Effect of Different Land-Use Types on Soil Properties in Cheha District, South-Central Ethiopia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Study Area
2.2. Site Selection and Descriptions of Land-Use Types (LUTs)
2.3. Soil Sampling, Processing, and Analysis
2.4. Laboratory Analysis of Indicators
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Different Land-Use Types on Soil Physical Properties
3.1.1. Soil Textural Fractions
3.1.2. Soil Bulk Density, Total Porosity, and Soil Water Characteristics
3.2. Effect of Different Land-Use Types on Soil Chemical Properties
3.2.1. Soil pH, Exchangeable Acidity, and Aluminum Saturation
3.2.2. Soil Organic Carbon, Total N, C:N Ratio, and Available P
3.2.3. Soil Exchangeable Bases, Cation Exchange Capacity, and Soil Micronutrients
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of Different Land-Use Types on Soil Properties
4.1.1. Soil Textural Fractions
4.1.2. Soil Bulk Density, Total Porosity, and Soil Water Characteristics
4.1.3. Soil pH, Exchangeable Acidity, and Aluminum Saturation
4.1.4. Soil Organic Carbon, Total N, C:N Ratio, and Available P
4.1.5. Soil Exchangeable Bases, Cation Exchange Capacity, and Soil Micronutrients
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Land-Use Types (LUTs) | Description of the Existing LUTs |
---|---|
Natural forest land | The land is covered with native dense tree species with bushes and grasses and since it is a less disturbed area, it was used as a reference (control). |
Eucalyptus plantation | The land area is mainly covered with eucalyptus species; established predominantly on former agricultural farmlands. |
Cultivated land | Land used for annual rainfed field crops (maize, teff, wheat) at least for 10 years, with crop rotation and intensive use of inorganic fertilizer (DAP and Urea). |
Grazing land | Land covered with grass and mainly used for communal grazing by livestock. |
Shrubland | Areas covered with shrubs and thorny bushes with sparsely scattered trees. |
Enset land | The area used for enset plantation at least for 15 years. The area is located around the homestead with no inorganic fertilizer inputs and soil conservation measures, but fresh manure and household wastes are usually applied. |
Khat land | Field area covered mainly by khat crops intercropped with maize for more than 10–15 years and grown around the homestead or sometimes at fields with limited tillage operations and soil conservation measures (soil bunds), but fresh manure has been applied. |
Treatment | Sand | Silt | Clay | Textural Class | Bulk Density (g cm−3) | Total Porosity (%) | FC (mm/m) | PWP (mm/m) | AWHC (mm/m) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Land-Use Types | ||||||||||
Eucalyptus P. | 23.44 c | 24.00 d | 52.56 a | Clay | 1.39 a | 48.33 b | 351.1 f | 240.0 e | 111.13 d | |
Cultivated | 28.84 ab | 30.16 ab | 41.00 cd | Clay | 1.34 ab | 50.37 b | 378.9 e | 257.9 d | 121.03 bc | |
Grazing | 24.10 c | 26.00 cd | 49.90 ab | Clay | 1.38 ab | 48.89 b | 388.4 d | 268.1 c | 120.30 c | |
Shrub | 31.00 a | 30.67 ab | 38.33 d | Clay loam | 1.32 b | 49.68 b | 407.4 b | 277.4 b | 130.00 b | |
N. Forest | 25.83 bc | 28.50 bc | 45.67 cb | Clay | 1.21 c | 54.56 a | 428.6 a | 286.2 a | 142.37 a | |
Enset | 27.00 abc | 32.00 a | 41.00 d | Clay | 1.22 c | 54.48 a | 405.1 bc | 274.8 bc | 140.33 a | |
Khat | 25.00 bc | 32.50 a | 42.50 cd | Clay | 1.25 c | 53.31 a | 397.7 c | 269.0 c | 128.70 bc | |
LSD (0.05) | 4.43 | 2.83 | 4.64 | - | 0.06 | 2.55 | 0.65 | 0.84 | 0.90 | |
CV (%) | 9.39 | 5.44 | 5.88 | 2.59 | 2.78 | 1.74 | 3.29 | 3.96 | ||
SE | 1.44 | 0.92 | 1.51 | - | 0.02 | 0.83 | 0.39 | 0.50 | 0.29 |
Treatment | pH-H2O | Al (cmol (+) kg−1) | EA (cmol (+) kg−1) | ASP | SOC (%) | Total N (%) | C:N Ratio | Available P (mg kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Land-Use Types | ||||||||
Eucalyptus P. | 5.54 ab | 3.47 a | 4.89 a | 25.42 a | 1.32 e | 0.11 c | 12.09 a | 9.52 ab |
Cultivated | 5.65 ab | 2.17 c | 3.18 c | 16.81 c | 1.51 d | 0.15 b | 10.09 c | 9.73 a |
Grazing | 5.40 bc | 1.57 d | 2.41 d | 9.49 d | 1.40 de | 0.12 c | 11.34 abc | 6.75 c |
Shrub | 5.53 ab | 3.08 b | 4.22 b | 20.10 b | 1.89 c | 0.15 b | 12.34 a | 9.50 ab |
N. Forest | 5.01 c | 0.59 e | 1.42 e | 4.99 e | 3.00 a | 0.25 a | 12.21 a | 9.27 ab |
Enset | 5.47 abc | 0.17 f | 0.68 f | 0.93 f | 2.41 b | 0.23 a | 10.47 bc | 8.52 abc |
Khat | 5.92 a | 0.05 f | 0.21 g | 0.35 f | 1.95 c | 0.16 b | 11.97 ab | 7.20 bc |
LSD (0.05) | 0.51 | 0.19 | 0.28 | 1.21 | 0.17 | 0.02 | 1.55 | 2.39 |
CV (%) | 5.16 | 6.75 | 6.42 | 6.09 | 4.83 | 5.58 | 7.59 | 15.57 |
SE | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.39 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.50 | 0.78 |
Ca | Mg | K | Na | CEC | PBS | Extractable Micronutrients (mg kg−1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | (cmol (+) kg−1) | (%) | Fe | Mn | Cu | Zn | ||||
Land-Use Types | ||||||||||
Eucalyptus P. | 5.21 cd | 2.71 a | 0.78 ab | 0.24 abc | 24.93 c | 36.08 bcd | 9.86 a | 4.66 a | 3.44 c | 2.60 c |
Cultivated | 4.59 d | 2.61 a | 0.85 ab | 0.22 bc | 29.75 b | 27.96 d | 5.94 c | 4.50 a | 3.51 bc | 2.63 c |
Grazing | 9.46 ab | 2.72 a | 0.88 ab | 0.19 c | 28.34 bc | 47.73 a | 6.94 c | 4.94 a | 3.05 c | 2.87 bc |
Shrub | 7.32 bcd | 3.06 a | 0.79 ab | 0.28 ab | 29.38 bc | 38.96 abc | 9.34 a | 4.97 a | 4.41 ab | 3.60 a |
N. Forest | 7.83 abc | 3.38 a | 1.02 a | 0.23 bc | 39.73 a | 31.17 cd | 7.43 b | 4.39 a | 3.53 bc | 3.08 abc |
Enset | 10.94 a | 3.44 a | 0.89 ab | 0.26 abc | 37.61 a | 41.21 ab | 7.73 b | 4.49 a | 4.93 a | 3.46 ab |
Khat | 9.30 ab | 3.54 a | 0.71 b | 0.31 ab | 31.30 b | 44.32 ab | 9.52 a | 5.18 a | 3.89 bc | 3.47 ab |
LSD (0.05) | 3.15 | 1.00 | 0.28 | 0.08 | 4.57 | 8.78 | 1.29 | 1.5 | 0.95 | 0.69 |
CV (%) | 22.67 | 18.36 | 18.87 | 18.25 | 8.14 | 12.92 | 8.93 | 17.79 | 13.98 | 12.47 |
SE | 1.02 | 0.33 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 1.48 | 2.85 | 0.42 | 0.49 | 0.31 | 0.22 |
Sand | Silt | Clay | BD | TP | WHC | pH | Al | EA | ASP | OC | TN | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sand | 1 | |||||||||||
Silt | 0.169 | 1 | ||||||||||
Clay | −0.753 ** | −0.776 ** | 1 | |||||||||
BD | −0.166 | −0.577 ** | 0.491 * | 1 | ||||||||
TP | 0.066 | 0.566 ** | −0.420 | −0.906 ** | 1 | |||||||
WHC | 0.253 | 0.383 | −0.417 | −0.746 ** | 0.621 ** | 1 | ||||||
pH | 0.291 | 0.294 | −0.383 | 0.063 | 0.165 | −0.362 | 1 | |||||
Al | 0.171 | −0.491 * | 0.218 | 0.763 ** | −0.803 ** | −0.658 ** | 0.043 | 1 | ||||
EA | 0.163 | −0.524 * | 0.246 | 0.740 ** | −0.790 ** | −0.632 ** | −0.017 | 0.995 ** | 1 | |||
ASP | 0.150 | −0.500 * | 0.238 | 0.731 ** | −0.773 ** | −0.664 ** | 0.035 | 0.990 ** | 0.991 ** | 1 | ||
OC | 0.077 | 0.387 | −0.307 | −0.839 ** | 0.687 ** | 0.842 ** | −0.469 * | −0.632 ** | −0.588 ** | −0.613 ** | 1 | |
TN | 0.109 | 0.435 * | −0.360 | −0.804 ** | 0.738 ** | 0.859 ** | −0.388 | −0.691 ** | −0.646 ** | −0.670 ** | 0.940 ** | 1 |
AP | 0.070 | 0.172 | −0.159 | −0.014 | −0.037 | 0.000 | −0.107 | 0.286 | 0.321 | 0.350 | 0.097 | 0.118 |
Ca | 0.094 | 0.312 | −0.269 | −0.451 * | 0.587 ** | 0.439 * | 0.268 | −0.619 ** | −0.625 ** | −0.692 ** | 0.321 | 0.399 |
Mg | 0.053 | 0.094 | −0.097 | −0.395 | 0.565 ** | 0.512 * | −0.041 | −0.487 * | −0.493 * | −0.497 * | 0.444 * | 0.507 * |
K | −0.275 | 0.046 | 0.145 | −0.195 | 0.039 | 0.353 | −0.587 ** | −0.156 | −0.112 | −0.115 | 0.321 | 0.305 |
Na | 0.090 | 0.415 | −0.335 | −0.283 | 0.342 | 0.065 | 0.348 | −0.141 | −0.180 | −0.145 | 0.106 | 0.118 |
CEC | 0.110 | 0.448 * | −0.370 | −0.741 ** | 0.688 ** | 0.743 ** | −0.281 | −0.681 ** | −0.634 ** | −0.664 ** | 0.855 ** | 0.923 ** |
PBS | −0.057 | −0.056 | 0.073 | 0.039 | 0.149 | 0.014 | 0.364 | −0.228 | −0.269 | −0.321 | −0.213 | −0.199 |
Fe | −0.047 | −0.058 | 0.069 | 0.036 | 0.053 | −0.119 | 0.369 | 0.217 | 0.174 | 0.180 | −0.103 | −0.211 |
Mn | −0.117 | 0.209 | −0.064 | −0.083 | 0.052 | 0.025 | 0.028 | −0.018 | −0.019 | −0.016 | −0.082 | −0.121 |
Cu | 0.289 | 0.414 | −0.461 * | −0.399 | 0.477 * | 0.506 * | 0.145 | −0.231 | −0.249 | −0.243 | 0.317 | 0.419 |
Zn | 0.561 ** | 0.128 | −0.445 * | −0.460 * | 0.378 | 0.513 * | 0.150 | −0.298 | −0.319 | −0.340 | 0.293 | 0.252 |
AP | Ca | Mg | K | Na | CEC | PBS | Fe | Mn | Cu | Zn | ||
AP | 1 | |||||||||||
Ca | −0.361 | 1 | ||||||||||
Mg | −0.202 | 0.375 | 1 | |||||||||
K | 0.497 * | −0.210 | −0.141 | 1 | ||||||||
Na | 0.116 | 0.107 | 0.358 | −0.223 | 1 | |||||||
CEC | 0.149 | 0.468 * | 0.396 | 0.267 | 0.066 | 1 | ||||||
PBS | −0.533 * | 0.715 ** | 0.273 | −0.328 | 0.088 | −0.235 | 1 | |||||
Fe | −0.180 | 0.166 | 0.207 | −0.404 | 0.378 | −0.285 | 0.389 | 1 | ||||
Mn | 0.340 | −0.052 | −0.149 | 0.470 * | 0.136 | −0.069 | 0.044 | −0.091 | 1 | |||
Cu | 0.032 | 0.306 | 0.510 * | 0.011 | 0.326 | 0.285 | 0.138 | 0.299 | −0.045 | 1 | ||
Zn | −0.423 | 0.396 | 0.494 * | −0.229 | 0.353 | 0.204 | 0.323 | 0.261 | 0.047 | 0.481 * | 1 |
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Kebebew, S.; Bedadi, B.; Erkossa, T.; Yimer, F.; Wogi, L. Effect of Different Land-Use Types on Soil Properties in Cheha District, South-Central Ethiopia. Sustainability 2022, 14, 1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031323
Kebebew S, Bedadi B, Erkossa T, Yimer F, Wogi L. Effect of Different Land-Use Types on Soil Properties in Cheha District, South-Central Ethiopia. Sustainability. 2022; 14(3):1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031323
Chicago/Turabian StyleKebebew, Solomon, Bobe Bedadi, Teklu Erkossa, Fantaw Yimer, and Lemma Wogi. 2022. "Effect of Different Land-Use Types on Soil Properties in Cheha District, South-Central Ethiopia" Sustainability 14, no. 3: 1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031323