Urban Traffic Noise Mapping Using Building Simplification in the Panyu District of Guangzhou City, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. First Method
1.2. Second Method
1.3. Third Method
- Combine the methods of field measurement and numerical modeling (CadnaA software) to produce a traffic noise map of Panyu District that includes road and railway traffic with all vegetation areas and buildings of different heights.
- Investigate the traffic noise compliance rate in various acoustic environment functional regions, given that noise limits differ considerably between night and day in some areas.
- Identify the areas with serious traffic noise pollution.
2. Methods
- Obtain road, building and railway information from literature databases. This information is used to produce an outline map of Panyu District.
- Classify all roads based on China’s national standard and then select field measurement points on different road types.
- Conduct field measurement on the selected measurement points in order to measure traffic flow, vehicle speed, vehicle type and traffic noise.
- Traffic flow, vehicle speed and vehicle type are the inputs for CadnaA software to construct noise map.
- The map’s noise levels that computed by CadnaA software are compared with the measured traffic noise levels in order to validate the noise map.
- Various studies can be performed based on the validated noise map.
2.1. Numerical Methods
2.1.1. Modeling Information
2.1.2. Outline Map
2.1.3. Building Simplification
2.1.4. Building Height Simplification
2.1.5. Receivers’ Height
2.1.6. Grid Independency Study
2.1.7. Road Type Classification
2.1.8. Railway Information
2.2. Experimental Methods
2.2.1. Measurement Point
2.2.2. Field Measurement
Road Traffic Noise Measurement
Vehicle Speed Measurement
Traffic Flow and Vehicle Type Measurements
Overpass Height Measurement
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Noise Map of Panyu District
3.2. Noise Quality Levels in Panyu District
3.3. Noise Level Compliance Map in Panyu District
3.4. Comparison between Measurement and Simulation Results
3.5. Road Traffic Flow Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Number | Number of Floor | Building Height (m) | Number | Number of Floor | Building Height (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 7 | 21 | 28 | 5 | 15 |
2 | 8 | 24 | 29 | 5 | 15 |
3 | 7 | 21 | 30 | 12 | 36 |
4 | 5 | 15 | 31 | 6 | 18 |
5 | 3 | 9 | 32 | 7 | 21 |
6 | 27 | 81 | 33 | 4 | 12 |
7 | 5 | 15 | 34 | 12 | 36 |
8 | 3 | 9 | 35 | 5 | 15 |
9 | 6 | 18 | 36 | 6 | 18 |
10 | 21 | 63 | 37 | 12 | 36 |
11 | 5 | 15 | 38 | 6 | 18 |
12 | 8 | 24 | 39 | 18 | 54 |
13 | 4 | 12 | 40 | 5 | 15 |
14 | 25 | 75 | 41 | 18 | 54 |
15 | 5 | 15 | 42 | 5 | 15 |
16 | 18 | 54 | 43 | 4 | 12 |
17 | 21 | 63 | 44 | 4 | 12 |
18 | 5 | 15 | 45 | 5 | 15 |
19 | 21 | 63 | 46 | 28 | 84 |
20 | 6 | 18 | 47 | 5 | 15 |
21 | 21 | 63 | 48 | 21 | 63 |
22 | 12 | 36 | 49 | 28 | 84 |
23 | 5 | 15 | 50 | 21 | 63 |
24 | 6 | 18 | 51 | 18 | 54 |
25 | 27 | 81 | 52 | 5 | 15 |
26 | 6 | 18 | 53 | 4 | 12 |
27 | 32 | 96 |
Type | Speed Limit (km/h) | Traffic Capacity (pcu/h) |
---|---|---|
Expressway | 80∼120 | 1100∼2200 |
Highway | 60∼100 | 1400∼2000 |
Arterial road | 40∼60 | 1300∼1400 |
Sub-arterial road | 30∼50 | 1300∼1350 |
Access road | 20∼40 | 1100∼1300 |
Type | Vehicle Mass (t) |
---|---|
Small car | <5 |
Mid-size car | 3.5∼12 |
Large car | >12 |
Quality Level | Range (dBA) |
---|---|
Good | ≤50 |
Quite good | 50.1–55.0 |
Slightly polluted | 55.1–60.0 |
Moderately polluted | 60.1–65.0 |
Heavy polluted | >65 |
Type | Measurement Point | M | M | S | S | E | E |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Expressway | 29 | 71.1 | 71.2 | 72.2 | 72.0 | −1.1 | −0.8 |
37 | 65.7 | 65.3 | 68.5 | 68.7 | −2.8 | −3.4 | |
38 | 68.7 | 68.1 | 70.6 | 69.9 | −1.9 | −1.8 | |
51 | 70.0 | 70.7 | 72.1 | 73.3 | −2.1 | −2.6 | |
Highway | 14 | 73.4 | 73.0 | 75.2 | 75.4 | −1.8 | −2.4 |
25 | 76.5 | 76.3 | 75.3 | 74.8 | 1.2 | 1.5 | |
50 | 75.6 | 75.5 | 75.9 | 75.7 | −0.3 | −0.2 | |
Arterial road | 1 | 68.4 | 65.9 | 69.7 | 67.3 | −1.3 | −1.4 |
5 | 57.4 | 57.5 | 59.9 | 59.6 | −2.5 | −2.1 | |
11 | 71.7 | 70.3 | 72.5 | 71.4 | −0.8 | −1.1 | |
18 | 73.0 | 73.0 | 73.7 | 73.4 | −0.7 | −0.4 | |
19 | 71.5 | 71.0 | 71.9 | 71.8 | −0.4 | −0.8 | |
23 | 68.9 | 68.3 | 68.1 | 68.5 | 0.8 | −0.2 | |
32 | 66.4 | 62.0 | 67.3 | 63.6 | −0.9 | −1.6 | |
39 | 67.3 | 67.2 | 67.5 | 67.4 | −0.2 | −0.2 | |
45 | 68.7 | 69.0 | 68.3 | 69.6 | 0.4 | −0.6 | |
49 | 75.5 | 73.0 | 73.8 | 73.5 | 1.7 | −0.5 | |
52 | 63.7 | 63.5 | 64.9 | 64.7 | −1.2 | −1.2 | |
54 | 67.1 | 67.0 | 68.7 | 67.6 | −1.6 | −0.6 | |
56 | 70.7 | 70.2 | 71.1 | 70.6 | −0.4 | −0.4 | |
59 | 69.2 | 67.5 | 69.7 | 68.6 | −0.5 | −1.1 | |
Sub-arterial road | 3 | 62.5 | 60.6 | 63.1 | 61.9 | −0.6 | −1.3 |
4 | 62.9 | 60.0 | 64.0 | 56.6 | −1.1 | 3.4 | |
8 | 66.2 | 66.3 | 68.5 | 68.8 | −2.3 | −2.5 | |
9 | 67.7 | 68.9 | 68.0 | 67.3 | −0.3 | 1.6 | |
12 | 73.2 | 74.2 | 74.3 | 74.4 | −1.1 | −0.2 | |
15 | 64.3 | 64.8 | 65.9 | 66.1 | −1.6 | −1.3 | |
16 | 66.7 | 62.6 | 67.1 | 66.2 | −0.4 | −3.6 | |
20 | 68.3 | 68.6 | 69.9 | 69.1 | −1.6 | −0.5 | |
21 | 67.7 | 67.8 | 68.8 | 69.1 | −1.1 | −1.3 | |
24 | 67.8 | 66.9 | 68.0 | 68.3 | −0.2 | −1.4 | |
27 | 67.8 | 68.4 | 68.4 | 69.1 | −0.6 | −0.7 | |
33 | 57.4 | 56.6 | 58.6 | 58.7 | −1.2 | −2.1 | |
34 | 56.0 | 55.7 | 58.7 | 58.3 | −2.7 | −2.6 | |
35 | 55.6 | 57.4 | 59.0 | 59.3 | −3.4 | −1.9 | |
42 | 64.8 | 65.2 | 64.6 | 66.1 | 0.2 | −0.9 | |
44 | 70.2 | 70.0 | 70.5 | 69.5 | −0.3 | 0.5 | |
46 | 60.7 | 63.4 | 62.5 | 61.6 | −1.8 | 1.8 | |
47 | 65.1 | 65.3 | 65.8 | 65.6 | −0.7 | −0.3 | |
53 | 61.4 | 62.3 | 61.6 | 62.7 | −0.2 | −0.4 | |
55 | 67.4 | 68.7 | 67.7 | 67.5 | −0.3 | 1.2 | |
60 | 63.0 | 61.9 | 63.9 | 62.1 | −0.9 | −0.2 | |
61 | 67.4 | 66.1 | 68.9 | 68.5 | −1.5 | −2.4 | |
64 | 61.1 | 58.2 | 60.4 | 60.2 | 0.7 | −2.0 | |
Access road | 2 | 62.2 | 59.2 | 63.4 | 63.3 | −1.2 | −4.1 |
6 | 53.9 | 52.0 | 57.7 | 56.7 | −3.8 | −4.7 | |
7 | 61.4 | 64.7 | 61.7 | 62.2 | −0.3 | 2.5 | |
10 | 66.3 | 65.3 | 67.2 | 67.4 | −0.9 | −2.1 | |
13 | 60.3 | 64.5 | 63.9 | 62.7 | −3.6 | 1.8 | |
17 | 58.6 | 58.3 | 59.5 | 58.5 | −0.9 | −0.2 | |
22 | 64.4 | 64.7 | 65.2 | 65.0 | −0.8 | −0.3 | |
26 | 66.1 | 58.5 | 67.5 | 61.8 | −1.4 | −3.3 | |
28 | 59.1 | 57.0 | 57.3 | 57.7 | 1.8 | −0.7 | |
30 | 57.8 | 55.2 | 58.8 | 58.0 | −1.0 | −2.8 | |
31 | 65.4 | 67.1 | 66.7 | 67.0 | −1.3 | 0.1 | |
36 | 65.5 | 62.0 | 62.8 | 62.9 | 2.7 | −0.9 | |
40 | 59.0 | 63.7 | 59.9 | 60.3 | −0.9 | 3.4 | |
41 | 62.8 | 61.8 | 63.4 | 64.9 | −0.6 | −3.1 | |
43 | 68.2 | 67.2 | 68.5 | 68.7 | −0.3 | −1.5 | |
48 | 64.5 | 64.2 | 67.4 | 67.6 | −2.9 | −3.4 | |
57 | 63.3 | 62.4 | 63.1 | 63.5 | 0.2 | −1.1 | |
58 | 58.8 | 55.6 | 58.5 | 57.8 | 0.3 | −2.2 | |
62 | 59.1 | 57.3 | 62.3 | 58.9 | −3.2 | −1.6 | |
63 | 62.7 | 60.8 | 63.2 | 65.5 | −0.5 | −4.7 | |
65 | 63.3 | 62.8 | 66.0 | 64.4 | −2.7 | −1.6 |
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Location | 4 m | 21 m | Measurement | Error | Error |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 70.2 | 70.1 | 68.4 | 1.8 | 1.7 |
2 | 58.0 | 56.8 | 53.9 | 4.1 | 2.9 |
3 | 60.4 | 59.9 | 57.4 | 3.0 | 2.5 |
4 | 66.1 | 64.0 | 62.9 | 3.2 | 1.1 |
5 | 63.9 | 62.9 | 62.5 | 1.4 | 0.4 |
6 | 64.9 | 64.4 | 62.2 | 2.7 | 2.2 |
Type | Number | Number | Speed (km/h) | Speed (km/h) |
---|---|---|---|---|
G-series high-speed train | 277 | 22 | 219 | 204 |
D-series high-speed Train | 219 | 17 | 173 | 165 |
Inter-city rail service | 108 | 12 | 124 | 123 |
Timing | Number | Speed (km/h) |
---|---|---|
Day | 316 | 90 |
Night | 37 | 90 |
Type | Number of Points | Distance (km) | Number of Roads |
---|---|---|---|
Expressway | 4 | 10 | 2 |
Highway | 3 | 10 | 2 |
Arterial road | 14 | 5 | 9 |
Sub-arterial road | 23 | 2 | 24 |
Access road | 21 | 1 | 21 |
Type | Speed (km/h) | Speed (km/h) |
---|---|---|
Car | 47 | 46 |
Truck | 45 | 42 |
Type | Traffic Flow (n/h) | Traffic Flow (n/h) |
---|---|---|
Small car | 756 (81.81%) | 258 (72.88%) |
Mid-size car | 42 (4.55%) | 0 (0%) |
Large car | 126 (13.64%) | 96 (27.12%) |
Road/Railway | Average Height (m) |
---|---|
Guangzhou-Taishan Expressway | 15.6 |
Guangzhou-Macao Expressway | 13.7 |
Guangzhou-Longchuan Expressway | 12.2 |
Dongsha-Xinlian Expressway | 8.5 |
Nansha Harbour Highway | 25.1 |
Xinguang Highway | 17.5 |
Xinhua Highway | 23.3 |
South China Highway | 12.6 |
Guangzhou Metro Line 4 (ground section) | 8.5 |
High-speed railway | 25.7 |
Class | Coverage | Area (km) | Limit (dBA) | Limit (dBA) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Nature conservation area, cultural education area, administrative area and medical service area | 69.5 | 55 | 45 |
2 | Residential area and Trade area | 331.5 | 60 | 50 |
3 | Warehouse & logistics area and industry area | 49.1 | 65 | 55 |
4a, 4b | Areas on both side of traffic artery | 79.8 | 70 | 55, 60 |
Noise indicator | Minimum (dBA) | Maximum (dBA) |
---|---|---|
39.9 | 85.3 | |
39.4 | 78.1 | |
42.5 | 89.1 |
Functional Area | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Nature conservation area | 42.8 | 42.1 | 63.2 | 63.1 |
Residential area | 43.4 | 43.1 | 70.5 | 69.1 |
Cultural education area | 44.7 | 44.2 | 68.8 | 68.5 |
Administrative area | 53.0 | 52.6 | 63.2 | 62.6 |
Medical service area | 48.7 | 48.3 | 63.4 | 62.5 |
Trade area | 45.9 | 44.1 | 67.0 | 66.3 |
Industry area | 44.8 | 43.8 | 71.0 | 70.6 |
Warehousing area | 54.3 | 54.5 | 68.4 | 67.8 |
Class | Day (km) | Night (km) |
---|---|---|
1 | 49.0 (70.50%) | 4.7 (6.76%) |
2 | 215.9 (65.13%) | 64.9 (19.58%) |
3 | 34.9 (71.08%) | 12.0 (24.44%) |
4 | 26.7 (33.46%) | 5.7 (7.14%) |
Total | 326.5 (61.62%) | 87.2 (16.46%) |
Type | Number of Measurement Point | E | E | E |
---|---|---|---|---|
Expressway | 4 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.1 |
Highway | 3 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.3 |
Arterial road | 14 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
Sub-arterial road | 23 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.3 |
Access road | 21 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 1.9 |
Overall | 65 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 1.5 |
Timing | Type | Average | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|
Day | Small car | 712 ± 913 | 37 | 4050 |
Mid-size car | 39 ± 53 | 0 | 216 | |
Large car | 48 ± 74 | 0 | 378 | |
Night | Small car | 682 ± 912 | 36 | 3930 |
Mid-size car | 37 ± 56 | 0 | 216 | |
Large car | 45 ± 69 | 0 | 342 |
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Lee, H.M.; Luo, W.; Xie, J.; Lee, H.P. Urban Traffic Noise Mapping Using Building Simplification in the Panyu District of Guangzhou City, China. Sustainability 2022, 14, 4465. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084465
Lee HM, Luo W, Xie J, Lee HP. Urban Traffic Noise Mapping Using Building Simplification in the Panyu District of Guangzhou City, China. Sustainability. 2022; 14(8):4465. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084465
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Hsiao Mun, Wensheng Luo, Jinlong Xie, and Heow Pueh Lee. 2022. "Urban Traffic Noise Mapping Using Building Simplification in the Panyu District of Guangzhou City, China" Sustainability 14, no. 8: 4465. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084465