Bioremediation of 27 Micropollutants by Symbiotic Microorganisms of Wetland Macrophytes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design of a Bioremediation Experiment
2.2. Microorganisms
3. Results
3.1. General Parameters and Macronutrients
3.2. Removal of Micropollutants
- Carbamazepine, which is a poorly biodegradable compound, and its metabolites can build back to the parent compound. Therefore, removal is not assumed in conventional WWTPs [51], while in the presented experiments, this compound was removed up to 80%.
- Fluorosurfactants, in this case, PFOA and PFOS, are generally persistent compounds that tend to accumulate in the surrounding media [61] and, in the present study, were removed up to 66% (PFOA) and 27% (PFOS).
3.3. Microbial Composition
3.4. Colonization of the Roots by AMF
4. Conclusions
- Compared to our previous phytoremediation experiments, the currently described bioremediation experiment in semi-hydroponic conditions showed improved MP removal, which we believe was due to the additional aeration, recirculation of the liquid medium, and commercially bought hydroponic solutions, which favor the growth conditions of the plants and, therefore, enhance the development of the rhizosphere and consequent removal of MPs.
- The most efficient bioremediative system was the system with Iris pseudacorus, which removed 22 out of 27 of the MPs with more than 80% efficiency.
- Compounds, which are not well-removed in other bioremediation experiments, were removed here, with more than 90% efficiency (e.g., beta-blockers, carbendazim, cyclophosphamide, and DEET).
- Generally persistent compounds were removed with high efficiency (metoprolol up to 91%, lidocaine up to 84%, and TCIPP up to 90%).
- Possible ongoing nitrification likely enhanced the bioremediative process, as many of the MPs are degraded by nitrifying bacteria.
- Lythrum salicaria had the lowest efficiency for removing MPs (contrary to previous phytoremediation experiments). This is probably due to its weak physiological status after the winter season.
- Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Variovorax, Methylotenera, Reyranella, Amaricoccus and Hydrogenophaga belong to genera that are known to be potential MP degraders. High abundances of these organisms were also found in our samples.
- A colonization of the plant roots by AMF was established. This information is valuable, as AMF contribute to phyto- and bioremediation. The macrophyte with the highest colonization was Iris pseudacorus (56%).
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Application | Compound | CAS Number | Therapeutic Group/Use |
---|---|---|---|
Pharmaceuticals and metabolites | Atenolol | 29122-68-7 | Beta Blocker |
Bezafibrate | 41859-67-0 | Lipid regulator | |
Carbamazepine | 298-46-4 | Psychiatric drug | |
Clarithromycin | 81103-11-9 | Antibiotic | |
Ciprofloxacin | 85721-33-1 | Antibiotic | |
Cyclophosphamide | 50-18-0 | Cytostatic | |
Diclofenac | 15307-86-5 | Analgesic/anti-inflammatories | |
Erythromycin A | 114-07-8 | Antibiotic | |
Ketoprofen | 22071-15-4 | Analgesic/anti-inflammatories | |
Lidocaine | 137-58-6 | Anaesthetic | |
Metoprolol | 51384-51-1 | Beta Blocker | |
Propranolol | 525-66-6 | Beta Blocker | |
N4-acetylsulfamethoxazole | 21312-10-7 | Metabolite of Sulfamethoxazole | |
Sulfamethoxazole | 723-46-6 | Antibiotic | |
Pesticides/Herbicides | Carbendazim | 10605-21-7 | Fungicide |
DEET | 134-62-3 | Insect repellent | |
Diuron | 330-54-1 | Herbicide | |
Isoproturon | 34123-59-6 | Herbicide | |
Terbutryn | 886-50-0 | Herbicide | |
Mecoprop (MCPP) | 7085-19-0 | Herbicide | |
Tolyltriazole | 29385-43-1 | Fertilizer | |
Glyphosate | 1071-83-6 | Herbicide | |
Aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) | 1066-51-9 | Degradation product | |
Fluorosurfactants | Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) | 1763-23-1 | Surfactant |
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) | 335-67-1 | Surfactant | |
Corrosion inhibitor | Benzotriazole | 95-14-7 | Corrosion inhibitor/Antiviral |
Flame retardant | Tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCPP) | 13674-84-5 | Flame retardant |
Compound | Achieved Removal in Current Study (%) | Achieved Removal in Previous Studies | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
atenolol | 98.8 | 80% | [46] |
benzotriazole | 93 | complete removal, however conditioned by low concentration of the compound | [47] |
bezafibrate | 99.9 | contribution of the biofilm to removal of 25% | [48] |
carbendazim | 99.3 | 41.8% | [49] |
ciprofloxacin | 99.5 | contribution of the biofilm to removal of 22% | [48] |
clarithromycin | 99.4 | 75.8–98.6% | [50] |
cyclophosphamide | 91.8 | >20% | [51] |
DEET | 99.6 | no significant removal | [52] |
diclofenac | 99.7 | 97 ± 4% | [53] |
diuron | 99.7 | 83% | [54] |
erythromycin | 98.3 | 75.8–98.6% | [50] |
glyphosate | 99.2 | 82.6% | [55] |
isoproturon | 99.6 | complete removal | [56] |
ketoprofen | 99.9 | complete removal | [53] |
MCPP | 99.5 | 99% | [57] |
metoprolol | 91 | 60% | [46] |
propranolol | 98.9 | 60% | [46] |
sufamethoxazole | 90.5 | 75.8–98.6% | [50] |
N-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole | 99.5 | no information founded | |
TCIPP | 89.9 | 60% | [32] |
terbutryn | 99.6 | complete removal | [58] |
tolyltriazole | 95.7 | complete removal | [47] |
Sample | Pseudomonas | Flavobacterium | Variovorax | Methylotenera | Reyranella | Amaricoccus | Hydrogenophaga |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | |||||||
BPB | 9.39 | 2.22 | 0 | 1.56 | 1.41 | 1.84 | 3.2 |
BPNB | 1.48 | 0 | 2.93 | 7.96 | 1.38 | 0 | 0 |
BPC | 4.47 | 2.03 | 2.36 | 13.01 | 1.02 | 0 | 0 |
BPNC | 1.09 | 0 | 9.39 | 6.86 | 1.54 | 0 | 0 |
BRA | 6.22 | 0 | 0 | 1.62 | 1.31 | 6.44 | 1.26 |
BRB | 17.43 | 2.61 | 0 | 1.34 | 1.26 | 0 | 7.58 |
BRC | 9.42 | 2.26 | 0 | 1.5 | 1.41 | 1.82 | 3.19 |
Sample | Colonization by AMF (%) |
---|---|
Phragmites before bior. exp. | 34 |
Iris before bior. exp. | 56 |
Lythrum before bior. exp. | 36 |
Phragmites after bior. exp. | 10 |
Iris after bior. exp. | 15 |
Lythrum after bior. exp. | 10 |
Phragmites after bior. exp. new roots | 0 |
Iris after bior. exp. new roots | 0 |
Lythrum after bior. exp. new roots | 0 |
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Brunhoferova, H.; Venditti, S.; Laczny, C.C.; Lebrun, L.; Hansen, J. Bioremediation of 27 Micropollutants by Symbiotic Microorganisms of Wetland Macrophytes. Sustainability 2022, 14, 3944. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073944
Brunhoferova H, Venditti S, Laczny CC, Lebrun L, Hansen J. Bioremediation of 27 Micropollutants by Symbiotic Microorganisms of Wetland Macrophytes. Sustainability. 2022; 14(7):3944. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073944
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrunhoferova, Hana, Silvia Venditti, Cédric C. Laczny, Laura Lebrun, and Joachim Hansen. 2022. "Bioremediation of 27 Micropollutants by Symbiotic Microorganisms of Wetland Macrophytes" Sustainability 14, no. 7: 3944. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073944