Analysis and Sizing of Charging Stations in Kota City
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Layout Approaches for EV Charging Station Optimization
Process Design
2.2. The Mathematical Model of Location and Sizing
2.2.1. Site Survey
2.2.2. Predicting Total Number of Electrical Vehicles
2.2.3. Analyzing Power and Demand of Charging Stations
2.2.4. Analysis the Number of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations
2.2.5. Load Modeling
2.3. Estimation of Cost of Charging Infrastructure
3. Results
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
EV | Electric Vehicles |
PCS | Electric Vehicles Charging Station |
PM10 | Particulate Matter |
Density | |
N | no. of people |
A | total area in square kilometer |
total electric vehicles in the region | |
daily charging time of an electric car | |
yearly average mileage of an EVs in kilometers | |
number of driving days per year of an electric vehicle | |
SD | driving range of an EVs battery in kilometer’s |
Charge time | |
Charging Power (kW) | |
E | Energy stored in a battery, expressed in watt-hours |
V | voltage of the battery |
Q | battery capacity, measured in amp-hours |
possibilityof that n electric vehicles accept charging services | |
S | the number of charging stations |
λ | average arriving rate for each charging station |
time of electric vehicle arriving and departure from one charging station | |
predicted amounts of electric vehicles | |
Correction factor with a range ranging from 0 to 1 | |
Electric vehicle charging power demand (in kVA). | |
power of a single electric vehicle in kVA. | |
charging time of an electric vehicle per day | |
minimum number of Electric Vehicles Charging Station | |
maximum number of Electric Vehicles Charging Station | |
charging station’s maximum capacity | |
charging station’s minimum capacity | |
planned area’s entire charging demand | |
number of chargers in charging station | |
capacity margin | |
P | charging power of the chargers. |
K | efficiency of chargers |
t | effective charging time of the station |
projected load | |
LTotal | fundamental total load |
EV charging station’s capacity | |
ratio of charging EVs to total EV quantity in statistical likelihood | |
stands for the average charging power | |
CB | Capacity of battery placed in EV |
CT | Time taken for charging EV |
power demand by an EV | |
The total power demand for all EVs | |
Total Harmonic Distortion for current | |
Total Harmonic Distortion for voltage | |
SOC | State of Charge |
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Charger Type | Charger Connectors | Rated Voltage (V) | No. of Charging Points/No. of Connector Guns (CG) |
---|---|---|---|
Fast | CCS (min 50 kW) | 200–1000 | 1/1CG |
CHAdeMO (min 50 kW) | 200–1000 | 1/1CG | |
Type-2 AC (min 22 kW) | 380–480 | 1/1CG | |
Slow | Bharat DC-001 (15 kW) | 72–200 | 1/1CG |
Bharat AC-001 (10 kW) | 230 | 3/3CG of 3.3 kW each |
S.NO | Type of EVS | Model | Battery Capacity | Travel Range | Recharge Time |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Four-wheelers | Tata Nexon EV | 30.2 kWh | 312 km | 65 min (FC) |
2 | MG ZS EV | 44.5 kWh | 340 km | 50 min (FC) 6–8 h (SC) | |
3 | Tata Tigor EV | 30 kWh | 142 km | 90 min (FC) 6 h (SC) | |
4 | Hyundai Kona EV | 39.2 kWh | 452 km | 57 min (FC) 6 h (SC) | |
5 | Mahindra e2oPlus | 10.08 kWh | 99.9 km | 75 min (FC) 6 h (SC) | |
6 | Three Wheelers | Mahindra e-Verito | 21.2 kWh | 140 km | 1.45 h (FC) |
7 | Mahindra TREO(AUTO) | 7.37 kWh | 130 km | 3 h (SC) | |
8 | Two Wheelers | Revolt RV400 | 3.2 kWh | 80–150 km | 4.5 h (SC) |
9 | TVS iQube | 4.5 kWh | 75 km | 5 h (SC) | |
10 | Bajaj Chetak | 3 kWh | 85–95 km | 5 h (SC) | |
11 | Ola S1/S1 Pro | 2.98–3.97 kWh | 121–181 km | 6.5 h (SC) | |
12 | Pure EV Epluto 7G | 2.5 kWh | 90–120 km | 4 h (SC) | |
13 | Hero Photon HX | 1.8 kWh | 80 km | 5 h (SC) |
Year | Population of R.K Puram Area | Total No. of Vehicles | Foreseen No. of EVs |
---|---|---|---|
2022 | 11,881 | 5324 | 480 |
2024 | 12,560 | 5628 | 533 |
2026 | 13,214 | 5921 | 967 |
2028 | 13,856 | 6208 | 1492 |
2030 | 14,498 | 6496 | 1948 |
Vehicle Categories | No. of EVs in R.K Puram (2022) | Calculated No. of EVs in R.K Puram (2030) | Slow Charging | Fast Charging | EVS Sale Ratio in Market (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TWO wheelers | 729 | 1480 | Y | N | 76% |
THREE wheelers | 212 | 429 | Y | N | 22% |
Four wheelers | 18 | 39 | Y | Y | 2% |
TOTAL | 959 | 1948 | Out of 100% |
Average Battery Charging Time | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S.NO | Type of EVS | Average Battery Capacity | Average Travel Range | Fast Charger | Slow Charger |
1 | 4 W | 31.4 kWh | 270 km | 67 min. | 6 h 25 min |
2 | 3 w | 15 kWh | 135 km | 1.45 hrs. | 3 h |
3 | 2 W | 3 kWh | 100 km | 20 min. | 5 h |
EVCS Location NO. | No. of Fast Charging Guns/Points | No. of Slow Charging Guns/Points | Total No. of Charger Slots | Capacity |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1CG (min 50 kW) | 4CG (min 3.3 kW each) | 5 | 63.2 kW |
2 | 1CG (min 50 kW) | 4CG (min 3.3 kW each) | 5 | 63.2 kW |
3 | 1CG (min 50 kW) | 4CG (min 3.3 kW each) | 5 | 63.2 kW |
4 | 1CG (min 50 kW) | 4CG (min 3.3 kW each) | 5 | 63.2 kW |
5 | 1CG (min 50 kW) | 4CG (min 3.3 kW each) | 5 | 63.2 kW |
6 | 1CG (min 50 kW) | 4CG (min 3.3 kW each) | 5 | 63.2 kW |
7 | 1CG (min 50 kW) | 4CG (min 3.3 kW each) | 5 | 63.2 kW |
8 | 1CG (min 50 kW) | 4CG (min 3.3 kW each) | 5 | 63.2 kW |
9 | 1CG (min 50 kW) | 4CG (min 3.3 kW each) | 5 | 63.2 kW |
10 | 1CG (min 50 kW) | 4CG (min 3.3 kW each) | 5 | 63.2 kW |
A | 2CG (min 50 kW) | 2CG (min 15 kW each) | 4 | 130 kW |
B | 2CG (min 50 kW) | 2CG (min 15 kW) | 4 | 130 kW |
C | 2CG (min 50 kW) | 2CG (min 15 kW) | 4 | 130 kW |
TOTAL | 16CG | 46CG | 62 | 1022 kW |
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Verma, R.; Sharma, S.K.; Singh, P.; Bhutto, J.K.; Alharbi, A.R.A. Analysis and Sizing of Charging Stations in Kota City. Sustainability 2022, 14, 11759. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811759
Verma R, Sharma SK, Singh P, Bhutto JK, Alharbi ARA. Analysis and Sizing of Charging Stations in Kota City. Sustainability. 2022; 14(18):11759. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811759
Chicago/Turabian StyleVerma, Rohan, Santosh Kumar Sharma, Pushpendra Singh, Javed Khan Bhutto, and Abdul Rahman Abdullah Alharbi. 2022. "Analysis and Sizing of Charging Stations in Kota City" Sustainability 14, no. 18: 11759. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811759