Engineering Properties of High-Volume Fly Ash Modified Cement Incorporated with Bottle Glass Waste Nanoparticles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Materials
2.2. Mixes’ Design and Specimens’ Preparation
2.3. Test Procedure
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Workability
3.2. Compressive Strength
3.3. Flexural Strength
3.4. Splitting Tensile Strength
3.5. Modulus of Elasticity
3.6. Water Absorption
3.7. XRD Patterns
3.8. SEM Analyses
3.9. TGA and DTG Results
4. Conclusions
- Modified cement workability was significantly improved by the inclusion of FA and BGWNP content. The flow diameter was dropped from 19.5 cm to 12 cm with the inclusion of a high amount of FA and BGWNP in the cement matrix.
- The inclusion of high-volume FA (60%) as an OPC replacement resulted in a drop in the strength performance of prepared mortars at an early age.
- The results indicated that the inclusion of 6% BGWNP as an OPC-FA binder replacement produced higher compressive strength at all curing ages compared with the other percentages. However, the results showed that the compressive strength of the specimens with 6% BGWNP exhibited higher strength than the control sample (OPC) at 90 days of curing age.
- Similar to the compressive strength results, a trend was observed for flexural, splitting tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity, and the strength significantly improved with the inclusion of 6% of BGWNP as an OPC-FA replacement in the mortar matrix.
- The inclusion of nanoparticles from bottle glass waste significantly improved the microstructure of prepared mortar and led to a reduction in the total pores and porosity of tested specimens. The lower water absorption was obtained with specimens containing 6% of BGWNP as an OPC-FA replacement.
- With regard to the XRD results, the replacement of OPC by 60% of FA resulted in a significant decrease in the C–S–H peaks, and this decrease was attributed to the lack of calcium content in the modified mixtures. However, the inclusion of 6% of BGWNP led to an improvement in the hydration process and an enhancement in the intensity of the C-S-H and Ca(OH)2 peaks with strength improvement.
- The surface morphology of the modified mortar with a high-volume FA significantly improved with fewer pores and micro-cracks with the inclusion of 6% of BGWNP in the mortar matrix.
- Similarly, TGA and DTA showed that the inclusion of BGWNP improved the hydration process with more gel products. Specimens containing FA and BGWNP displayed high chemical stability under high temperatures.
- Sustainable mortar with acceptable compressive strength and lower carbon dioxide emission was produced for several applications in the construction industry using FA and glass waste.
- Through systematic preparation of new high-volume FA blends and their thorough characterizations, it was demonstrated that such ternary blends can offer the flexibility needed to achieve good mechanical properties and durability in order to meet the required specifications of construction industries. It is established that the exploitation of this new high-volume FA blend could promote both economic and environmental sustainability within the construction industry.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BGWNPs | Bottle glass waste nanoparticles |
CS | Compressive strength |
STS | Splitting tensile strength |
FS | Flexural strength |
C–S–H | Calcium silicate hydrate |
CH | Portlandite (Ca(OH)2) |
CO2 | Carbon dioxide |
OPC | Ordinary Portland cement |
SSD | Saturated surface dry |
XRD | X-ray diffraction |
SEM | Scanning electronic image |
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Raw Materials | Elements (Weight%) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | MgO | K2O | Na2O | SO3 | LOT | |
OPC | 20.4 | 5.2 | 4.2 | 62.4 | 1.6 | 0.01 | 0.2 | 2.1 | 2.4 |
FA | 57.2 | 28.8 | 3.7 | 5.2 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.98 | 0.1 | 0.12 |
BGWNP | 69.1 | 13.9 | 0.24 | 3.2 | 0.7 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 4.1 | 0.16 |
Mix Code | Binder, kg/m3 | W/C | River Sand kg/m3 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement | FA | BGWNP | |||
OPC | 460 | 0 | 0 | 253 | 1380 |
FA60 | 184 | 276 | 0 | 253 | 1380 |
NPs2 | 180.3 | 270.5 | 9.2 | 253 | 1380 |
NPs4 | 176.6 | 264.9 | 18.4 | 253 | 1380 |
NPs6 | 172.9 | 259.6 | 27.6 | 253 | 1380 |
NPs8 | 169.3 | 253.92 | 36.8 | 253 | 1380 |
NPs10 | 165.6 | 248.4 | 46 | 253 | 1380 |
Chemical Compounds | 7 Days | 28 Days | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OPC | FA60 | NPs6 | OPC | FA60 | NPs6 | |
C–S–H gel | 7.9 | 4.9 | 6.8 | 13.8 | 9.7 | 13.3 |
CH (Portlandite) | 5.4 | 2.9 | 3.3 | 6.4 | 4.2 | 5.9 |
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Alharbi, Y.R.; Abadel, A.A. Engineering Properties of High-Volume Fly Ash Modified Cement Incorporated with Bottle Glass Waste Nanoparticles. Sustainability 2022, 14, 12459. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912459
Alharbi YR, Abadel AA. Engineering Properties of High-Volume Fly Ash Modified Cement Incorporated with Bottle Glass Waste Nanoparticles. Sustainability. 2022; 14(19):12459. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912459
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlharbi, Yousef R., and Aref A. Abadel. 2022. "Engineering Properties of High-Volume Fly Ash Modified Cement Incorporated with Bottle Glass Waste Nanoparticles" Sustainability 14, no. 19: 12459. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912459
APA StyleAlharbi, Y. R., & Abadel, A. A. (2022). Engineering Properties of High-Volume Fly Ash Modified Cement Incorporated with Bottle Glass Waste Nanoparticles. Sustainability, 14(19), 12459. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912459