Tourism and Natural Hazards: River Landform Changes Due to Geohazards and Its Influence on the Economic Development of Ecotourism in Sabah, Malaysia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Impact of Disasters on the Tourism Industry
2.2. The Concept of Ecotourism and Sustainable Tourism
3. Methods
3.1. Research Area
3.2. Data Collection
3.3. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Demographic Information of Local Entrepreneurs
4.2. Landform Changes of Panataran Kedamaian River Due to Geohazard Have Triggered Tourist Attraction
4.3. Increase of Business Size and Total Revenue after Disaster
4.4. Eco-Tourism Products or Services Offered for Payment
5. Discussion
6. Limitation of the Study
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Disaster | Country/State/City | Year & Number of Tourists | Year & Number of Tourists | Year & Number of Tourists | Year & Number of Tourists |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tsunami 2004 | Thailand | 2003 10,082,000 | 2004 11,737,000 | 2005 11,567,000 | 2006 13,822,000 |
2 | Tsunami 2011 | Japan | 2008 8,351,000 | 2010 8,611,000 | 2011 6,219,000 | 2012 8,368,100 |
3 | Earthquake 1995 | Japan, Kobe | 1994 3,468,005 | 1995 3,345,274 | 1996 3,837,113 | 1997 4,218,208 |
4 | Earthquake 2010 | Haiti | 2008 258,000 | 2009 387,000 | 2010 255,000 | 2011 349,000 |
5 | Hurricane Katrina 2005 | USA | 2003 41,218,000 | 2004 46,086,000 | 2005 49,206,000 | 2006 50,977,000 |
6 | Volcano eruption 2010 | Iceland | 2008 502,300 | 2009 493,940 | 2010 488,622 | 2011 565,611 |
7 | Earthquake 2015 | Sabah, Malaysia | 2014 3,230,645 | 2015 3,176,226 | 2016 3,427,908 | 2017 3,690,224 |
8 | Earthquake 2015 | Nepal | 2014 790,118 | 2015 538,970 | 2016 753,002 | 2017 940,218 |
9 | Earthquake 2016 | Ecuador | 2015 167,600 | 2016 156,900 | 2017 180,600 | 2018 253,500 |
Demography | ||
---|---|---|
Frequency (n) | Percent (%) | |
Types of Entrepreneurs | ||
Entrepreneur A | 7 | 25.9 |
Entrepreneur B | 20 | 74.1 |
Gender | ||
Male | 11 | 40.7 |
Female | 16 | 59.3 |
Age | ||
21–40 years old | 5 | 18.5 |
40 years old and above | 22 | 81.5 |
Marital Status | ||
Married | 27 | 100 |
Single | 0 | 0 |
Religion | ||
Muslim | 3 | 11.1 |
Christian | 24 | 88.9 |
Education Level | ||
No Education | 1 | 3.7 |
Primary School | 1 | 3.7 |
Secondary School | 9 | 33.3 |
College/University | 16 | 59.3 |
Ethnicity | ||
Dusun | 26 | 96.3 |
Others | 1 | 3.7 |
Year of Settling | ||
After 2015 | 1 | 3.7 |
1996–2015 | 3 | 11.1 |
1986–1995 | 2 | 7.4 |
1976–1985 | 6 | 22.2 |
Before 1976 | 15 | 55.6 |
Theme | Sub-Theme | Frequency | Example |
---|---|---|---|
Physical attraction | Beautiful river | 63.4% | The rocks washed away by the floods from Mount Kinabalu caused the river water to become clearer and more bluish. (Entrepreneur 7) |
The natural environment has become more beautiful due to the riverbank landform that is now wider due to flood sediments. (Entrepreneur 1) | |||
Mountain view | 22% | The view of Mount Kinabalu is more beautiful and clearer since the number of trees on the riverbank has decreased due to floods. (Entrepreneur 11) | |
Fresh air | 2.4% | Fresh and cool air is abundant, especially in the early morning and at night. (Entrepreneur 18) | |
Night atmosphere | 2.4% | Soothing night atmosphere. (Entrepreneur 15) | |
Cultural attraction | Good facilities | 7.4% | Many facilities are provided for visitors to use. (Entrepreneur 21) |
Beautiful village | 2.4% | Very beautiful and peaceful village atmosphere. (Entrepreneur 9) |
Theme | Sub-Theme | Frequency | Example |
---|---|---|---|
Economic orientation | Increase in tourists arrivals | 17.2% | More visitors come for recreational activities. (Entrepreneur 7 & Entrepreneur 20) |
High camping/accommodation demand | 10.4% | Demand for accommodation and campsites is very high at the moment. (Entrepreneur 16) | |
Employment opportunities | 6.9% | The youth of this village do not have to go elsewhere to look for a job. (Entrepreneur 5) | |
source of income | 10.4% | The homestay business is profitable and can generate additional income. (Entrepreneur 11) | |
Non-economic orientation | Beautiful view | 17.2% | The landform of the river area has changed to become more beautiful and has the potential to be developed. (Entrepreneur 24) |
Sharing nature | 10.4% | To share the beauty of nature with others. (Entrepreneur 8) | |
Industrial needs | 17.2% | Responding to the government’s call to increase the tourism industry in Sabah. (Entrepreneur 1) | |
Environmental conservation | 6.9% | Continue the preservation of the beauty of nature for future generations. (Entrepreneur 4) | |
Good accessibility | 3.4% | The road network improved. (Entrepreneur 18) |
Type of Entrepreneurs | Entrepreneur A (n = 7) | Entrepreneur B (n = 20) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of Asset | Pre Disaster | Post Disaster | Pre Disaster | Post Disaster | |
House Size | <1001 sq ft | 2 (28.6%) | 1 (14.3%) | 10 (50%) | 4 (20%) |
1001–2000 sq ft | 4 (57.1%) | 4 (57.1%) | 7 (35%) | 4 (20%) | |
2001–3000 sq ft | 1 (14.3%) | 1 (14.3%) | 1 (5%) | 10 (50%) | |
3001–4000 sq ft | 0 | 0 | 2 (10%) | 2 (10%) | |
>4000 sq ft | 0 | 1 (14.3%) | 0 | 0 | |
Number of Rooms | 1–4 units | 3 (42.9%) | 1 (14.3%) | 11 (55%) | 4 (20%) |
5–8 units | 2 (28.6%) | 4 (57.1%) | 8 (40%) | 4 (20%) | |
9–12 units | 2 (28.6%) | 0 | 1 (5%) | 3 (15%) | |
13–16 units | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 (40%) | |
17–20 units | 0 | 2 (28.6%) | 0 | 1 (5%) | |
Number of workers | <3 persons | 3 (42.9%) | 0 | 0 | 7 (35%) |
3–4 persons | 2 (28.6%) | 3 (42.9%) | 0 | 7 (35%) | |
5–6 persons | 2 (28.6%) | 4 (57.1%) | 0 | 3 (15%) | |
7–8 persons | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (10%) | |
9–15 persons | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (5%) | |
Average monthly income | <RM2001 | 7 (100%) | 2 (28.6%) | 0 | 12 (60%) |
MYR2001-MYR4000 | 0 | 3 (42.9%) | 0 | 5 (25%) | |
MYR4001-MYR6000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (5%) | |
MYR6001-MYR8000 | 0 | 1 (14.3%) | 0 | 0 | |
MYR8001-MYR10000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
MYR10000-MYR30000 | 0 | 1 (14.3%) | 0 | 2 (10%) |
Type of Entrepreneurs | Entrepreneur A (n = 7) Frequency (Percent) | Entrepreneur B (n = 20) Frequency (Percent) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Type of Facility | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Entrance to the site grounds | 6 (85.7%) | 1 (14.3%) | 17 (85%) | 3 (15%) |
Campsite rental | 6 (85.7%) | 1 (14.3%) | 15 (75%) | 5 (25%) |
Parking payments | 6 (85.7%) | 1 (14.3%) | 13 (65%) | 7 (35%) |
Swim boat rental | 4 (57.1%) | 3 (42.9%) | 9 (45%) | 11 (55%) |
Restaurant | 2 (28.6%) | 5 (71.4%) | 8 (40%) | 12 (60%) |
Small mini market | 2 (28.6%) | 5 (71.4%) | 9 (45%) | 11 (55%) |
Tour guide service | 5 (71.4%) | 2 (28.6%) | 3 (15%) | 17 (85%) |
Flying foxes | 0 | 7 (100%) | 1 (5%) | 19 (95%) |
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Jafar, A.; Dollah, R.; Sakke, N.; Mapa, M.T.; Joko, E.P.; Radzi, M.M.; Imang, U.; Ahmad, S.A.; Ab. Wahab, A.; Sipatau, J.A. Tourism and Natural Hazards: River Landform Changes Due to Geohazards and Its Influence on the Economic Development of Ecotourism in Sabah, Malaysia. Sustainability 2022, 14, 15832. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315832
Jafar A, Dollah R, Sakke N, Mapa MT, Joko EP, Radzi MM, Imang U, Ahmad SA, Ab. Wahab A, Sipatau JA. Tourism and Natural Hazards: River Landform Changes Due to Geohazards and Its Influence on the Economic Development of Ecotourism in Sabah, Malaysia. Sustainability. 2022; 14(23):15832. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315832
Chicago/Turabian StyleJafar, Adi, Ramli Dollah, Nordin Sakke, Mohammad Tahir Mapa, Eko Prayitno Joko, Marsitah Mohd Radzi, Ubong Imang, Syahruddin Awang Ahmad, Andika Ab. Wahab, and Jemmy Amanda Sipatau. 2022. "Tourism and Natural Hazards: River Landform Changes Due to Geohazards and Its Influence on the Economic Development of Ecotourism in Sabah, Malaysia" Sustainability 14, no. 23: 15832. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315832
APA StyleJafar, A., Dollah, R., Sakke, N., Mapa, M. T., Joko, E. P., Radzi, M. M., Imang, U., Ahmad, S. A., Ab. Wahab, A., & Sipatau, J. A. (2022). Tourism and Natural Hazards: River Landform Changes Due to Geohazards and Its Influence on the Economic Development of Ecotourism in Sabah, Malaysia. Sustainability, 14(23), 15832. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315832