A Combination of FDM, DEMATEL, and DANP for Disclosing the Interrelationship of Influencing Factors in Rural Homestay Business: Empirical Evidence from China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Success Factors of Homestay Business
2.2. MCDM Techniques
3. Method and Material
3.1. Research Design
3.2. Proposed Hybrid MCDM Model
- 1.
- After designing an FDM questionnaire for the performance factors and forming an appropriate panel, each expert must give a possible interval value for each factor. In this interval, the minimum denotes the most conservative perception value, and the maximum represents the most optimistic perception value for the factors. The intuition value of the individual importance of each factor given by the experts indicates the optimal value (A) of each factor.
- 2.
- For each factor, the counting of the most conservative and most optimistic values given by all experts and the extreme values that fall outside twice the standard deviation are deleted. Then, the maximum, minimum, and geometric mean values of the remaining most conservative and most optimistic values that have not been excluded are calculated. The most conservative triangular fuzzy number and most optimistic triangular fuzzy number are calculated for each evaluation factor, as shown in Figure 1.
- 3.
- Whether the expert opinions have reached a consensus is judged and tested by the following terms:
- 4.
- A threshold value is set to construct the evaluation’s system.
- 1.
- Differentiating the criteria relationship.
- 2.
- Generating direct influence matrix.
- 3.
- Normalizing the direct influence matrix.
- 4.
- Constructing the total influence matrix.
- 5.
- Setting the threshold value.
- 6.
- Producing the influence relations map (IRM).
- 7.
- Distinguishing importance and cause.
- 8.
- Selecting and explaining key factors.
- 1.
- Normalizing the total relation matrix.
- 2.
- Building the unweighted super-matrix.
- 3.
- Constructing the weighted super-matrix.
- 4.
- Determining the weights of factors.
3.3. Evaluation Framework of Homestay Business
4. Empirical Analysis
4.1. Factor Screening
4.2. Factors’ Interrelationships
4.3. Factors’ Weights
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Aspect | Criteria | References |
---|---|---|
Surroundings of the building and features | Utilizing natural ventilation sufficiently Utilizing plenty of natural light Using non-toxic paint Maintaining the land’s vitality and good condition in the process of design and construction Incorporating the local heritage and landscape elements into design Beautification and uniqueness of the interior design Greenization and uniqueness of the garden design Room themes and features Homestay features Overall ambience forming | Hu et al. (2012) [31] |
Service quality | Service attitude Pick-up service Information service Catering service and quality Room tidiness Room coziness Room privacy Safety Overall tidiness and hygiene | Hu et al. (2012) [31] |
Homestay facilities | Cooking facilities Parking space Safety facilities Medical aid Room settings | Hu et al. (2012) [31] |
Homestay operation and management | Overnight visitors Operating income Actual room nights rented Room occupancy rate Average room price Internet-based operation capability | Expert interview |
Homestay geist and community co-prosperity | Degree of interaction between hosts and lodgersGuiding services Arranging local experiential activities and food Contribution to living quality of local community Initiating preserving actions toward local resources Promoting and preserving local cultural resources | Hu et al. (2012) [31] |
Aspects | Definition |
---|---|
Surroundings of the building and features | The entire exterior and interior design of the homestay. Local cultural features are demonstrated and incorporated into the homestay. |
Service quality | Customer satisfaction of services provided by homestay proprietors. |
Homestay facilities | Hardware of the homestay. |
Homestay operation and management | Homestay owners manage the financial results and marketing capabilities of homestays. |
Homestay geist and community co-prosperity | The homestay proprietors carry out the homestay operation in person and frequently interact with their guests and run the homestay business with a concept of incorporating it into its local community to help the local economy prosper. |
No. | Gender | Occupation | Working Time (Year) | Region | Education Degree |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Male | Education | 32 | Hangzhou | Master |
2 | Female | Education | 30 | Hangzhou | Doctor |
3 | Female | Homestay | 5 | Tonglu | Junior College |
4 | Male | Homestay | 10 | Chunan | High School |
5 | Female | Homestay | 8 | Ninghai | Junior High School |
Aspect | Criterion | Geometric Mean | M | Z | Verification | Expert Consensus G | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | O | A | M-Z | |||||
Surroundings of the building and features (A) | Utilizing natural ventilation sufficiently | 2.93 | 6.73 | 5.50 | 3.80 | −2 | 5.80 | 4.94 |
Utilizing plenty of natural light (A1) | 3.03 | 8.26 | 7.10 | 5.23 | −2 | 7.23 | 6.62 | |
Using non-toxic paint (A2) | 5.45 | 8.96 | 7.80 | 3.51 | −2 | 5.51 | 8.35 | |
Maintaining the land’s vitality and good condition in the process of design and construction (A3) | 3.20 | 7.75 | 6.73 | 4.55 | −2 | 6.55 | 5.84 | |
Incorporating the local heritage and landscape elements into design (A4) | 3.57 | 8.96 | 6.18 | 5.39 | 0 | 5.39 | 6.26 | |
Beautification and uniqueness of the interior design (A5) | 3.65 | 9.36 | 7.26 | 5.71 | −1 | 6.71 | 8.20 | |
Greenization and uniqueness of the garden design (A6) | 4.17 | 9.15 | 7.26 | 4.98 | −1 | 5.98 | 8.19 | |
Room themes and features (A7) | 3.95 | 9.36 | 7.26 | 5.42 | 0 | 5.42 | 6.66 | |
Homestay features (A8) | 4.22 | 9.15 | 6.73 | 4.92 | 1 | 3.92 | 6.68 | |
Overall ambience forming (A9) | 3.68 | 8.72 | 7.36 | 5.04 | 0 | 5.04 | 6.20 | |
Service quality (B) | Service attitude (B1) | 4.04 | 9.15 | 6.79 | 5.10 | −2 | 7.10 | 8.32 |
Pick-up service | 1.89 | 7.63 | 4.82 | 5.75 | 3 | 2.75 | 4.76 | |
Information service (B2) | 3.73 | 8.52 | 6.73 | 4.79 | 1 | 3.79 | 6.12 | |
Catering service and quality (B3) | 3.52 | 8.16 | 6.65 | 4.65 | −2 | 6.65 | 7.35 | |
Room tidiness (B4) | 5.91 | 8.52 | 7.17 | 2.61 | −3 | 5.61 | 7.81 | |
Room coziness (B5) | 4.22 | 9.17 | 7.65 | 4.95 | 0 | 4.95 | 6.70 | |
Room privacy (B6) | 5.43 | 9.31 | 7.67 | 3.89 | −1 | 4.89 | 7.47 | |
Safety (B7) | 5.91 | 9.79 | 8.75 | 3.88 | −1 | 4.88 | 9.16 | |
Overall tidiness and hygiene (B8) | 5.33 | 9.56 | 8.04 | 4.23 | −2 | 6.23 | 8.50 | |
Homestay facilities (C) | Cooking facilities | 3.10 | 7.16 | 5.50 | 4.06 | 0 | 4.06 | 5.13 |
Parking space (C1) | 3.10 | 7.90 | 6.21 | 4.79 | 0 | 4.79 | 5.50 | |
Safety facilities (C2) | 3.99 | 8.77 | 7.30 | 4.78 | −1 | 5.78 | 8.13 | |
Medical aid | 2.89 | 7.93 | 6.04 | 5.04 | 2 | 3.04 | 5.41 | |
Room settings (C3) | 4.17 | 7.87 | 6.40 | 3.70 | 0 | 3.70 | 6.02 | |
Homestay operation and management (D) | Overnight visitors (D1) | 4.19 | 8.96 | 7.90 | 4.76 | 2 | 2.76 | 6.57 |
Operating income (D2) | 4.10 | 9.36 | 7.47 | 5.27 | 0 | 5.27 | 6.73 | |
Actual room nights rented (D3) | 3.99 | 8.52 | 6.71 | 4.53 | 0 | 4.53 | 6.25 | |
Room occupancy rate (D4) | 3.57 | 8.72 | 6.71 | 5.15 | 1 | 4.15 | 6.14 | |
Average room price (D5) | 4.22 | 8.75 | 6.55 | 4.52 | 0 | 4.52 | 6.49 | |
Internet-based operation capability (D6) | 4.85 | 9.36 | 7.71 | 4.51 | 0 | 4.51 | 7.11 | |
Homestay geist and community co-prosperity (E) | Degree of interaction between hosts and lodgers (E1) | 3.35 | 8.52 | 5.99 | 5.17 | 0 | 5.17 | 5.93 |
Guiding services | 2.86 | 7.63 | 4.44 | 4.77 | 2 | 2.77 | 5.25 | |
Arranging local experiential activities and food (E2) | 2.99 | 7.93 | 6.58 | 4.94 | 1 | 3.94 | 5.46 | |
Contribution to living quality of local community (E3) | 3.17 | 8.28 | 6.32 | 5.11 | 1 | 4.11 | 5.72 | |
Initiating preserving actions toward local resources (E4) | 3.84 | 8.56 | 6.32 | 4.72 | 1 | 3.72 | 6.20 | |
Promoting and preserving local cultural resources (E5) | 3.64 | 8.52 | 6.94 | 4.88 | −1 | 5.88 | 7.26 |
Aspect | b | r | b + r | b − r | Influence Ranking | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Criterion | ||||||
A | 0.39 | 0.27 | 0.66 | 0.12 | 1 | |
A1 | 2.06 | 0.00 | 2.056 | 2.056 | 2 | |
A2 | 2.01 | 0.00 | 2.015 | 2.015 | 3 | |
A3 | 1.92 | 0.00 | 1.916 | 1.916 | 4 | |
A4 | 3.31 | 0.00 | 3.307 | 3.307 | 1 | |
A5 | 2.72 | 2.41 | 5.136 | 0.311 | 5 | |
A6 | 1.98 | 3.01 | 4.989 | −1.022 | 6 | |
A7 | 3.29 | 5.79 | 9.078 | −2.500 | 7 | |
A8 | 3.30 | 6.34 | 9.642 | −3.036 | 8 | |
A9 | 3.27 | 6.32 | 9.591 | −3.046 | 9 | |
B | 0.28 | 0.31 | 0.59 | −0.03 | 3 | |
B1 | 3.71 | 1.18 | 4.887 | 2.525 | 2 | |
B2 | 4.28 | 0.00 | 4.276 | 4.276 | 1 | |
B3 | 1.79 | 1.76 | 3.547 | 0.037 | 3 | |
B4 | 1.79 | 1.79 | 3.584 | 0.002 | 5 | |
B5 | 0.59 | 4.23 | 4.817 | −3.641 | 8 | |
B6 | 1.81 | 2.43 | 4.238 | −0.625 | 6 | |
B7 | 2.40 | 4.99 | 7.386 | −2.588 | 7 | |
B8 | 4.27 | 4.26 | 8.525 | 0.013 | 4 | |
C | 0.15 | 0.24 | 0.39 | −0.09 | 4 | |
C1 | 1.08 | 0.54 | 1.620 | 0.540 | 1 | |
C2 | 0.57 | 1.14 | 1.703 | −0.569 | 3 | |
C3 | 1.71 | 1.68 | 3.396 | 0.029 | 2 | |
D | 0.36 | 0.31 | 0.67 | 0.05 | 2 | |
D1 | 2.50 | 1.79 | 4.286 | 0.714 | 2 | |
D2 | 3.02 | 3.75 | 6.776 | −0.731 | 5 | |
D3 | 2.44 | 1.81 | 4.247 | 0.632 | 3 | |
D4 | 1.24 | 2.44 | 3.677 | −1.199 | 6 | |
D5 | 3.08 | 3.69 | 6.771 | −0.604 | 4 | |
D6 | 1.19 | 0.00 | 1.188 | 1.188 | 1 | |
E | 0.15 | 0.34 | 0.49 | −0.19 | 5 | |
E1 | 1.72 | 2.98 | 4.702 | −1.264 | 5 | |
E2 | 2.35 | 0.00 | 2.345 | 2.345 | 1 | |
E3 | 1.16 | 1.14 | 2.297 | 0.025 | 3 | |
E4 | 1.77 | 1.72 | 3.486 | 0.050 | 2 | |
E5 | 1.17 | 2.33 | 3.501 | −1.156 | 4 |
Criterion | b | r | b + r | b − r |
---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | 12.97 | 0 | 12.97 | 12.97 |
A2 | 8.67 | 0 | 8.67 | 8.67 |
A3 | 3.11 | 0 | 3.11 | 3.11 |
A4 | 15.04 | 2.35 | 17.4 | 12.69 |
A5 | 15.06 | 5.35 | 20.41 | 9.71 |
A6 | 6.76 | 5.95 | 12.71 | 0.82 |
A7 | 15.69 | 18.88 | 34.57 | −3.19 |
A8 | 15.8 | 21.28 | 37.08 | −5.49 |
A9 | 15.6 | 21.21 | 36.82 | −5.61 |
B1 | 13.17 | 6.54 | 19.71 | 6.63 |
B2 | 14.27 | 0 | 14.27 | 14.27 |
B3 | 4.94 | 4.69 | 9.64 | 0.25 |
B4 | 6.11 | 7.78 | 13.89 | −1.66 |
B5 | 2.45 | 12.92 | 15.36 | −10.47 |
B6 | 5.54 | 10.38 | 15.92 | −4.84 |
B7 | 8.03 | 18.9 | 26.93 | −10.87 |
B8 | 14.91 | 15.39 | 30.3 | −0.48 |
C1 | 1.24 | 0 | 1.24 | 1.24 |
C2 | 3.68 | 10.33 | 14.01 | −6.66 |
C3 | 9.35 | 12.28 | 21.63 | −2.94 |
D1 | 12.56 | 8.35 | 20.92 | 4.21 |
D2 | 14.21 | 16.71 | 30.92 | −2.5 |
D3 | 11.74 | 7.77 | 19.5 | 3.97 |
D4 | 9.27 | 9.12 | 18.38 | 0.15 |
D5 | 15.01 | 15.32 | 30.33 | −0.31 |
D6 | 4.92 | 0 | 4.92 | 4.92 |
E1 | 5.51 | 17.49 | 23 | −11.97 |
E2 | 6.13 | 7.13 | 13.26 | −1.01 |
E3 | 3.06 | 7.17 | 10.23 | −4.1 |
E4 | 5.54 | 8.49 | 14.03 | −2.95 |
E5 | 3.72 | 12.27 | 15.99 | −8.56 |
Aspect | Global Weight | Ranking | Criterion | Local Weight | Ranking | Global Weight | Ranking |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 0.2004 | 3 | A1 | 0.0976 | 8 | 0.0196 | 30 |
A2 | 0.1030 | 7 | 0.0206 | 29 | |||
A3 | 0.0968 | 9 | 0.0194 | 31 | |||
A4 | 0.1057 | 6 | 0.0212 | 28 | |||
A5 | 0.1078 | 5 | 0.0216 | 27 | |||
A6 | 0.1081 | 4 | 0.0217 | 26 | |||
A7 | 0.1196 | 3 | 0.0240 | 24 | |||
A8 | 0.1309 | 1 | 0.0262 | 16 | |||
A9 | 0.1305 | 2 | 0.0261 | 17 | |||
B | 0.2011 | 2 | B1 | 0.1219 | 6 | 0.0245 | 22 |
B2 | 0.1172 | 8 | 0.0236 | 25 | |||
B3 | 0.1193 | 7 | 0.0240 | 23 | |||
B4 | 0.1224 | 5 | 0.0246 | 21 | |||
B5 | 0.1284 | 3 | 0.0258 | 19 | |||
B6 | 0.1262 | 4 | 0.0254 | 20 | |||
B7 | 0.1347 | 1 | 0.0271 | 15 | |||
B8 | 0.1298 | 2 | 0.0261 | 18 | |||
C | 0.1962 | 5 | C1 | 0.3116 | 3 | 0.0611 | 3 |
C2 | 0.3413 | 2 | 0.0670 | 2 | |||
C3 | 0.3472 | 1 | 0.0681 | 1 | |||
D | 0.1997 | 4 | D1 | 0.1644 | 4 | 0.0328 | 12 |
D2 | 0.1756 | 1 | 0.0351 | 9 | |||
D3 | 0.1641 | 5 | 0.0328 | 13 | |||
D4 | 0.1678 | 3 | 0.0335 | 11 | |||
D5 | 0.1732 | 2 | 0.0346 | 10 | |||
D6 | 0.1550 | 6 | 0.0310 | 14 | |||
E | 0.2025 | 1 | E1 | 0.2105 | 1 | 0.0426 | 4 |
E2 | 0.1931 | 5 | 0.0391 | 8 | |||
E3 | 0.1948 | 4 | 0.0394 | 7 | |||
E4 | 0.1985 | 3 | 0.0402 | 6 | |||
E5 | 0.2031 | 2 | 0.0411 | 5 |
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Peng, L.-Y.; Lu, J.; Luo, J.-J.; Wang, Y.-X. A Combination of FDM, DEMATEL, and DANP for Disclosing the Interrelationship of Influencing Factors in Rural Homestay Business: Empirical Evidence from China. Sustainability 2022, 14, 10341. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610341
Peng L-Y, Lu J, Luo J-J, Wang Y-X. A Combination of FDM, DEMATEL, and DANP for Disclosing the Interrelationship of Influencing Factors in Rural Homestay Business: Empirical Evidence from China. Sustainability. 2022; 14(16):10341. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610341
Chicago/Turabian StylePeng, Lei-Yi, Jia Lu, Jian-Ji Luo, and Yu-Xuan Wang. 2022. "A Combination of FDM, DEMATEL, and DANP for Disclosing the Interrelationship of Influencing Factors in Rural Homestay Business: Empirical Evidence from China" Sustainability 14, no. 16: 10341. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610341