Effects of Organic Amendments on Soil Aggregate Stability, Carbon Sequestration, and Energy Use Efficiency in Wetland Paddy Cultivation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Characteristics of the Study Area
2.2. Treatments and Design of the Experiment
2.3. Soil Sampling and Analysis
2.4. Energy Calculation
2.5. Statistical Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil Organic Carbon and Water-Stable Soil Aggregates under Different Treatments
3.2. Carbon Sequestration in Soils under Different Organic Amendments
3.3. Energy Indices in Paddy Cultivation under Different Organic Amendments
4. Discussion
4.1. Soil Organic Carbon and Water-Stable Soil Aggregates under Different Treatments
4.2. Carbon Sequestration in Soils under Different Organic Amendments
4.3. Energy Indices in Paddy Cultivation under Different Organic Amendments
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | Carbon Rate (kg ha−1) | Carbon Content (%) | Organic Materials (kg ha−1) | Nutrient Concentration (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nitrogen (N) | Phosphorus (P) | Potassium (K) | ||||
Control | - | - | - | |||
Cow dung | 2000 | 22 | 9090.91 | 0.50 | 0.15 | 0.23 |
Vermicompost | 2000 | 25 | 8000.00 | 0.65 | 0.35 | 0.50 |
Rice straw | 2000 | 41 | 4878.05 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 0.45 |
Poultry manure | 2000 | 20 | 10,000.00 | 0.60 | 0.35 | 0.45 |
Treatments | Organic Sources in Both Boro and T. Aman (kg ha−1) | Inorganic Sources in Boro (kg ha−1) | Inorganic Sources in T. Aman (kg ha−1) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | P | K | N | P | K | N | P | K | |
Control | - | - | - | 115 | 47 | 93 | 75 | 15 | 55 |
Cow dung | 45.45 | 13.64 | 20.91 | 115 | 47 | 93 | 75 | 15 | 55 |
Vermicompost | 52.00 | 28.00 | 40.00 | 115 | 47 | 93 | 75 | 15 | 55 |
Rice straw | 9.76 | 2.44 | 21.95 | 115 | 47 | 93 | 75 | 15 | 55 |
Poultry manure | 60.00 | 35.00 | 45.00 | 115 | 47 | 93 | 75 | 15 | 55 |
SL. No. | Energy Inputs and Outputs | Units | Energy Equivalents (MJ) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Human labor | Hour | 1.96 | [13,22] |
2. | Diesel | Liter | 56.31 | [13,22] |
3. | Farm machinery | kg | 62.7 | [13,22] |
4. | N | kg | 60.6 | [13,22] |
5. | P2O5 | kg | 11.1 | [13,22] |
6. | K2O | kg | 6.7 | [13,22] |
7. | Vermicompost | kg | 0.5 | [23,24] |
8. | Poultry manure | kg | 12.5 | [25] |
9. | Cow dung | kg | 0.3 | [23,24] |
10. | Plant-protection chemicals | Liter | 120 | [13,22] |
11. | Water for irrigation | m3 | 1.02 | [26] |
12. | Electricity | KWH | 11.93 | [23,27,28] |
13. | Rice grain | kg | 14.7 | [23,24] |
14. | Rice straw | kg | 12.5 | [23,24] |
Treatments | Energy Input (EI) (MJ ha−1) | Energy Output (EO) (MJ ha−1) | Net Energy (NE) (MJ ha−1) | Energy Productivity (EP) (kg MJ−1) | Specific Energy (SE) (MJ kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 19,046 | 155,659 | 136,613 b | 0.36 a | 3.09 d |
Cow dung | 21,773 | 165,388 | 143,614 a | 0.31 b | 3.46 cd |
Vermicompost | 23,046 | 166,570 | 143,524 a | 0.29 c | 3.64 c |
Rice straw | 80,022 | 166,889 | 86,867 c | 0.08 d | 13.05 b |
Poultry manure | 144,046 | 170,493 | 26,447 d | 0.04 e | 23.01 a |
CV (%) | - | 2.41 | 3.70 | 5.71 | 2.88 |
S.E. (±) | - | 2808 | 2808 | 0.00877 | 0.1887 |
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Rahman, M.M.; Kamal, M.Z.U.; Ranamukhaarachchi, S.; Alam, M.S.; Alam, M.K.; Khan, M.A.R.; Islam, M.M.; Alam, M.A.; Jiban, S.I.; Mamun, M.A.A.; et al. Effects of Organic Amendments on Soil Aggregate Stability, Carbon Sequestration, and Energy Use Efficiency in Wetland Paddy Cultivation. Sustainability 2022, 14, 4475. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084475
Rahman MM, Kamal MZU, Ranamukhaarachchi S, Alam MS, Alam MK, Khan MAR, Islam MM, Alam MA, Jiban SI, Mamun MAA, et al. Effects of Organic Amendments on Soil Aggregate Stability, Carbon Sequestration, and Energy Use Efficiency in Wetland Paddy Cultivation. Sustainability. 2022; 14(8):4475. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084475
Chicago/Turabian StyleRahman, Mohammad Mizanur, Mohammed Zia Uddin Kamal, Senaratne Ranamukhaarachchi, Mohammad Saiful Alam, Mohammad Khairul Alam, Mohammad Arifur Rahman Khan, Mohammad Moshiul Islam, Mohammad Ashraful Alam, Saidul Islam Jiban, Mohammad Abdullah Al Mamun, and et al. 2022. "Effects of Organic Amendments on Soil Aggregate Stability, Carbon Sequestration, and Energy Use Efficiency in Wetland Paddy Cultivation" Sustainability 14, no. 8: 4475. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084475