 0.026 | 1.43 | 0.208 |
Cl− | 1 | 0.046 | 2.53 | 0.037 * |
NO3− | 1 | 0.018 | 1.02 | 0.403 |
SO42− | 1 | 0.029 | 1.62 | 0.168 |
HCO3− | 1 | 0.017 | 0.96 | 0.451 |
CO32− | 1 | 0.020 | 1.08 | 0.399 |
OH− | 1 | 0.025 | 1.41 | 0.243 |
Residual | 7 | 0.126 |
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Moon, J.; Kim, H.; Ryu, H.-S. Hydroecology of Argyroneta aquatica’s Habitat in Hantangang River Geopark, South Korea. Sustainability 2022, 14, 4988. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094988
Moon J, Kim H, Ryu H-S. Hydroecology of Argyroneta aquatica’s Habitat in Hantangang River Geopark, South Korea. Sustainability. 2022; 14(9):4988. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094988
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoon, Jinah, Heejung Kim, and Han-Sun Ryu. 2022. "Hydroecology of Argyroneta aquatica’s Habitat in Hantangang River Geopark, South Korea" Sustainability 14, no. 9: 4988. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094988