Canadian Consumers’ Dining Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for Channel Decisions in the Foodservice Industry
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Data and Methodology
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Statistics
4.2. Analysis of Canadian Consumers’ Dining Experience during and before COVID-19
4.3. General Knowledge of COVID-19 among Canadian Consumers and Dining Behavior
4.4. Telecommuting and Dining Behavior during COVID-19
4.5. Perceptions of Canadian Consumers about the Quality of Off-Premise Restaurant Services
5. Discussion
5.1. Patterns in the Dining Behavior of Canadian Consumers across Sociodemographic Groups
5.2. Dining Behavior during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Telecommuting
5.3. Patterns Regarding the Perceived Quality of Off-Premise Dining Services
5.4. Associations between Perceived Off-Premise Service Offerings and Dining Experiences
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factors | Variables | Measurement Scale |
---|---|---|
Dependent variables | ||
Off- and on-premise dining experience during COVID-19 | Categorical: | |
Takeout/delivery services | Never (1), Once a month (2), Once a week (3), Twice a week (4), Three or more a week (5) | |
Curbside pickup | Categorical: Never (1), Once a month (2), Once a week (3), Twice a week (4), Three or more a week (5) | |
Drive-thru | Categorical: Never (1), Once a month (2), Once a week (3), Twice a week (4), Three or more a week (5) | |
On-premise dinning | Categorical: Never (1), Once a month (2), Once a week (3), Twice a week (4), Three or more a week (5) | |
Perceived off-premise services during COVID-19 | Likert-Scale | |
Price | Expensive (1) to very cheap (5) | |
Food quality | Inferior (1) to Very good (5) | |
Food safety | Unsafe (1) to Very safe (5) | |
Convenience | Highly inconvenient (1) to Highly convenient (5) | |
Independent variables | ||
Sociodemographic | Categorical | |
Age | After 1994 (1), From 1980 to 1994 (2), From 1965 to 1979 (3), From 1946 to 1964 (4), Before 1946 (5) | |
Gender | Male (1), Female (2), Non-binary (3), Prefer not to say (4) | |
Education | Some High School (1), High School Diploma or Equivalent (2) Registered Apprenticeship or Other Trades Certificate or Diploma (3), College, CEGEP or Other Non-University Certificate or Diploma (4) University Degree, Certificate or Diploma (5) Advanced University Degree (Graduate) (6) | |
Family income (in CAD) | Less than 35,000 (1), Between 35,000 and 49,999 (2), Between 50,000 and 74,999 (3), Between 75,000 and 99,999 (4), Between 100,000 and 149,999 (5) 150,000+ (6) | |
Marital status | Single (1), Married or common-law (2), Divorced, separated or widowed (3) | |
Number of children | None (1), One (2) Two (3), Three or more (4) | |
Neighborhood | Urban Core (1), Suburban (2), Small town/rural (3) | |
Attitude/Knowledge of COVID-19 | 8 items | Likert Scale: Strongly Disagree (1) to Strongly Agree (5) |
Telecommuting | Frequency of telecommuting | Likert Scale: Never (1) to Everyday (5) |
Demographic Characteristics | Frequency | % |
---|---|---|
Gender (n = 1018) | ||
Male | 495 | 48.6 |
Female | 517 | 50.8 |
Non-binary/third gender | 4 | 0.4 |
Prefer not to say | 2 | 0.2 |
Marital status (n = 1020) | ||
Single | 248 | 24.3 |
Married or common-law | 657 | 64.4 |
Divorced, separated or widowed | 115 | 11.3 |
Age category (n = 1021) | ||
After 1994 | 82 | 8 |
From 1980 to 1994 | 333 | 32.6 |
From 1965 to 1979 | 241 | 23.6 |
From 1946 to 1964 | 321 | 31.4 |
Before 1946 | 44 | 4.3 |
Number of children living in the household (n = 1021) | ||
None | 692 | 67.8 |
One | 145 | 14.2 |
Two | 131 | 12.8 |
Three or more | 53 | 5.2 |
Education (n = 1020) | ||
Some High School | 37 | 3.6 |
High School Diploma or Equivalent | 194 | 19 |
Registered Apprenticeship or Other Trades Certificate or Diploma | 95 | 9.3 |
College, CEGEP or Other Non-University Certificate or Diploma | 255 | 25 |
University Degree, Certificate or Diploma | 290 | 28.4 |
Advanced University Degree (Graduate) | 149 | 14.6 |
Region (n = 1017) | ||
British Columbia | 148 | 14.6 |
Prairies | 203 | 20 |
Ontario | 369 | 36.3 |
Quebec | 222 | 21.8 |
Atlantic Canada | 73 | 7.2 |
Northern Region | 2 | 0.2 |
Total household income (in CAD) (n = 997) | ||
Less than 35,000 | 113 | 11.3 |
Between 35,000 and 49,999 | 122 | 12.2 |
Between 50,000 and 74,999 | 209 | 21 |
Between 75,000 and 99,999 | 163 | 16.3 |
Between 100,000 and 149,999 | 210 | 21.1 |
150,000+ | 180 | 18.1 |
Residential neighborhood (n = 1021) | ||
Urban Core | 331 | 32.4 |
Suburban | 369 | 36.1 |
Small town or rural | 321 | 31.4 |
Dietary preferences (n = 1067) | ||
Consumer with no dietary preferences | 850 | 79.7 |
Vegetarian (diet free of meat, fish, and fowl flesh) | 17 | 1.6 |
Lacto-ovo vegetarian (diet free of animal flesh but eats eggs and milk products) | 7 | 0.7 |
Pescatarian (diet free of land animal flesh but eats eggs, fish, and milk products) | 24 | 2.2 |
Vegan (diet free of all animal-based products) | 21 | 2 |
Flexitarian (vegetarian who occasionally eats meat and fish) | 73 | 6.8 |
Consumer with specific religious or cultural dietary preferences | 13 | 1.2 |
Other | 62 | 5.8 |
How Often Did You Use (1 = Never; 5 = Three or More a Week) | N | During Pandemic | Before Pandemic | Mean Difference | SD | Paired T-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Mean | ||||||
Takeout/delivery services | 1033 | 2.54 | 2.29 | 0.25 | 0.958 | 8.48 | <0.001 |
Curbside pickup | 1032 | 1.81 | 1.24 | 0.57 | 0.912 | 20.08 | <0.001 |
Drive-thru | 1031 | 2.35 | 2.29 | 0.06 | 0.863 | 2.24 | 0.025 |
On-premise dinning | 1028 | 1.73 | 2.52 | −0.79 | 0.891 | −28.39 | <0.001 |
Socio Demographic Variables | Dining Experience | Type III Sum of Squares | F-Statistic | p-Value | Pillai’s Trace Test | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | F-Value | p-Value | |||||
Gender | Takeout | 4.135 | 1.516 | 0.209 | 0.018 | 1.535 | 0.104 |
Curbside pickup | 4.339 | 1.732 | 0.159 | ||||
Drive-thru | 4.948 | 2.213 | 0.085 | ||||
On-premise dinning | 0.174 | 0.073 | 0.974 | ||||
Age | Takeout | 16.426 | 4.572 | 0.001 | 0.05 | 3.20 | <0.001 |
Curbside pickup | 19.955 | 6.095 | <0.001 | ||||
Drive-thru | 0.722 | 0.244 | 0.913 | ||||
On-premise dinning | 5.558 | 1.747 | 0.137 | ||||
Education | Takeout | 23.325 | 5.224 | <0.001 | 0.068 | 3.469 | <0.001 |
Curbside pickup | 34.077 | 8.458 | <0.001 | ||||
Drive-thru | 1.713 | 0.463 | 0.804 | ||||
On-premise dinning | 4.369 | 1.096 | 0.361 | ||||
Income levels | Takeout | 3.764 | 0.826 | 0.531 | 0.043 | 2.131 | 0.002 |
Curbside pickup | 29.298 | 7.134 | <0.001 | ||||
Drive-thru | 5.355 | 1.415 | 0.216 | ||||
On-premise dinning | 1.175 | 0.294 | 0.917 | ||||
Neighbourhood | Takeout | 15.253 | 8.497 | <0.001 | 0.025 | 3.204 | 0.001 |
Curbside pickup | 6.960 | 4.194 | 0.015 | ||||
Drive-thru | 1.014 | 0.680 | 0.507 | ||||
On-premise dinning | 0.743 | 0.468 | 0.626 | ||||
Marital status | Takeout | 2.218 | 1.216 | 0.297 | 0.026 | 3.295 | <0.001 |
Curbside pickup | 15.056 | 9.156 | <0.001 | ||||
Drive-thru | 0.333 | 0.225 | 0.798 | ||||
On-premise dinning | 2.024 | 1.277 | 0.279 | ||||
Number of children in the house | Takeout | 3.141 | 1.148 | 0.329 | 0.035 | 2.938 | <0.001 |
Curbside pickup | 21.306 | 8.700 | <0.001 | ||||
Drive-thru | 1.788 | 0.798 | 0.495 | ||||
On-premise dinning | 0.935 | 0.390 | 0.760 |
Sociodemographic Variables | Takeout/Delivery | Curbside Pickup | Drive-thru | On-Premise Dinning | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F(p)-Value | Mean Difference | F(p)-Value | Mean Difference | F(p)-Value | Mean Difference | F(p)-Value | Mean Difference | |
Age | ||||||||
After 1994 | 4.552 (0.001) | 0.341 | 7.099 (<0.001) | 0.390 | 0.245 (0.913) | 0.037 | 1.769 (0.133) | −0.550 |
From 1980 to 1994 | 0.387 | 0.744 | 0.057 | −0.781 | ||||
From 1965 to 1979 | 0.232 | 0.602 | 0.041 | −0.842 | ||||
From 1946 to 1964 | 0.097 | 0.458 | 0.097 | −0.818 | ||||
Before 1946 | 0.455 | 0.318 | 0.000 | −0.837 | ||||
Education | ||||||||
Some High School | 4.838 (<0.001) | 0.189 | 9.125 (<0.001) | 0.460 | 0.467 (0.801) | 0.135 | 1.075 (0.372) | −0.568 |
High School Diploma or Equivalent | 0.211 | 0.345 | 0.016 | −0.705 | ||||
Registered Apprenticeship or Other Trades Certificate or Diploma | 0.011 | 0.337 | 0.160 | −0.821 | ||||
College, CEGEP or Other Non-University Certificate or Diploma | 0.122 | 0.508 | 0.059 | −0.823 | ||||
University Degree, Certificate or Diploma | 0.438 | 0.766 | 0.055 | −0.813 | ||||
Advanced University Degree (Graduate) | 0.383 | 0.792 | 0.101 | −0.851 | ||||
Household income (in CAD) | ||||||||
Less than 35,000 | 0.848 (0.516) | 0.186 | 7.614 (<0.001) | 0.265 | 1.422 (0.216) | 0.027 | 0.309 (0.908) | −0.699 |
Between 35,000 and 49,999 | 0.139 | 0.361 | −0.098 | −0.815 | ||||
Between 50,000 and 74,999 | 0.254 | 0.526 | 0.120 | −0.799 | ||||
Between 75,000 and 99,999 | 0.319 | 0.636 | 0.123 | −0.772 | ||||
Between 100,000 and 149,999 | 0.314 | 0.800 | 0.119 | −0.814 | ||||
150,000+ | 0.300 | 0.661 | 0.039 | −0.804 | ||||
Neighbourhood | ||||||||
Urban Core | 9.067 (<0.001) | 0.369 | 3.76 (0.024) | 0.509 | 0.687 (0.689) | 0.073 | 0.427 (0.653) | −0.812 |
Suburban | 0.320 | 0.678 | 0.098 | −0.802 | ||||
Small town or rural | 0.075 | 0.520 | 0.022 | −0.752 | ||||
Marital status | ||||||||
Single | 1.237 (0.291) | 0.331 | 10.98 (<0.001) | 0.387 | 0.219 (0.803) | 0.040 | 1.267 (0.282) | −0.720 |
Married or common-law | 0.244 | 0.663 | 0.063 | −0.803 | ||||
Divorced, separated | 0.174 | 0.470 | 0.104 | −0.867 | ||||
Children | ||||||||
None | 0.971 (0.406) | 0.276 | 7.224 (<0.001) | 0.490 | 0.782 (0.504) | 0.059 | 0.584 (0.626) | −0.793 |
One | 0.159 | 0.683 | 0.076 | −0.821 | ||||
Two | 0.313 | 0.916 | 0.015 | −0.817 | ||||
Three or more | 0.151 | 0.519 | 0.226 | −0.642 |
Variable | Obs. | Mean | SD | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
The COVID-19 virus spreads via respiratory droplets of infected individuals | 1040 | 4.23 | 1.16 | 1 | 5 |
Wearing general medical masks can prevent one from acquiring infection by the COVID-19 virus. | 1038 | 3.65 | 1.28 | 1 | 5 |
To prevent the infection by COVID-19, individuals should avoid going to crowded places such as casual dining restaurants | 1042 | 3.52 | 1.25 | 1 | 5 |
Handwashing with water and soap before meal preparation helps to reduce the risks of transmission of coronavirus. | 1039 | 4.04 | 1.06 | 1 | 5 |
Food handlers who have no COVID-19 symptoms could not transmit COVID-19 to customers. | 1038 | 1.97 | 1.12 | 1 | 5 |
A crowded restaurant with no social distancing measures increases the risks of transmission of COVID-19. | 1039 | 4.15 | 1.13 | 1 | 5 |
The coronavirus pandemic is not a hoax; it is a serious disease. | 1040 | 4.31 | 1.17 | 1 | 5 |
The availability of the vaccine for the novel coronavirus will completely stop people from being infected. | 1042 | 2.19 | 1.15 | 1 | 5 |
Canadian Consumers COVID-19 Knowledge | α = 0.846 |
---|---|
Wearing general medical masks can prevent one from acquiring infection by the COVID-19 virus. | 0.799 |
A crowded restaurant with no social distancing measures increase risks of transmission of COVID-19. | 0.789 |
To prevent the infection by COVID-19, individuals should avoid going to crowded places such as casual dining restaurants | 0.780 |
The coronavirus pandemic is not a hoax; it is a serious disease. | 0.758 |
The COVID-19 virus spreads via respiratory droplets of infected individuals | 0.682 |
Handwashing with water and soap before meal preparation helps to reduce risks of transmission of coronavirus. | 0.567 |
Working Condition | % |
---|---|
Type of work (n = 1050) | |
Professional (requires college degree) | 42.7 |
Non-professional (without a college degree) | 23.0 |
Self-employed | 9.6 |
No work | 24.7 |
Employment status (n = 720) | |
Employed full-time | 80.7 |
Employed part-time | 19.3 |
How often do you telecommute? (n = 1052) | |
Never | 61.1 |
Once a week | 9.2 |
Twice a week | 5.2 |
Three or four times a week | 6.8 |
Everyday | 17.6 |
When did you start telecommuting? (n = 414) | |
Before the COVID-19 pandemic | 30.4 |
After the COVID-19 pandemic | 69.6 |
Reasons for telecommuting (n = 416) | % |
COVID-19 pandemic | 68.3 |
Increased fuel taxes and congestion charges | 4.1 |
Dependent children in the household | 4.1 |
Environmental concerns | 2.6 |
Lack of public transport infrastructure | 1.4 |
Other | 19.5 |
Takeout/Delivery | Curbside Pickup | Drive-thru | On-Premise Dinning | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F(p)-Value | Mean Value (SD) | F(p)-Value | Mean Value (SD) | F(p)-Value | Mean Value (SD) | F(p)-Value | Mean Value (SD) | |
Do you telecommute? | ||||||||
Yes, at least once per week | 14.026 (<0.001) | 2.45(1.00) | 14.75 (<0.001) | 1.72(0.90) | 0.55 (0.459) | 2.38(1.17) | 3.246 (0.072) | 1.70(0.75) |
Never | 2.69(1.03) | 1.95(0.95) | 2.32(1.18) | 1.79(0.79) |
Perceived Restaurant Services | N | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|---|
How would you compare the price of a meal in a takeout, delivery, curbside pickup and/or drive-thru and that of a sit-down dining atmosphere? (1 = Expensive; 5 = Very cheap) | 1031 | 2.65 | 1.020 |
How would you compare food quality in a takeout, delivery, curbside pickup and/or drive-thru and that of a sit-down dining atmosphere? (1 = Inferior; 5 = Very good) | 1031 | 2.35 | 0.803 |
How would you compare food safety in a takeout, delivery, curbside pickup and/or drive-thru and that of a sit-down dining atmosphere? (1 = Unsafe; 5 = Very safe) | 1030 | 3.14 | 0.675 |
How would you compare convenience in a takeout, delivery, curbside pickup and/or drive-thru and that of a sit-down dining atmosphere? (1 = Highly inconvenient 5 = Highly convenient) | 1031 | 3.52 | 0.962 |
Sociodemographic Variables | Service Experience | Type III Sum of Squares | F-Statistics | p-Value | Pillai’s Trace Test | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | F-Statistics | p-Value | |||||
Gender (DMG2) | Price | 4.332 | 4.189 | 0.041 | 0.019 | 4.846 | <0.001 |
Quality | 6.144 | 9.690 | 0.002 | ||||
Food safety | 2.477 | 5.498 | 0.019 | ||||
Convenience | 6.050 | 6.566 | 0.011 | ||||
Age (DMG4) | Price | 0.921 | 0.222 | 0.926 | 0.059 | 2.97 | <0.001 |
Quality | 15.685 | 6.255 | 0.000 | ||||
Food safety | 1.739 | 0.963 | 0.427 | ||||
Convenience | 34.227 | 9.564 | <0.001 | ||||
Education (DMG6) | Price | 19.061 | 3.724 | 0.002 | 0.058 | 1.254 | <0.001 |
Quality | 7.985 | 2.520 | 0.028 | ||||
Food safety | 4.122 | 1.831 | 0.104 | ||||
Convenience | 19.655 | 4.306 | 0.001 | ||||
Household Income (DMG8) | Price | 17.163 | 3.346 | 0.005 | 0.06 | 3.062 | <0.001 |
Quality | 20.049 | 6.424 | 0.000 | ||||
Food safety | 2.561 | 1.138 | 0.338 | ||||
Convenience | 7.492 | 1.635 | 0.148 | ||||
Neighbourhood (DMG9) | Price | 2.201 | 1.061 | 0.346 | 0.017 | 2.149 | 0.029 |
Quality | 3.020 | 2.367 | 0.094 | ||||
Food safety | 1.325 | 1.463 | 0.232 | ||||
Convenience | 6.767 | 3.677 | 0.026 |
Sociodemographic Variables | Price | Food Quality | Convenience | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F (p)-Value | Mean Value | F (p)-Value | Mean Value | F (p)-Value | Mean Value | |
Gender (DMG2) | ||||||
Male | 4.282 (0.042) | 2.60 | 9.52 (0.002) | 2.27 | 6.89 (0.009) | 3.44 |
Female | 2.73 | 2.42 | 3.60 | |||
Age (DMG4) | ||||||
After 1994 | 0.231 (0.921) | 2.63 | 6.467 (<0.001) | 2.19 | 9.449 (<0.001) | 3.66 |
From 1980 to 1994 | 2.65 | 2.23 | 3.69 | |||
From 1965 to 1979 | 2.67 | 2.35 | 3.56 | |||
From 1946 to 1964 | 2.70 | 2.46 | 3.36 | |||
Before 1946 | 2.57 | 2.70 | 2.95 | |||
Education (DMG 6) | ||||||
Some High School | 3.744 (0.002) | 2.24 | 2.472 (0.031) | 2.49 | 4.383 (<0.001) | 3.43 |
High School Diploma or Equivalent | 2.52 | 2.45 | 3.39 | |||
Registered Apprenticeship or Other Trades Certificate or Diploma | 2.54 | 2.27 | 3.23 | |||
College, CEGEP or Other Non-University Certificate or Diploma | 2.65 | 2.42 | 3.50 | |||
University Degree, Certificate or Diploma | 2.77 | 2.28 | 3.68 | |||
Advanced University Degree (Graduate) | 2.82 | 2.24 | 3.60 | |||
Household income (in CAD) (DMG 8) | ||||||
Less than 35,000 | 3.44 (0.005) | 2.45 | 6.411 (<0.001) | 2.47 | 1.685 (0.135) | 3.40 |
Between 35,000 and 49,999 | 2.45 | 2.44 | 3.37 | |||
Between 50,000 and 74,999 | 2.63 | 2.42 | 3.51 | |||
Between 75,000 and 99,999 | 2.73 | 2.46 | 3.60 | |||
Between 100,000 and 149,999 | 2.76 | 2.29 | 3.63 | |||
150,000+ | 2.80 | 2.07 | 3.51 | |||
Neighborhood (DMG 9) | ||||||
Urban Core | 1.038 (0.354) | 2.60 | 2.293 (0.101) | 2.28 | 3.500 (0.031) | 3.52 |
Suburban | 2.68 | 2.35 | 3.61 | |||
Small town or rural | 2.70 | 2.41 | 3.42 |
Factor/Pattern | Reason for Telecommuting |
---|---|
Workspace/ location management | “Due to lack of office space”; “office was only built for a certain number of people so we had a hybrid workforce”; “workplace pivoted to telecommuting primary”; “no office to go to”; “team dispersed across the country making office attendance unnecessary”; “outsourced offices”; “out of town business”; “company based in Palo Alto California”; “live in Canada, company is based in Geneva”; “live remote part of Alberta”; “location of head office”; “long distance”; “long distance between work places”; and “long-distance family”. |
Job characteristics | “My job involved interacting with students overseas”; “talking to people in other countries”; “my job requires remote work”; “work does not require going to the office”; “requirements of job”; “no office needed”; “no need to go to office”; “job requirements”; “part-time job”; “job doable at home”; “job does not require central office attendance”; “my business is sales management which I managed from home”; “job is from home”; “very little colleagues went into office”; “self-employed”; and “part time remote work”, |
Convenience | “Flexible work hours”; “better in every way”; “gives flexibility”; “work-life balance”; “prefer work environment at home”; “prefer telecommuting (travel time, etc.)”; “to make extra income at home”. |
Time management | “Avoid commuting time”; “commuting is a waste of time”; and “commuting save time both ways” |
Health issues | “Employer mandate”; “flexibility to work from home for health reasons”; and “long term disability”. |
Spearman-Rho | SE | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Perceived price of off-premise offerings | |||
Frequency of takeout and/or delivery | 0.090 | 0.031 | 0.004 |
Frequency of curbside pickup | 0.107 | 0.031 | 0.001 |
Frequency of drive-thru | 0.050 | 0.031 | 0.11 |
Perceived quality off-premise offerings | |||
Frequency of takeout and/or delivery | -0.077 | 0.030 | 0.013 |
Frequency of curbside pickup | 0.020 | 0.031 | 0.523 |
Frequency of drive-thru | -0.039 | 0.031 | 0.209 |
Perceived safety off-premise offerings | |||
Frequency of takeout and/or delivery | 0.035 | 0.032 | 0.266 |
Frequency of curbside pickup | 0.097 | 0.031 | 0.002 |
Frequency of drive-thru | 0.011 | 0.032 | 0.729 |
Perceived convenience of off-premise offerings | |||
Frequency of takeout and/or delivery | 0.128 | 0.032 | <0.001 |
Frequency of curbside pickup | 0.100 | 0.032 | 0.001 |
Frequency of drive-thru | 0.055 | 0.031 | 0.075 |
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Abebe, G.K.; Charlebois, S.; Music, J. Canadian Consumers’ Dining Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for Channel Decisions in the Foodservice Industry. Sustainability 2022, 14, 4893. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094893
Abebe GK, Charlebois S, Music J. Canadian Consumers’ Dining Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for Channel Decisions in the Foodservice Industry. Sustainability. 2022; 14(9):4893. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094893
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbebe, Gumataw Kifle, Sylvain Charlebois, and Janet Music. 2022. "Canadian Consumers’ Dining Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for Channel Decisions in the Foodservice Industry" Sustainability 14, no. 9: 4893. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094893
APA StyleAbebe, G. K., Charlebois, S., & Music, J. (2022). Canadian Consumers’ Dining Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for Channel Decisions in the Foodservice Industry. Sustainability, 14(9), 4893. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094893