1. Introduction
Accelerating the development of the electric vehicle industry is a vital approach to enhance the energy structure, foster energy conservation and emissions reduction, and promote the development of a sustainable economy [
1]. Traditional electric vehicles pollute the environment and consume a lot of energy, which is an issue that needs to be addressed urgently [
2]. Electric vehicles (EVs) have the potential to promote energy conservation and a reduction in emissions [
3,
4] and are more ecofriendly for urban areas than traditional alternatives [
5]. Many problems can be solved by conserving energy through the development of EVs [
6]. Such development will shape the trends in the world’s emerging electric vehicle market and offer an opportunity for China’s electric vehicle industry to transform and upgrade its industrial structure [
1,
7]. Recently, the number of electric vehicles in China has increased significantly due to the increase in the Chinese economy and the constant enhancement of people’s living standards [
8]. Since 2009, China has been the largest vehicle producer and sales market worldwide, giving it important roles in energy saving and environmental protection. The private vehicle population has increased by 360%, from 45 million in 2009 to 207 million in 2018 [
7]. China has supported the development of electric vehicles since the Eighth Five Year Plan period, and it began to implement promotion work in 2009. By the end of 2021, China had produced 7.84 million electric vehicles for the private sector [
9].
Four policy tools—financial subsidies, purchase tax relief, unrestricted purchase, and government and public agency procurement—have exerted positive functions on the promotion of electric vehicles in China [
10,
11,
12]. However, recently, China announced that the financial subsidies for new electric vehicles will be gradually withdrawn, and many incentive policies will be revised, which means that China’s electric vehicle market has begun to shift from a policy-driven to a market-driven structure [
13]. Therefore, studying the purchase intention of the first batch of consumers of electric vehicles will provide a valuable reference that can be used in China to continue the stimulation of the market diffusion of electric vehicles [
14]. A previous survey showed that consumers’ attitudes toward policies represent an important external driving factor that affects purchase intention [
15,
16,
17]. The cancellation of purchase subsidies will generate a sharp reduction in the efficiency of electric vehicles [
18,
19]. Subsequently, the role of policies in developing the electric vehicle industry will be gradually weakened, and development drivers will need to be found [
20]. Most consumers are still showing a wait-and-see attitude, and electric vehicles are still in the early stage of innovation diffusion. It is very important to study consumers’ purchase intention and determine the factors influencing the purchase of electric vehicles to foster the diffusion of the electric vehicle market [
21].
Previous literature and theories on consumer behavior predictions did not distinguish between types of innovative products, such as purchase intention related to smart phones and purchase intention related to electric vehicles, even though the influencing factors can be very different between products [
22]. Smart phones have new functions that did not exist in non-smart phones, but the basic principles and supporting facilities have not changed significantly. On the other hand, electric vehicles represent a brand-new product that is completely different from the traditional fuel vehicle [
18,
23]. Due to the brand-new technical concepts and key technologies, the supporting settings also need to be rebuilt. For consumers, it is the first time that they will buy and consume such a product. It is a brand-new experience, and the price is more expensive for ordinary families than buying a traditional vehicle, while the risk of consumption failure is obvious [
19,
24]. At the same time, due to the long service lives of vehicles, only factors related to the initial purchase are generally involved at this stage [
18]. Therefore, determining how to stimulate and guide consumers to purchase this product in batches for the first time is the focus of electric vehicles in the early stage of market diffusion [
25]. In addition, on the surface, consumers’ purchase behaviors in relation to electric vehicles are determined by product attributes; however, it is also a process that requires some psychological needs of consumers to be met [
26].
The social contagion theory holds that the social environment in which individuals live will affect their attitudes and behaviors. Ye Nan proposed the idea that green cognition significantly affects green consumption behavior [
21]. With an improvement in the economic level, Chinese consumers’ consciousness of green consumption has gradually increased. However, will this change promote the market diffusion of electric vehicles? Previous studies have shown that lifestyle is an important and dominant factor affecting consumer behavior [
27,
28]. This paper introduces lifestyle as a variable and investigates whether the different lifestyles of consumers impact the adoption of electric vehicles. Will the improvement of consumers’ green consciousness contribute to the market diffusion of electric vehicles? Based on market diffusion data from electric vehicles in China, and based on the innovation diffusion theory and planned behavior theory, this work explores the internal influencing mechanism related to consumers’ purchase intention and discusses how lifestyle has a moderating effect on consumers’ decision to purchase innovative products. Thus, it can be used as a theoretical reference for the market diffusion of electric vehicles.
This study is presented as follows.
Section 2 introduces the research context, followed by a set of research hypotheses.
Section 3 depicts the research method detailing the design of experiments and the data collection procedure.
Section 4 summarizes our findings related to tests of the research hypotheses. The final section presents the study’s leading contributions, as well as illustrating the critical implications and recommendations for future study.
2. Literature Review and Hypotheses Development
The innovation diffusion theory proposes that the diffusion of innovation in the social system will be affected by innovation characteristics, time, communication channels, and social structure [
27]. Firstly, from the perspective of innovative characteristics, different from traditional fuel vehicles, electric vehicles have the following key characteristics that may affect the choice of marketing strategy [
6]. The first is the change in the dynamic system. The changes to this core technology and the resulting problems, such as reduced mileage and limited battery life, will affect consumers’ purchase decisions [
29,
30]. At the same time, electric vehicles are energy saving and environmentally friendly rather than customer oriented, and the price and use cost are greater than those of traditional fuel vehicles, which will also greatly affect consumers’ purchase intention [
31,
32]. Zhang Wei pointed out that product features are the focus of pure electric vehicle consumers, and consumers’ feelings of satisfaction and dissatisfaction focus on product features and service features, respectively [
33]. Li Zhi et al. pointed out that purchase behavior related to electric vehicles is more rational, and consumers place more emphasis on the quality, performance, service, and comfort of electric vehicles [
34]. Therefore, consumers’ attitudes and cognition toward the innovative characteristics of electric vehicles determine consumers’ purchase intention [
35,
36].
Secondly, the supporting facilities for electric vehicles are under construction. Restriction of the consumption environment will lead to a situation where the social value of electric vehicles has improved, and the user value has reduced, but the consumption risk has greatly increased, which will influence the purchase intention of consumers [
37,
38]. In a study of the purchase intention related to GTTT (green-oriented trajectory-transformed hi-technology) products and TUT (trajectory-untransformed hi-technology) products, Xiao Hailin et al. proposed that attitudes toward the products themselves and the lifestyles of consumers are the main factors influencing consumers to buy innovative products for the first time [
39]. The theory of planned behavior holds that attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control are important elements that affect consumers’ purchase intention [
40]. Electric vehicles are high-tech products with significant changes to their core technology that act as substitutes for traditional fuel vehicles, but they are still brand-new products for consumers to buy, consume, and experience for the first time [
41]. Although their energy-saving and environmental protection characteristics attract attention, their ease of use and practicability are still important factors that affect consumers’ purchase intention, because consumers are required to have strong risk tolerance [
39]. Therefore, consumers’ perceived behavior control will also affect purchase intention related to electric vehicles.
The consumption habits of Chinese consumers will also affect the market diffusion of electric vehicles [
42]. The lifestyles of consumers also represent a vital element that affects the purchase of electric vehicles [
28]. Plummer proposed that the study of lifestyle can help enterprises understand consumers [
43]. Gutman found that lifestyle and demographic variables impact consumption behavior [
44]. Solomon further concluded that lifestyle is “the way one spends time and money” [
45]. On the surface, consumer behavior is determined by product attributes, but in fact, it is the process of satisfying some psychological needs of consumers [
46,
47,
48]. It is affected by many factors, such as consumers’ personal spatial environment, and there are also great differences in the purchase decisions of different consumers for the same commodity [
13]. The social contagion theory holds that the social environment in which individuals live will affect their attitudes and behaviors.
To sum up, the purposes of this study were to investigate whether (1) the innovative characteristics of electric vehicles affect consumers’ purchase intention; (2) the innovative characteristics of electric vehicles affect consumers’ purchase intention through the intermediary role of risk perception; and (3) whether the different lifestyles of consumers mediate the impact of innovation characteristics on consumers’ risk perception, thereby affecting consumers’ purchase intention (see
Figure 1).
2.1. Innovation Characteristics and Consumers’ Purchase Intention
The diffusion of innovations theory, also known as “Rogers’ Theory,” was proposed in 1962 [
27]. Rogers’ theory illustrates how novel technologies and concepts are carried forward and adopted over time. In his opinion, four factors influence the adoption of novel technologies: the technology itself, the communication means (such as the instruments used by marketers to contact consumers and vice versa), time, and the social system [
27]. Additionally, innovation diffusion theory stresses that “innovation characteristics help to interpret the innovation adoption rate, such as the Relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, testability, and observation ability of the innovation” [
22]. Similarly, Moore and Benbasat introduced novel variables to the innovation diffusion theory to form the innovation cognitive characteristic theory and pointed out seven factors that can speed up innovation diffusion [
49]. For this study, relative advantage, technical compatibility, and technical complexity were found to be the three most important innovation characteristics [
27]. According to this theory, relative advantage refers to the advantage of the innovation over the item it replaces, and technical compatibility refers to the extent of coexistence between the innovation and the users’ current values, former experience, and expected needs. Technical complexity refers to how difficult it is for expected adopters to understand and apply an innovation. The complexity of innovation is related to the expected buyer’s own experiences: the more complex the innovation is, the more difficult it is for the expected buyer to understand and accept the innovation [
27,
50].
A great deal of practical research on innovation diffusion has shown that the relative advantage of an innovation is conducive to its diffusion. Hence, the degree to which an innovation or new technology shows superiority over the product it replaces is represented by the relative advantage. Generally, to be purchased by early adopters, new technologies must have a relative advantage [
22], and the stronger the compatibility of the innovation, the more readily it is accepted by expected buyers [
51]. Ghasri proposed that consumers’ perceptions of the innovative characteristics of electric vehicles are reflected by three aspects: vehicle design, environmental influence, and security [
52]. Bennett also pointed out that, since the transformation of innovation achievements is an input–output process, and high income is the ultimate goal pursued by each innovation subject, more innovative technological achievements that can meet the income needs of the diffusion audience spread more easily [
53,
54]. In conclusion, this paper puts forward Hypothesis 1 (H1). Innovation characteristics significantly affect consumers’ purchase intention.
Hypothesis 1a (H1a). Relative advantages positively affect consumers’ purchase intention.
Hypothesis 1b (H1b). Technology compatibility positively affects consumers’ purchase intention.
Hypothesis 1c (H1c). Technology complexity negatively affects consumers’ purchase intention.
2.2. The Role of Perceived Risk and Consumers’ Purchase Intention
According to Dunn et al. [
55], perceived risk indicates consumers’ expected negative outcomes from buying particular products or services. The risk types perceived by consumers vary depending on the product’s attributes [
56]. Consumers’ perceptions of the risks associated with EVs can be grouped into five categories: performance risks, physical risks, financial risks, time risks, and psychological risks. The probability of the purchased product failing to perform the functions as anticipated is the performance risk [
56]. There are performance differences between EVs and traditional gasoline vehicles, as they are innovative green vehicles [
57]. The probability of the purchased product inducing personal injury is referred to as the physical risk [
58]. EVs, as a product of emerging technology, are related to backward technology. Kim et al. pointed out that the economic benefits related to operating and the charging risk are the main driving force and obstacle related to the diffusion of electric vehicles [
59]. Time risk refers to the probability of a purchase causing a loss of time when buying or retaining a certain product [
58]. With existing technologies, consumers may face a time loss problem when using EVs due to factors including the long battery recharge time [
60]. Thus, the increased availability of public charging has improved the adoption rate of electric vehicles [
61]. Psychological risk refers to the probability of there being a degree of inconsistency between the product and its self-image [
58].
Wang shanyong pointed out that consumers’ lack of knowledge regarding electric vehicles is associated with high-risk cognition, which affects the adoption of electric vehicles [
62]. Influenced by face consciousness, China’s consumers favor conventional gasoline vehicles, which are considered a symbol of identity, social status, and self-image [
43,
49]. Perceived risk may influence the decision-making process of consumers [
58]. Research has shown the negative impacts of perceived risk on consumers’ attitudes and intentions regarding the adoption of innovative products or services [
58,
63]. The main barrier to consumers’ adoption of innovative technology is the perceived risk [
63]. This is also true for EVs, which are considered a disruptive and innovative technology [
64]. Li et al. [
65] suggested that consumers’ refusal of EVs is partly due to their risk concerns. However, for potential consumers, innovation means uncertainty, and innovation characteristics are the root cause of consumers’ perceived risk. Accordingly, we developed Hypothesis 2 (H2): innovation characteristics significantly affect consumers’ risk perception.
Hypothesis 2a (H2a). Relative advantages negatively affect consumers’ risk perception.
Hypothesis 2b (H2b). Technology compatibility negatively affects consumers’ risk perception.
Hypothesis 2c (H2c). Technological complexity positively affects consumers’ risk perception.
2.3. The Mediation Effect of Consumers’ Perceived Risk on Consumers’ Purchase Intention
Perceived risk may be a major inhibiting factor related to the acceptance of EVs. As long as consumers perceive there to be risks in the adoption and use of EVs, they may have a negative attitude toward these products and a decreased adoption intention. Simultaneously, studies have revealed the positive role of perceived risk in the determination of perceived usefulness [
56,
58]. If consumers perceive there to be risks related to the use of EVs, they will question EVs’ utility in improving travel efficiency and reducing commuting costs. As a consequence, they will be inclined to doubt EVs’ usefulness and believe that EVs are not of much help. In summary, the uncertainty attached to innovation characteristics is the root cause of consumers’ perceived risk, and perceived risk further affects consumers’ purchase intention. Zhu Qiang and Luo Changli also pointed out the intermediary role of consumers’ perceived risk [
66,
67]. The following hypotheses were proposed on this basis.
Hypothesis 3 (H3). Consumers’ risk perception has negative effects on consumers’ purchase intention.
Hypothesis 4 (H4). Consumer risk perception mediates the relationship between innovation characteristics and consumer purchase intention.
2.4. The Moderating Role of Consumers’ Lifestyle on Innovation Characteristics and Consumers’ Perceived Risk
Another important factor related to innovation diffusion is that social systems, such as social structure, social norms, cultural values, and beliefs, are closely related to new things [
38,
44]. The structure of the social system in which innovation occurs promotes or hinders the diffusion of innovation in the system [
27]. Venkatesh et al. constructed a unified theoretical model of technology acceptance and use. It points out the important role of social impact on the purchase of technology [
68]. Lifestyle is an activity and behavior characteristic formed by the interaction between individuals and certain social conditions [
69]. Habich sobiegala pointed out that the purchase intention of Chinese consumers is influenced by the attitudes of people around them [
5]. Therefore, it is an important personal factor affecting consumers’ purchasing behavior. Different lifestyles will lead consumers to different purchase decisions [
68,
70]. The study found that consumers are highly sensitive to the electric vehicle price. Breetzpointed out that price is a key factor that affects the purchase of electric vehicles [
71]. Huang Youlin found that Chinese consumers are very sensitive to the purchase price and purchase subsidies related to electric vehicles [
72,
73]. Zarazua’s research results concerning the market diffusion of electric vehicles in five Nordic countries also supports this statement [
74]. Additionally, a significant amount of research suggests that the impact of environmental pollution on the diffusion of the electric vehicle market cannot be ignored [
75,
76,
77,
78]. He Xiuhong pointed out that personal innovation and environmental concerns directly affect the purchase intention related to electric vehicles [
72].
Accordingly, this study used lifestyle as a variable to measure how the living environment affects the purchase intention of consumers. In a study of the information lifestyle, koshksaray et al. [
79] divided lifestyle into seven dimensions, including demand driven, internally driven, and socially driven. Sheng Guanghua and Gao Jian divided lifestyle into four dimensions from the perspective of innovation: fashion consciousness, price consciousness, leadership consciousness, and development consciousness [
80]. Chen Wenpei divided consumer lifestyle into fashion consciousness, leadership consciousness, and price consciousness [
81]. Similarly, Xiao Linhai divided lifestyle into fashion consciousness and individually oriented consciousness [
44]. Zarazua considered the price of electric vehicle as a major determinant affecting these mainstream consumers [
74]. To sum up, given that electric vehicles have brand-new core technologies, energy conservation, and environmental protection but are expensive, they come with consumption risks. These products are vigorously promoted by the government. This study divided lifestyle into three types: fashion consciousness, environmental consciousness, and price consciousness. Fashion consciousness refers to consumers’ expectation of highlighting fashion labels through their consumption preferences [
69]. Environmental consciousness means that consumers have a high level of green cognition, and they integrate this cognition into their consumption behavior. During the purchase decision-making process, they will focus more on the product’s energy-saving and environmental protection functions [
79]. Price consciousness means that price is the first priority in a consumer’s purchase decision [
70]. Lifestyle represents the comprehensive result of a person affected by all aspects of society and is also reflected in decision making related to personal consumption [
81]. Combined with the characteristics of electric vehicles, this study developed:
Hypothesis 5 (H5). Lifestyle regulates the relationship between innovation characteristics and perceived risk.
Hypothesis 6 (H6). Fashion consciousness has a moderating effect on innovation characteristics and risk perception.
Hypothesis 7 (H7). Environmental consciousness has a moderating effect on innovation characteristics and risk perception.
Hypothesis 8 (H8). Price consciousness has a moderating effect on innovation characteristics and consumer risk perception.
Based on the viewpoints analyzed above, a conceptual model was proposed, as shown in
Figure 2, to explore how innovation characteristics and lifestyle affect consumers’ purchase intention.
7. Conclusions, Limitations, and Future Research
Taking the market diffusion data for electric vehicles as an example, this study investigated the elements influencing consumers’ purchase intention based on the innovation diffusion theory, introduced consumers’ lifestyle as a moderating variable, and discussed how lifestyle affects consumers’ decision to purchase innovative products. This study divided consumers’ lifestyles into three dimensions—fashion consciousness, environmental consciousness, and price consciousness—and tried to explore the regulatory effect of lifestyle on innovation characteristics and consumers’ purchase intention. The research conclusions confirm that innovation characteristics significantly affect purchase intention and perceived risk. Additionally, the effect of consumer lifestyle on innovation diffusion was discussed. In previous studies, consumers’ lifestyle has been used as an independent variable to study the impact of lifestyle on purchase intention. The authors of this study believe that lifestyle is an individual trait formed under the comprehensive influences of the social environment, individual personality, and values. It exerts a moderating function on consumers’ purchase decision making and moderates the relationship between innovation characteristics and consumers’ perceived risk. Therefore, by adopting the innovation diffusion theory, this work established a comprehensive analysis framework, including innovation characteristics, consumers’ lifestyle, perceived risk, and purchase intention and studied the internal mechanisms of the relationship between innovation uncertainty and consumers’ purchase intention in relation to the development of a sustainable economy. Secondly, the results of the current research prove that lifestyle is a vital dominant factor influencing consumer behavior, but whether there are differences in the impacts of various dimensions of lifestyle on consumers’ purchase intention remains to be confirmed. This study concluded that this difference exists, and this is mainly reflected by (1) the relationship between relative advantage and perceived risk, where fashion consciousness plays the strongest regulatory role, price consciousness takes second place, and environmental consciousness has the weakest effect, indicating that (2) in the relationship between technology compatibility and perceived risk, environmental consciousness plays the strongest moderating role in the development of an ecofriendly environment, followed by fashion consciousness and price consciousness; (3) in the relationship between technology complexity and perceived risk, fashion consciousness plays the strongest regulatory role, followed by environmental consciousness, while price consciousness has the weakest effect.
This study had some limitations. First, the discussion on consumers’ lifestyles was not deep enough. The existing literature shows that the impact of lifestyle on purchase intention differs depending on the type of product. This study classified electric vehicles as green innovative products, so it drew lessons from the dimension classification of the existing literature. Second, when discussing the impacts of various dimensions of lifestyle on consumers’ purchase intention, this paper only considered a single electric vehicle type as a sample for the empirical analysis, so the conclusion is not rigorous enough. Third, due to the large research scope and strong subjectivity of this paper, sampling from only Beijing and Shanghai cannot rigorously explain the diffusion of electric vehicles in China. Therefore, in future research, the sample size will be further expanded with the help of big data technology and official data of relevant departments to ensure the reliability of research results. The shortcomings of the above research will be addressed in future research.