Features of Metallic Ion Distribution in Non-Traditional Water Agricultural Applications in Sandy Loam in an Arid Area
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Crops
2.2. Monitoring Items and Methods
2.3. Instruments and Reagents
2.4. Sample Determination Method
2.5. Experimental Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Heavy Metals Contents in Non-Traditional Water in the Sandy Loam Irrigation Area around the Metal Mines
3.2. Effects of Non-Traditional Water of Different Periods on the Heavy Metals Content in Sandy Loam
3.3. Effects of Different Volumes of Non-Traditional Water Agricultural Application on the Content of Heavy Metals in the Sandy Loam Irrigation Area around the Metal Mines
3.4. Distribution Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Balsam Pear under Non-Traditional Water Agricultural Application
3.5. Analysis of Heavy Metals Contents in Sandy Loam and Balsam Pear under Non-Traditional Water Agricultural Application
4. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Water Quality | As /mg·L−1 | Cr /mg·L−1 | Cd /μg·L−1 | Cu /μg·L−1 | Pb /mg·L−1 | Zn /mg·L−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Underground water | 0.0031 | 0.0194 | 0.041 | 0.062 | 0.0119 | 0.0312 |
Non-traditional water | 0.0062 | 0.0343 | 0.075 | 0.292 | 0.0121 | 0.1190 |
Agricultural application water quality standard | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.1 | 2 |
Index | Depth/cm | Background Values | Irrigation Periods | Loam Quality Standard GB15618-2008 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12 Months | 18 Months | 24 Months | First Grade | Second Grade | Third Grade | |||
As /mg·kg−1 | 0~30 | 8.1 ± 1.82 a | 9.3 ± 0.32 a | 6.7 ± 0.89 a | 9.3 ± 1.19 b | ≤15 ≤25 ≤40 | ||
30~60 | 8.2 ± 2.29 ab | 8.6 ± 1.11 a | 6.4 ± 1.33 b | 8.3 ± 0.77 a | ||||
60~90 | 6.3 ± 3.43 d | 8.2 ± 3.86 d | 6.7 ± 2.80 ab | 6.7 ± 2.02 cd | ||||
Cd /μg·kg−1 | 0~30 | 58 ± 2.32 a | 64 ± 1.03 a | 63 ± 5.38 c | 54 ± 4.91 ef | ≤200 ≤1000 ≤infinite | ||
30~60 | 50 ± 6.17 c | 58 ± 1.12 a | 49 ± 1.76 a | 52 ± 2.02 d | ||||
60~90 | 41 ± 3.13 bc | 46 ± 0.82 a | 40 ± 1.99 b | 48 ± 1.31 ab | ||||
Cu /mg·kg−1 | 0~30 | 23 ± 1.12 b | 76 ± 1.23 a | 64 ± 1.71 b | 70 ± 1.15 a | ≤35 ≤100 ≤400 | ||
30~60 | 22 ± 0.32 a | 71 ± 2.89 b | 66 ± 4.82 b | 67 ± 5.02 bc | ||||
60~90 | 20 ± 2.11 bc | 67 ± 1.33 b | 63 ± 3.44 e | 70 ± 3.99 c | ||||
Cr /mg·kg−1 | 0~30 | 34 ± 1.21 b | 10 ± 1.95 de | 9 ± 1.03 b | 9 ± 1.73 b | ≤90 ≤250 ≤300 | ||
30~60 | 34 ± 2.02 b | 10 ± 0.32 a | 9 ± 0.02 a | 9 ± 1.89 bc | ||||
60~90 | 35 ± 1.82 | 9 ± 1.82 de | 7 ± 1.82 f | 8 ± 1.82 ± 1.62 de | ||||
Zn /mg·kg−1 | 0~30 | 28 ± 1.14 b | 28 ± 0.09 a | 33 ± 3.02 b | 26 ± 2.81 cd | ≤100 ≤300 ≤500 | ||
30~60 | 33 ± 0.72 a | 27 ± 1.13 ab | 34 ± 1.19 ab | 24 ± 1.41 b | ||||
60~90 | 36 ± 1.02 bc | 26 ± 1.77 b | 26 ± 2.86 bc | 24 ± 0.12 a |
Index | Depth/cm | Local Value | Underground Water | Half-Non-Traditional Water | Non-Traditional Water |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
As /mg·kg−1 | 0~30 | 8.9 ± 0.29 b | 8.8 ± 0.32 a | 9.3 ± 1.19 c | 9.8 ± 1.79 d |
30~60 | 8.1 ± 0.04 a | 8.0 ± 0.88 b | 8.3 ± 0.12 a | 11.2 ± 1.33 c | |
60~90 | 6.5 ± 0.43 b | 8.1 ± 0.55 ab | 6.8 ± 0.76 ab | 8.2 ± 0.23 a | |
Cd /μg·kg−1 | 0~30 | 62 ± 2.26 b | 50 ± 3.27 b | 58 ± 4.19 b | 53 ± 5.11 ac |
30~60 | 51 ± 3.14 b | 47 ± 3.59 b | 64 ± 3.22 b | 51 ± 3.52 b | |
60~90 | 46 ± 1.45 b | 47 ± 1.48 a | 48 ± 1.19 a | 44 ± 0.17 a | |
Cu /mg·kg−1 | 0~30 | 23 ± 1.02 b | 16 ± 1.00 c | 21 ± 1.11 b | 22 ± 0.21 a |
30~60 | 22 ± 1.24 b | 18 ± 0.28 a | 20 ± 0.22 a | 25 ± 0.33 a | |
60~90 | 19 ± 0.51 a | 16 ± 0.99 b | 18 ± 1.93 ab | 23 ± 0.55 ab | |
Cr /mg·kg−1 | 0~30 | 36 ± 2.01 b | 27 ± 0.12 a | 28 ± 2.03 ab | 75 ± 1.98 ad |
30~60 | 34 ± 1.76 a | 26 ± 0.66 b | 23 ± 1.21 ab | 32 ± 1.22 a | |
60~90 | 33 ± 1.56 a | 25 ± 0.69 a | 27 ± 0.82 a | 30 ± 3.01 c | |
Pb /mg·kg−1 | 0~30 | 63 ± 0.98 a | 14 ± 0.87 a | 18 ± 1.09 c | 22 ± 0.27 a |
30~60 | 64 ± 1.99 b | 17 ± 2.54 c | 18 ± 0.28 a | 21 ± 0.36 a | |
60~90 | 61 ± 3.24 b | 14 ± 0.79 a | 15 ± 0.71 b | 19 ± 0.15 b | |
Zn /mg·kg−1 | 0~30 | 7.3 ± 2.53 c | 49 ± 0.66 a | 58 ± 5.19 d | 60 ± 3.77 ab |
30~60 | 7.9 ± 5.07 ab | 40 ± 3.31 b | 52 ± 0.89 a | 62 ± 3.91 b | |
60~90 | 7.1 ± 6.12 c | 48 ± 1.12 a | 50 ± 2.11 c | 54 ± 1.24 a |
Water Quality | As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Pb | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Underground water | 0.0026 | 0.021 | 0.062 | 0.019 | 0.055 | No detected |
Half- non-traditional water | 0.0040 | 0.044 | 0.068 | 0.022 | 0.079 | No detected |
Non-traditional water | 0.0033 | 0.060 | 0.092 | 0.0099 | 0.083 | No detected |
National standard | 0.5 | 0.05 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.2 | No detected |
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Pei, L. Features of Metallic Ion Distribution in Non-Traditional Water Agricultural Applications in Sandy Loam in an Arid Area. Sustainability 2022, 14, 11080. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141711080
Pei L. Features of Metallic Ion Distribution in Non-Traditional Water Agricultural Applications in Sandy Loam in an Arid Area. Sustainability. 2022; 14(17):11080. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141711080
Chicago/Turabian StylePei, Liang. 2022. "Features of Metallic Ion Distribution in Non-Traditional Water Agricultural Applications in Sandy Loam in an Arid Area" Sustainability 14, no. 17: 11080. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141711080